Nippon Professional Baseball

"NPB" redirects here. For other uses, see NPB (disambiguation).

Nippon Professional Baseball

Current season or competition: 2012 Nippon Professional Baseball season
Formerly	Japanese Baseball League
Sport	Baseball
Founded	1950
Commissioner	Ryozo Kato
No. of teams	12
Country(ies)	Japan
Most recent champion(s)	Yomiuri Giants
Most titles	Yomiuri Giants (22)
Official website	NPB.or.jp (English)

Koshien Stadium (in 2009)

Seibu Dome (in 2007)

Nippon Professional Baseball (Japanese: 日本野球機構 nippon yakyū kikou) or NPB is the highest level of baseball in Japan. Locally, it is often called Puro Yakyū (プロ野球), meaning Professional Baseball. Outside of Japan, it is often just referred to as "Japanese baseball." The roots of the league can be traced back to the formation of the "Greater Japan Tokyo Baseball Club" (大日本東京野球倶楽部, Dai-Nippon Tōkyō Yakyū Kurabu) in 1934 and the original Japanese Baseball League. NPB was formed when that league reorganized in 1950.

The league consists of two six-team circuits, the Central League and the Pacific League. Each season the winning clubs from the two leagues compete in the Japan Series, the championship series of NPB.

Some notable Japanese players who have gone on to play in North America's Major League Baseball include Norichika Aoki, Yu Darvish, Hideo Nomo, Kazuhiro Sasaki, Ichiro Suzuki, Tsuyoshi Shinjo, Tadahito Iguchi, Kenji Johjima, Hideki Matsui, So Taguchi, Hideki Irabu, Daisuke Matsuzaka, Hideki Okajima, Kazuo Matsui, Kazuhito Tadano, Hiroki Kuroda, Akinori Iwamura, Akinori Otsuka, Shigetoshi Hasegawa, Kosuke Fukudome, Koji Uehara, Kenshin Kawakami, Takashi Saito, Hisashi Iwakuma, and Tsuyoshi Nishioka.

League structure

Nippon Professional Baseball consists of two leagues, the Central League and the Pacific League. There are also two secondary-level professional minor leagues, the Eastern League and the Western League, that play shorter schedules.

The season starts in late March or early April and ends in October with two or three all star games in July. In recent decades, the two leagues each scheduled 130, 135 or 140 regular season games with the best teams from each league going on to play in the "Nippon Series" or Japan Series. Starting in 2004, the Pacific League has had a postseason tournament to determine who advances to the Japan Series while the Central League initially did not. That changed in 2007, when the Central League adopted the Pacific League's tournament as well and the tournament became known as the Climax Series with the two winners, one from each league, competing in the Japan Series.

Comparison with Major League Baseball

Major League Baseball (MLB) players, scouts, and sabermetricians describe play in the NPB as "AAAA"; less competitive than in the MLB, but more competitive than in AAA minor league baseball. Play in the Pacific League is similar to that in American League baseball, with the use of designated hitters, unlike the Central League, which doesn't have the DH and is closer to National League baseball. Unlike North American baseball, Japanese baseball games may end in a tie. If the score is tied after nine innings of play, up to three additional innings will be played. If there is no winner after 12 innings, the game is declared a draw, except in the postseason which allows 15 innings.

Unlike American pro teams, Japanese professional baseball teams are usually named after their corporate owners/sponsors rather than the cities or regions in which they play. This is because franchising does not have strong territorial requirements as in the Major Leagues; the teams used to locate in clustered metropolitan areas in Japan's center (Tokyo, Nagoya) and south (Osaka, Fukuoka) areas. The current trend is to include the place names as well as owners/sponsors in an attempt to gain support from the franchised communities. Currently, only the Giants, Tigers, Dragons and Buffaloes do not include a place name. Mass media tend to choose the sponsor names in abbreviations on standing tables.

Financial problems

Financial pender the league as a whole, but the problem is not a simple one to solve. It is believed that with the exception of the Yomiuri Giants and the Hanshin Tigers, all teams are operating with considerable subsidies, often as much as ¥6 billion (about US$73 million), from their parent companies. A rise in the salaries of players is often blamed, but, from the start of the professional league, parent companies paid the difference as an advertisement. Most teams have never tried to improve their finances through constructive marketing. For decades, there were six teams in Tokyo and its surrounding area and four teams in the Osaka–Kōbe region, with only the Chunichi Dragons (Nagoya) and the Hiroshima Carp outside the two major metropolitan areas. The market was flooded, but this was considered acceptable, as there were no professional team sports challenging baseball's popularity^{[citation needed]}. The number of metropolitan areas represented in the league increased from four to five in 1988, when the Nankai Hawks (now Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks) moved to Fukuoka, and to seven between 2003 and 2005, as the Nippon-Ham Fighters moved to Hokkaidō and the Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes merged with the Orix BlueWave and were replaced by the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles.

Until 1993, baseball was the only team sport played professionally in Japan. In that year, the J. League professional association football league was founded. The new football league placed teams in prefectural capitals around the country - rather than clustering them in and around Tokyo - and the teams were named after their locations rather than after corporate sponsors. Some Japanese baseball teams responded to the success of the J. League by de-emphasizing the corporate sponsors in their marketing efforts and/or by relocating to outlying regions of the country.

The wave of players moving to Major League Baseball, which began with Hideo Nomo "retiring" from the Kintetsu Buffaloes, then signing with the Los Angeles Dodgers, has also added to the financial problems. Attendance suffered as teams lost their most marketable players, while TV ratings declined as viewers tuned into broadcasts of Major League games. To discourage players from leaving to play in North America, or to at least compensate teams that lose players, Japanese baseball and MLB agreed on a posting system for players under contract. MLB teams wishing to negotiate with a player submit bids for a "posting fee", which the winning MLB team would pay the Japanese team if the player signs with the MLB team. Free agents are not subject to the posting system, however.

When the Boston Red Sox signed Daisuke Matsuzaka in 2006, he became the most expensive trans-Pacific transfer ever. While details remain undisclosed, several sources cite Matsuzaka as having received a guaranteed $52 million for a six-year contract (with elevator clauses potentially bringing the value up to $60 million), in addition to the $51.1 million posting fee that the Red Sox paid his former team, Seibu Lions, to release him. The record transfer amount was broken in 2012 when Yu Darvish signed a six-year, $60 million contract with the Texas Rangers, who had paid a $51.7 million posting fee to the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters.

On September 18, 2004, professional baseball players went on a two-day strike, the first strike in the history of the league, to protest the proposed merger between the Orix BlueWave and the Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes and the failure of the owners to agree to create a new team to fill the void resulting from the merger. The strike was settled on September 23, 2004, when the owners agreed to grant a new franchise in the Pacific League and to continue the two-league, 12-team system. The new team, the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles began play in the 2005 season.

History

Prior to 1950, professional baseball in Japan was the Japanese Baseball League. Before the 1950 season, the team owners reorganized into the NPB.

From 1973 to 1982, the Pacific League employed a split season with the first half winner playing against the second half winner in a mini-playoff to determine its champion. Then in 2004, the Pacific League played five fewer games than the Central League teams during the regular season and used a new playoff format to determine its champion. The teams in third and second place played in a best two of three series (all at the second place team's home ground) with the winner of that series going on to play the first place team in a best 3 of 5 format at its home ground. In the end, the Seibu Lions finished in second place, defeated Nippon-Ham 2 games to 1, went on to take 3 of 5 games in Fukuoka against the Daiei Hawks and then defeated the Chunichi Dragons in the Japan Series, 4 games to 3, capping off their grueling playoff drive with a well-earned championship. The System was proved successful when Pacific League's team continues to win the Japan Series in the following two seasons, until this playoff system was applied to both leagues as the "Climax Series" starting in 2007, which Chunichi Dragons from Central League beat Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters from Pacific League in Japan Series.

The two leagues began interleague play in 2005, with each team playing two 3-game series (one home, one away) against each of the six teams in the other league. This was reduced to two 2-game series in 2007. All interleague play games are played in a 7-week span near the middle of the season. Currently Pacific League's teams won all the interleague titles.

In 2011 Miyagi Baseball Stadium, home of the Rakuten Eagles, was badly damaged by the Tōhoku earthquake.

Teams

Giants

Dragons

Swallows

Buffaloes

BayStars

Hawks

Marines

Fighters

Eagles

Tigers

Lions

Carp

Awards

See also: Baseball awards #Japan and Japan Professional Sports Grand Prize

• Nippon Professional Baseball Most Valuable Player Award
• Nippon Professional Baseball Rookie of the Year Award
• Nippon Professional Baseball Comeback Player of the Year Award
• Eiji Sawamura Award
• Mitsui Golden Glove Award
• Golden Spirit Award
• Matsutaro Shoriki Award
• Japan Series Most Valuable Player
• Nippon Professional Baseball All-Star Game Most Valuable Player

Records

Single season batting

Player		Year
Batting Average
Randy Bass	.389	1986
Ichiro Suzuki	.387	2000
Ichiro Suzuki	.385	1994
Home Runs
Alex Cabrera	55	2002
Tuffy Rhodes	55	2001
Sadaharu Oh	55	1964
Randy Bass	54	1985
RBIs
Makoto Kozuru	161	1950
Robert Rose	153	1999
Makoto Imaoka	147	2005
Fumio Fujimura	146	1950
Hiromitsu Ochiai	146	1985
Hits
Matt Murton	214	2010
Ichiro Suzuki	210	1994
Norichika Aoki	209	2010
Stolen Bases
Yutaka Fukumoto	106	1972
Strikeouts
Ralph Bryant	204	1993
Ralph Bryant	198	1990
Ralph Bryant	187	1989
Ralph Bryant	176	1992
Akinori Iwamura	173	2004
Orestes Destrade	165	1990

Single season pitching

Player		Year
ERA
Hideo Fujimoto	0.73	1943
Masaru Kageura	0.79	1936 fall
Eiji Sawamura	0.81	1937 spring
Wins
Victor Starffin	42	1942
Kazuhisa Inao	42	1961
Jiro Noguchi	40	1942
Strikeouts
Yutaka Enatsu	401	1968
Kazuhisa Inao	353	1961

Career batting

Player		Year
Batting Average
Leron Lee	.334	1977–1987
Tsutomu Wakamatsu	.31918	1971–1989
Isao Harimoto	.31915	1959–1981
Home Runs
Sadaharu Oh	868	1959–1980
Katsuya Nomura	657	1954–1980
Hiromitsu Kadota	567	1970–1992
Hits
Isao Harimoto	3085	1959–1981
Katsuya Nomura	2901	1954–1980
Sadaharu Oh	2786	1959–1980
RBIs
Sadaharu Oh	2170	1959-1980
Katsuya Nomura	1988	1954–1980
Hiromitsu Kadota	1678	1970–1992
Stolen Bases
Yutaka Fukumoto	1065	1969–1988
Strikeouts
Koji Akiyama	1712	1981-2002
OPS
Sadaharu Oh	1.080	1959-1980
Hideki Matsui	.995	1993-2002
Alex Cabrera	.990	2001-2012

• Ichiro Suzuki hit .353 for his Japanese career (1993–2000), but did not have enough at-bats to qualify for career leadership.

Career pitching

Player		Year
ERA
Hideo Fujimoto	1.90	1942–1955
Wins
Masaichi Kaneda	400	1950–1969
Tetsuya Yoneda	350	1956–1977
Masaaki Koyama	320	1953–1973
Keishi Suzuki	317	1966–1985
Takehiko Bessho	310	1942–1960
Victor Starffin	303	1936–1955
Strikeouts
Masaichi Kaneda	4490	1950–1969
Saves
Hitoki Iwase	346	1999–
Shingo Takatsu	286	1991–2003, 2006-2007
Kazuhiro Sasaki	252	1990–1999, 2004-2005

ERA champions

Main article: List of Nippon Professional Baseball ERA champions

Perfect games

See also: Perfect game

Date	Pitcher (Club)	Score	Opponent	Ballpark
June 28, 1950	Hideo Fujimoto (Yomiuri Giants)	4–0	Nishi-Nippon Pirates	Aomori Stadium
June 19, 1955	Fumio Takechi (Kintetsu Pearls)	1–0	Daiei Stars	Ōsaka Stadium
September 19, 1956	Yoshitomo Miyaji (Kokutetsu Swallows)	6–0	Hiroshima Carp	Kanazawa Stadium
August 21, 1957	Masaichi Kaneda (Kokutetsu Swallows)	1–0	Chunichi Dragons	Chunichi Stadium
July 19, 1958	Sadao Nishimura (Nishitetsu Lions)	1–0	Toei Flyers	Komazawa Stadium
August 11, 1960	Gentaro Shimada (Taiyō Whales)	1–0	Ōsaka Tigers	Kawasaki Stadium
June 20, 1961	Yoshimi Moritaki (Kokutetsu Swallows)	1–0	Chunichi Dragons	Korakuen Stadium
May 1, 1966	Yoshiro Sasaki (Taiyō Whales)	1–0	Hiroshima Carp	Hiroshima Municipal Stadium
May 12, 1966	Tsutomu Tanaka (Nishitetsu Lions)	2–0	Nankai Hawks	Heiwadai Stadium
September 14, 1968	Yoshiro Sotokoba (Hiroshima Toyo Carp)	2–0	Taiyō Whales	Hiroshima Municipal Stadium
October 6, 1970	Koichiro Sasaki (Kintetsu Buffaloes)	3–0	Nankai Hawks	Ōsaka Stadium
August 21, 1971	Yoshimasa Takahashi (Toei Flyers)	4–0	Nishitetsu Lions	Korakuen Stadium
October 10, 1973	Soroku Yagisawa (Lotte Orions)	1–0	Taiheiyo Club Lions	Miyagi Stadium
August 31, 1978	Yutaro Imai (Hankyu Braves)	5–0	Lotte Orions	Miyagi Stadium
May 18, 1994	Hiromi Makihara (Yomiuri Giants)	6–0	Hiroshima Toyo Carp	Fukuoka Dome
November 1, 2007	Daisuke Yamai and Hitoki Iwase (Chunichi Dragons)	1–0†	Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters	Nagoya Dome

• †: 5th game of Japan Series; In NPB, no-hitters or perfect games achieved by multiple pitchers in one game are considered unofficial.

See also

• Professional baseball in Japan
• Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame
• List of Japanese baseball players
• List of Japanese players in Major League Baseball
• Shikoku Island League (Regional semi-professional league)
• Baseball in Japan
• High school baseball in Japan

References

Notes

Further reading

• Fitts, Robert K. (2005). Remembering Japanese Baseball: An Oral History of the Game. Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0-8093-2630-2. 
• Johnson, Daniel (2006). Japanese Baseball: A Statistical Handbook. McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-2841-4. 
• Whiting, Robert (2005). The Samurai Way of Baseball: The Impact of Ichiro and the New Wave from Japan. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 0-446-69403-7. 
• Whiting, Robert (1990). You Gotta Have Wa. Vintage. ISBN 0-679-72947-X. 

External links

• (English) Official Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) Site (.jp)
• (Japanese) Official Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) Site (.jp)
• Japan Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum
• Japanese Baseball Data Archive at The Baseball Guru
• MLB history of Puro Yakyū page