# Non-associative algebra

A non-associative algebra[1] (or distributive algebra) over a field (or a commutative ring) K is a K-vector space (or more generally a module[2]) A equipped with a K-bilinear map A × AA which establishes a binary multiplication operation on A. Since it is not assumed that the multiplication is associative, using parentheses to indicate the order of multiplications is necessary. For example, the expressions (ab)(cd), (a(bc))d and a(b(cd)) may all yield different answers.

While this use of non-associative means that associativity is not assumed, it does not mean that associativity is disallowed. In other words, "non-associative" means "not necessarily associative", just as "noncommutative" means "not necessarily commutative" for noncommutative rings.

An algebra is unital or unitary if it has an identity element I with Ix = x = xI for all x in the algebra.

The nonassociative algebra structure of A may be studied by associating it with other associative algebras which are subalgebra of the full algebra of K-endomorphisms of A as a K-vector spave. Two such are the derivation algebra and the (associative) enveloping algebra, the latter being in a sense "the smallest associative algebra containing A".

## Algebras satisfying identities

Ring-like structures with two binary operations and no other restrictions are a broad class, one which is too general to study. For this reason, the best-known kinds of non-associative algebras satisfy identities which simplify multiplication somewhat. These include the following identities.

In the list, x, y and z denote arbitrary elements of an algebra.

These properties are related by

1. associative implies alternative implies power associative;
2. associative implies Jordan identity implies power associative;
3. Each of the properties associative, commutative, anticommutative, Jordan identity, and Jacobi identity individually imply flexible.[13][14]
4. For a field with characteristic not two, being both commutative and anticommutative implies the algebra is just {0}.

### Associator

The associator on A is the K-multilinear map $[\cdot,\cdot,\cdot] : A \times A \times A \to A$ given by

$[x,y,z] = (xy)z - x(yz).\,$

It measures the degree of nonassociativity of $A$, and can be used to conveniently express some possible identities satisfied by A.

• Associative: the associator is identically zero;
• Alternative: the associator is alternating, interchange of any two terms changes the sign;
• Flexible: $[x,y,x] = 0$;
• Jordan: $[x, y, x^2] = 0$.[15]

The nucleus is the set of elements that associate with all others:[16] that is, the n in A such that

$[n,A,A] = [A,n,A] = [A,A,n] = \{0\} \ .$

## Examples

• Euclidean space R3 with multiplication given by the vector cross product is an example of an algebra which is anticommutative and not associative. The cross product also satisfies the Jacobi identity.
• Lie algebras are algebras satisfying anticommutativity and the Jacobi identity.
• Algebras of vector fields on a differentiable manifold (if K is R or the complex numbers C) or an algebraic variety (for general K);
• Jordan algebras are algebras which satisfy the commutative law and the Jordan identity.[7]
• Every associative algebra gives rise to a Lie algebra by using the commutator as Lie bracket. In fact every Lie algebra can either be constructed this way, or is a subalgebra of a Lie algebra so constructed.
• Every associative algebra over a field of characteristic other than 2 gives rise to a Jordan algebra by defining a new multiplication x*y = (1/2)(xy + yx). In contrast to the Lie algebra case, not every Jordan algebra can be constructed this way. Those that can are called special.
• Alternative algebras are algebras satisfying the alternative property. The most important examples of alternative algebras are the octonions (an algebra over the reals), and generalizations of the octonions over other fields. All associative algebras are alternative. Up to isomorphism, the only finite-dimensional real alternative, division algebras (see below) are the reals, complexes, quaternions and octonions.
• Power-associative algebras, are those algebras satisfying the power-associative identity. Examples include all associative algebras, all alternative algebras, Jordan algebras, and the sedenions.
• The hyperbolic quaternion algebra over R, which was an experimental algebra before the adoption of Minkowski space for special relativity.

More classes of algebras:

• Division algebras, in which multiplicative inverses exist. The finite-dimensional alternative division algebras over the field of real numbers have been classified. They are the real numbers (dimension 1), the complex numbers (dimension 2), the quaternions (dimension 4), and the octonions (dimension 8). The quaternions and octonions are not commutative. Of these algebras, all are associative except for the octonions.
• Quadratic algebras, which require that xx = re + sx, for some elements r and s in the ground field, and e a unit for the algebra. Examples include all finite-dimensional alternative algebras, and the algebra of real 2-by-2 matrices. Up to isomorphism the only alternative, quadratic real algebras without divisors of zero are the reals, complexes, quaternions, and octonions.

## Free non-associative algebra

The free non-associative algebra on a set X over a field K is defined as the algebra with basis consisting of all non-associative monomials, finite formal products of elements of X retaining parentheses. The product of monomials u, v is just (u)(v). The algebra is unital if one takes the empty product as a monomial.[17]

Kurosh proved that every subalgebra of a free non-associative algebra is free.[18]

## Associated algebras

An algebra A over a field K is in particular a K-vector space and so one can consider the associative algebra EndK(A) of K-linear vector space endomorphism of A. We can associate to the algebra structure on A two subalgebras of EndK(A), the derivation algebra and the (associative) enveloping algebra.

### Derivation algebra

A derivation on A is a map D with the property

$D(x \cdot y) = D(x) \cdot y + x \cdot D(y) \ .$

The derivations on A form an associative algebra DerK(A) in EndK(A). The commutator of two derivations is again a derivation, so that the Lie bracket gives DerK(A) a structure of Lie algebra.[19]

### Enveloping algebra

There are linear maps L and R attached to each element a of an algebra A:[20]

$L(a) : x \mapsto ax ; \ \ R(a) : x \mapsto xa \ .$

The associative enveloping algebra of A is the associative algebra generated by the linear maps.[15][21]

Some of the possible identities satisfied by non-associative algebras may be conveniently expressed in terms of the linear maps:[22]

• Commutative: each L(a) is equal to the corresponding R(a);
• Associative: any L commutes with any R;
• Flexible: every L(a) commutes with the corresponding R(a);
• Jordan: every L(a) commutes with R(a2);
• Alternative: every L(a)2 = L(a2) and similarly for the right.

The quadratic representation Q is defined by[23]

$Q(a) : x \mapsto 2a \cdot (a \cdot x) - (a \cdot a) \cdot x \$

or equivalently

$Q(a) = 2 L^2(a) - L(a^2) \ .$

## Notes

1. ^ Schafer 1966, Chapter 1.
2. ^ Schafer 1966, pp.1.
3. ^ a b Schafer (1995) p.3
4. ^ This is always implied by the identity xx = 0 for all x, and the converse holds for fields of characteristic other than two.
5. ^ Okubo (2005) p.12
6. ^ Schafer (1995) p.91
7. ^ a b Okubo (2005) p.13
8. ^ Schafer (1995) p.30
9. ^ Okubo (2005) p.17
10. ^ Schafer (1995) p.5
11. ^ Okubo (2005) p.18
12. ^ McCrimmon (2004) p.153
13. ^ a b Schafer (1995) p.28
14. ^ a b Okubo (2005) p.16
15. ^ a b Schafer (1995) p.14
16. ^ McCrimmon (2004) p.56
17. ^ Rowen, Louis Halle (2008). Graduate Algebra: Noncommutative View. Graduate studies in mathematics. American Mathematical Society. p. 321. ISBN 0-8218-8408-5.
18. ^ Kurosh, A.G. (1947). "Non-associative algebras and free products of algebras". Mat. Sbornik. 20(62): 237–262. MR 20986. Zbl 0041.16803.
19. ^ Schafer (1995) p.4
20. ^ Okubo (2004) p.24
21. ^ Albert, A. Adrian (2003) [1939]. Structure of algebras. American Mathematical Society Colloquium Publ. 24 (Corrected reprint of the revised 1961 ed.). New York: American Mathematical Society. p. 113. ISBN 0-8218-1024-3. Zbl 0023.19901.
22. ^ McCrimmon (2004) p.57
23. ^ Koecher (1999) p.57