Offa of Angel

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Offa (fl. c.450), also Uffo or Uffe, was the (possibly mythical) 4th-great-grandfather of Creoda of Mercia, and was reputed to be a great-grandson of Woden. Whether historical or mythical, Offa was the son of Wermund, and the father of Angeltheow.

He was the most famous hero of the early Angles (Anglii in Latin). He is said by the Old English poem Widsith to have ruled over Angel, and the poem refers briefly to his victorious single combat, a story which is related at length by the Danish historians Saxo and Svend Aagesen.

Contents 1 Single combat 2 Other Offas 3 Secondary literature 4 References 5 External links 6 References

[edit] Single combat

Offa is said to have been dumb or silent during his early years. His aged and blind father, King Wermund believed him to be a simpleton and in order to preserve his son's position as king had him marry the daughter of Freawine (a neighbouring warlord/king) so that Freawine would assist Offa when he became king. However, the plans did not come to pass, as Freawine was killed by a marauding Viking warlord (a Swede called Atisl). Wermund subsequently raised Freawine's sons Ket and Wig as his own. The two would eventually cause great dishonour to the Angles when they ambushed Atisl in a forest as he walked alone and slew him. The surrounding peoples began to mock the Angles, accusing them of cowardice and dishonour. Eventually the neighbouring Saxons decided that Wermund was too weak to resist their requests for him to surrender his kingdom, and they sent their emissaries to Wermund's court. There they proceeded to mock the blind man, prompting Wermund to challenge their king to a duel — but the king stated that he would not fight a blind man. It was then that Offa regained his speech, and revealed that his silence had been caused by the great dishonour involved in Atisl's death. He promptly challenged the prince of the Saxons and one of his champions to a duel in order to regain the honour of the Angles.

Offa's combat took place at Rendsburg on an island in the Eider River, and Offa succeeded in killing both his opponents. According to Widsith, Offa's opponents belonged to a tribe or dynasty called Myrgingas, but both accounts state that he won a great kingdom as the result of his victory. A somewhat corrupt version of the same story is preserved in the Vitae duorum Offarum, where, however, the scene is transferred to England.

[edit] Other Offas

It is very probable^{[citation needed]} that the Offa whose marriage with Modþryð, a lady of murderous disposition, is mentioned in Beowulf, is the same person. (This story also appears in the Vitae duorum Offarum, though it is erroneously told of the later Offa of Mercia.) Offa of Mercia was a descendant of Offa of Angel. It is probable from this and other considerations that the earlier Offa lived in the latter part of the 5th century.

[edit] Secondary literature

• Rickert, Edith. "The Old English Offa Saga." Modern Philology 2 (1904-5): 29-77 (part 1), 321-76 (part 2). PDF available from Internet Archive
• Shippey, Tom. "Wicked Queens and Cousin Strategies in Beowulf and Elsewhere." Heroic Age 5 (2001). Available online
• Grüner, Hans. Matthei Parisiensis Vitae duorum Offarum (saec. XIII med.) in ihrer Manuskript und Textgeschichte. Munich, 1907.
• Grüner, Hans. Die Riganus-Schlacht in den Vitae duorum Offarum des Mathaeus Parisiensis (saec. XIII): ein Beitrag zur Bibel- und Legendenkunde des Mittelalters wie zur Geschichte der altenglichen Heldensage. Hamburg, 1914.
• Hahn, C. "The Limits of Text and Image? Matthew Paris's final project, the Vitae duorum Offarum, as a historical romance." In Excavating the Medieval Image. Manuscripts, artists, audiences. Essays In Honor Of Sandra Hindman, ed. David S. Areford and Nina A. Rowe. Aldershot, 2004. 37-58. ISBN 9780754631439
• Luard, Henry Richard (ed.). Matthei Parisiensis, monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora. Rerum britannicarum medii aevi scriptores 57. 7 vols: vol 6. London, 1872-1883. pp. 1–8.
• Rigg, A.G. A History of Anglo-Latin Literature. 1066-1422. Cambridge, 1992. p. 198.
• Vaughan, R. Chronicles of Matthew Paris: Monastic Life in the Thirteenth Century. Gloucester et al., 1986.
• Vaughan, R. Matthew Paris. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought 6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958.

[edit] References

• British Library: images from the manuscript:
  • f. 2r (Riganus trying to persuade King Waermund to abdicate)
  • f. 3r (Preparation of Offa for battle)
  • f. 3v (Offa and his men in battle)
  • f. 4v (The burial and mourning of the dead)
  • f. 5v (King Offa succeeds King Waermund, 14th century)
  • f. 6r
  • f. 7r (battle scene, 14th century)
  • f. 8r
  • f. 18r
  • f. 22r (The shrine of St. Alban carried in procession)
  • f. 25r (King Offa as founder of St Albans Abbey)
  • f. 32v (Offa directing the construction of St. Albans Abbey)
• Image of Wærmund

[edit] External links

• Offa's immediate family

[edit] References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

See H. M. Chadwick, Origin of the English Nation (Cambridge, 1907), where references to the original authorities will be found.

Preceded by Wermund	Legendary king of the Angles	Succeeded by Angeltheow
Preceded by Wermund	Saxo's kings of Denmark	Succeeded by Dan II of Denmark