Oliver Hazard Perry class frigate
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USS Oliver Hazard Perry (FFG 7) underway in the Great Lakes |
|
| Class overview | |
|---|---|
| Name: | Oliver Hazard Perry |
| Builders: | Bath Iron Works Todd Pacific Shipyards San Pedro Todd Pacific Shipyards Seattle Australian Marine Engineering Consolidated Bazan China Shipbuilding |
| Operators: | United States Navy Royal Australian Navy Armada Española Republic of China Navy Royal Bahrain Naval Force Egyptian Navy Polish Navy Turkish Navy |
| Preceded by: | Brooke-class frigate |
| Subclasses: | Adelaide-class (Australia) Santa María-class (Spain) Cheng Kung-class (Republic of China) |
| Built: | 1975 – 2004 |
| In commission: | 1977 – Present |
| Completed: | 71 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type: | Frigate |
| Displacement: | 4,100 long tons (4,200 t) full load |
| Length: | 408 ft (124 m) waterline, 445 ft (136 m) overall, 453 ft (138 m) for "long-hull" frigates |
| Beam: | 45 ft (14 m) |
| Draft: | 22 ft (6.7 m) |
| Propulsion: | 2 × General Electric LM2500-30 gas turbines generating 41,000 shp (31,000 kW) through a single shaft and variable pitch propeller 2 × Auxiliary Propulsion Units, 350 hp (260 kW) retractable electric azipods for maneuvering and docking. |
| Speed: | over 29 knots (54 km/h) |
| Range: | 4,500 nmi (8,300 km) at 20 knots (40 km/h) |
| Complement: | 176 |
| Sensors and processing systems: |
Radar: AN/SPS-49, AN/SPS-55, Mk 92 fire control system Sonar: SQS-56, SQR-19 Towed Array |
| Electronic warfare and decoys: |
SLQ-32(V)2, Flight III with sidekick, Mark 36 SRBOC AN/SLQ-25 Nixie |
| Armament: | One single-arm Mk 13 Missile Launcher with a 40-missile magazine that contains SM-1MR anti-aircraft guided missiles and Harpoon anti-ship missiles. Removed from the U.S. Navy ships starting in 2003, due to the retirement of the SM-1 missile from American service Two triple Mark 32 Anti-submarine warfare torpedo tubes with Mark 46 or Mark 50 anti-submarine warfare torpedoes One OTO Melara 76 mm/62 caliber naval gun One 20 mm Phalanx CIWS rapid-fire cannon Eight Hsiung Feng II SSM or four HF-2 and 4 HF-3 supersonic AShM, plus 2 Bofors 40mm/L70 guns on Taiwanese vessels only) |
| Aircraft carried: | Two LAMPS multi-purpose helicopters (the SH-2 Seasprite LAMPS I on the short-hulled ships or the SH-60 Seahawk LAMPS III on the long-hulled ships) |
The Oliver Hazard Perry class is a class of frigates named after the American Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, the hero of the naval Battle of Lake Erie. Also known as the Perry or FFG-7 class, the warships were designed in the United States in the mid-1970s as general-purpose escort vessels inexpensive enough to be bought in large quantities to replace World War II-era destroyers. Fifty-five ships were built in the United States: 51 for the United States Navy and four for the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). In addition, eight were built in the Republic of China (Taiwan), six in Spain, and two in Australia for their navies. Former U.S. Navy warships of this class have been sold/donated to the navies of Bahrain, Egypt, Poland, and Turkey.
Contents |
[edit] Design and construction
The ships were designed by the Bath Iron Works shipyard in Maine in partnership with the New York-based naval architects Gibbs & Cox.
The Oliver Hazard Perry-class ships were produced in 445-foot (136 meter) long "short-hull" (Flight I) and 453-foot (138 meter) long "long-hull" (Flight III) variants. The long-hull ships (FFG 8, 28, 29, 32, 33, and 36-61) carry the larger SH-60 Seahawk LAMPS III helicopters, while the short-hulled warships carry the smaller and less-capable SH-2 Seasprite LAMPS I. Aside from the lengths of their hulls, the principal difference between the versions is the location of the aft capstan: on long-hull ships, it sits a step below the level of the flight deck in order to provide clearance for the tail rotor of the longer Seahawk helicopters. The long-hull ships also carry the RAST (Recovery Assist Securing and Traversing) system for the Seahawk, a hook, cable, and winch system that can reel in a Seahawk from a hovering flight, expanding the ship's pitch-and-roll range in which flight operations are permitted. The FFG 8, 29, 32, and 33 were built as "short-hull" warships but were later modified into "long-hull" warships.
American shipyards constructed Oliver Hazard Perry-class ships for the U.S. Navy and the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Early American-built Australian ships were originally built as the "short-hull" version, but they were modified during the 1980s to the "long-hull" design. Shipyards in Australia, Spain, and the Republic of China have produced several warships of the "long-hull" design for their navies.
Although the per-ship costs rose greatly[citation needed] over the period of production, all 51 ships planned for the U.S. Navy were built. Some Oliver Hazard Perry-class warships are planned to remain in American service for years, but some of the older ships have been decommissioned and some scrapped. Others of these decommissioned ships have been transferred to the navies of other countries, including Bahrain, Egypt, Poland, and Turkey. Several of these have replaced old Second World War-built American destroyers that had been given to those countries.
The Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates were designed primarily as anti-aircraft and anti-submarine warfare guided-missile warships intended to provide open-ocean escort of amphibious warfare ships and merchant ship convoys in moderate threat environments in a potential war with the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact countries. They could also provide air defense against 1970s- and 1980s-era aircraft and anti-ship missiles. These warships are equipped to escort and protect aircraft carrier battle groups, amphibious landing groups, underway replenishment groups, and merchant ship convoys. They can conduct independent operations to perform such tasks as surveillance of illegal drug smugglers, maritime interception operations, and exercises with other nations.
The addition of the Naval Tactical Display System, LAMPS helicopters, and the Tactical Towed Array System (TACTAS) gave these warships a combat capability far beyond the original expectations. They are well-suited for the littoral regions and most war-at-sea scenarios.
[edit] Notable combat actions
Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates made worldwide news twice during the 1980s. Despite being small, these frigates were shown to be extremely durable. During the Iran–Iraq War, on 17 May 1987, the USS Stark was attacked by an Iraqi warplane. Struck by two Exocet anti-ship missiles, thirty-seven American sailors died in the deadly prelude to the American Operation Earnest Will, the reflagging and escorting of oil tankers through the Persian Gulf and the Straits of Hormuz. Less than a year later, on 14 April 1988, the USS Samuel B. Roberts was nearly sunk by an Iranian mine. No lives were lost, but 10 sailors were evacuated from the warship for medical treatment. The U.S. Navy retaliated four days later with Operation Praying Mantis, a one-day attack on Iranian oil platforms being used as bases for raids on merchant shipping. Those had included bases for the minelaying operations that damaged the USS Samuel B. Roberts. Both frigates were repaired in American shipyards and returned to full service. The USS Stark was decommissioned in 1999, and scrapped in 2006.
[edit] Modifications
[edit] United States
The remaining American "long-hull" Oliver Hazard Perry-class warships are being modified to reduce their operating costs. The Detroit Diesel Company electrical generators are being replaced with more modern Caterpillar, Inc.-made diesel engines and the ships' Mk 13 single arm missile launchers and magazines have been removed from all U.S. Navy active frigates because the primary missile that it was meant to fire, the Standard missile SM-1MR, has outlived its service life.[1]
It would supposedly be too costly to refit the Standard Missile SM-1MR missiles, which had a marginal ability to bring down sea-skimming missiles. Another reason for withdrawing the SM-1MR from the American ships is to focus the supplies of these missiles to American allies, such as Poland, Spain, Australia, Turkey, and the Republic of China (Taiwan), which need them most. (Possessing no or few other guided-missile warships in their navies.)
With the removal of their Mk 13 missile launchers the American Oliver Hazard Perry-class warships also lose their Harpoon anti-ship missile capability. However, their Seahawk helicopters can carry the much shorter-ranged Penguin anti-ship missile, delivered far from the ship by helicopter. The "zone-defense" anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) capability has vanished, and all that remains is a "point-defense" type of AAW armament.
The U.S. Navy plans to update the Oliver Hazard Perry-class warships' Phalanx CIWS to the "Block 1B" capability, which will allow the Mk 15 20 mm Phalanx gun to shoot at fast-moving surface craft and helicopters. The remaining Oliver Hazard Perry-class ships are also to be fitted with the Mk 53 DLS "Nulka" missile decoy system, which will be better than the presently-equipped chaff (SRBOC, Super Rapid Blooming Offboard Chaff) and flares at guarding against anti-ship missiles.
On June 16, 2009, Vice Adm. Barry McCullough turned down the suggestion of Mel Martinez to keep the Perrys in service, citing their worn out and maxed out condition.[2]
[edit] Australia
As part of a major project of improvements, a one billion Australian dollar moderization project for the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) Adelaide-class guided-missile frigates is in progress. This project will include enhancements to both their weapons and other equipment. The costs of the project will be partly offset, in the short run, by the decommissioning and disposal of the two older frigates. HMAS Canberra was decommissioned on 12 November 2005 at naval base HMAS Stirling in Western Australia and HMAS Adelaide was decommissioned at that same naval base on 20 January 2008. The first of the upgraded frigates, HMAS Sydney, returned to the RAN fleet in 2005. Some of the new features include the ability to carry and fire the SM-2 version of the Standard missile, an eight-cell Mk-41 vertical launch system (VLS) for Evolved Sea Sparrow missiles, enhanced air-search radars, and enhanced long-range sonar systems. Each of the four frigates to be upgraded have the work at the Garden Island shipyard in Sydney, Australia, with the modernizations lasting between 18 months and two years. These frigates are planned to be replaced starting in 2013 by three new Hobart-class air warfare destroyers equipped with the AEGIS combat system. However, the third of those destroyers will not be commissioned until 2017, at the earliest.
[edit] Turkey
The Turkish Navy has commenced the modernization of its G class frigates with the GENESIS (Gemi Entegre Savaş İdare Sistemi) combat management system.[3] The first GENESIS upgraded ship was delivered in 2007, and the last delivery is scheduled for 2011.[4] The "short-hull" Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates that are currently part of the Turkish Navy were modified with the ASIST landing platform system at the Istanbul Naval Shipyard, so that they can accommodate the S-70B Seahawk helicopters. Turkey is planning to add one eight-cell Mk 41 Vertical Launching Systems (VLS) for the Evolved Sea Sparrow missile, to be installed forward of the present Mk 13 missile launchers, similar to the case in the modernization program of the Australian Adelaide class frigates.[5][6][7] There are also plans for new components to be installed that are being developed for the Milgem class warships (Ada class corvettes and F-100 class frigates) of the Turkish Navy. These include modern Three-dimensional and X-band radars developed by Aselsan and Turkish-made hull-mounted sonars. One of the G class frigates will also be used as a test-bed for Turkey's 4,500-ton TF-2000 class anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) frigates that are currently being designed by the Turkish Naval Institute.
[edit] Operators
Australia (Adelaide class): The Royal Australian Navy purchased six frigates. Four of them were built in the United States while the other two were built in Australia. They are being upgraded since 2005, with the addition of an eight-cell Mk 41 VLS with 32 Evolved Sea Sparrow (ESSM) missiles, and the Standard Missile SM-2, plus upgraded radars and sonars.
Bahrain: The USS Jack Williams (FFG-24), a gift of the American government in 1996, and re-christened the Sabha.
Egypt (Mubarak class frigates): Four Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates were transferred from the U.S. Navy.
Pakistan: Six to be transferred [8], FFG-8 McInerney to be transferred to Pakistani Navy in August, 2010.[9]
Poland: Two frigates were transferred from the U.S. Navy in 2002 and 2003.
Republic of China (Cheng Kung class): Taiwanese-built. Eight ships equipped with eight Hsiung Feng II anti-ship missiles, PFG-1101 and PFG-1105 now carrying four HF-2 and four HF-3 supersonic AShM. The rest of the ships in the class will change the anti-ship mix upon their major overhaul. Seven out of eight ships added Bofors 40 mm/L70 guns for both surface and anti-air use.
Spain (Santa Maria class): Spanish-built: six frigates.
Turkey (G class): Eight former U.S. Navy Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates have been transferred to the Turkish Navy. All eight are undergoing extensive modernization, and they are now know as the G Class frigates. The Turkish Navy modernized G Class frigates have an additional Mk-41 Vertical Launch System capable of launching Evolved Sea Sparrow missiles for close-in, as well as their longer-range SM-1 missiles; advanced digital fire control systems and new Turkish-made sonars.
United States: The U.S. Navy commissioned 51 FFG-7 class frigates between 1977 and 1989. As of early 2008, 30 long-hull Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates remain in active service.
On May 11, 2009, the first International Frigate Working Group met in Mayport Naval Station to discuss maintenance, obsolescence and logistics issues regarding Oliver Hazard Perry-class ships of the U.S. and foreign navies.[10]
[edit] The Oliver Hazard Perry Frigates
| Ship Name | Hull No. | Builder | Commission– Decommission |
Fate | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U.S.-built | |||||
| Oliver Hazard Perry | FFG-7 | Bath Iron Works | 1977-1997 | Disposed of by scrapping, dismantling, 21 April 2006 | [1] |
| McInerney | FFG-8 | Bath Iron Works | 1979- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | [2] |
| Wadsworth | FFG-9 | Todd Pacific Shipyards, San Pedro | 1978-2002 | Transferred to Poland as ORP Gen. T. Kos'ciuszko (273) | [3] |
| Duncan | FFG-10 | Todd Pacific Shipyards, Seattle | 1980-1994 | Transferred to Turkey as a spare-parts hulk | [4] |
| Clark | FFG-11 | Bath Iron Works | 1980-2000 | Transferred to Poland as ORP Gen. K. Pulaski (272) | [5] |
| George Philip | FFG-12 | Todd, San Pedro | 1980-2003 | Stricken, to be disposed of, 24 May 2004. | [6] |
| Samuel Eliot Morison | FFG-13 | Bath Iron Works | 1980-2002 | Transferred to Turkey as TCG Gokova (F 496) | [7] |
| Sides | FFG-14 | Todd, San Pedro | 1981-2003 | Stricken, to be disposed of, 24 May 2004. | [8] |
| Estocin | FFG-15 | Bath Iron Works | 1981-2003 | transferred to Turkey as TCG Goksu (F 497) | [9] |
| Clifton Sprague | FFG-16 | Bath Iron Works | 1981-1995 | transferred to Turkey as TCG Gaziantep (F 490) | [10] |
| built for Australia as HMAS Adelaide (FFG 01) | FFG-17 | Todd, Seattle | 1980-2008 | Decommissioned, to be sunk as diving & fishing reef | [11] |
| built for Australia as HMAS Canberra (FFG 02) | FFG-18 | Todd, Seattle | 1981-2005 | Decommissioned, to be sunk as diving & fishing reef | [12] |
| John A. Moore | FFG-19 | Todd, San Pedro | 1981-2001 | transferred to Turkey as TCG Gediz (F 495) | [13] |
| Antrim | FFG-20 | Todd, Seattle | 1981-1996 | transferred to Turkey as TCG Giresun (F 491) | [14] |
| Flatley | FFG-21 | Bath Iron Works | 1981-1996 | transferred to Turkey as TCG Gemlik (F 492)) | [15] |
| Fahrion | FFG-22 | Todd, Seattle | 1982-1998 | transferred to Egypt as Sharm El-Sheik (F 901) | [16] |
| Lewis B. Puller | FFG-23 | Todd, San Pedro | 1982-1998 | transferred to Egypt as Toushka (F 906) | [17] |
| Jack Williams | FFG-24 | Bath Iron Works | 1981-1996 | transferred to Bahrain as Sabha (90) | [18] |
| Copeland | FFG-25 | Todd, San Pedro | 1982-1996 | transferred to Egypt as Mubarak (F 911) | [19] |
| Gallery | FFG-26 | Bath Iron Works | 1981-1996 | transferred to Egypt as Taba (F 916) | [20] |
| Mahlon S. Tisdale | FFG-27 | Todd, San Pedro | 1982-1996 | transferred to Turkey as TCG Gokceada (F 494) | [21] |
| Boone | FFG-28 | Todd, Seattle | 1982- | Naval Reserve Force, Active since 1998 | [22] |
| Stephen W. Groves | FFG-29 | Bath Iron Works | 1982- | Naval Reserve Force, Active since 1997 | [23] |
| Reid | FFG-30 | Todd, San Pedro | 1983-1998 | transferred to Turkey as TCG Gelibolu (F 493) | [24] |
| Stark | FFG-31 | Todd, Seattle | 1982-1999 | Disposed of by scrapping, dismantling, 21 June 2006 | [25] |
| John L. Hall | FFG-32 | Bath Iron Works | 1982- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | [26] |
| Jarrett | FFG-33 | Todd, San Pedro | 1983- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | [27] |
| Aubrey Fitch | FFG-34 | Bath Iron Works | 1982-1997 | Disposed of by scrapping, dismantling, 19 May 2005 | [28] |
| built for Australia as HMAS Sydney (FFG 03) | FFG-35 | Todd, Seattle | 1983- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | [29] |
| Underwood | FFG-36 | Bath Iron Works | 1983- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | [30] |
| Crommelin | FFG-37 | Todd, Seattle | 1983- | Naval Reserve Force, Active since 2003 | [31] |
| Curts | FFG-38 | Todd, San Pedro | 1983- | Naval Reserve Force, Active since 1998 | [32] |
| Doyle | FFG-39 | Bath Iron Works | 1983- | Naval Reserve Force, Active since 2002 | [33] |
| Halyburton | FFG-40 | Todd, Seattle | 1983- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | [34] |
| McClusky | FFG-41 | Todd, San Pedro | 1983- | Naval Reserve Force, Active since 2002 | [35] |
| Klakring | FFG-42 | Bath Iron Works | 1983- | Naval Reserve Force, Active since 2002 | [36] |
| Thach | FFG-43 | Todd, San Pedro | 1984- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | [37] |
| built for Australia as HMAS Darwin (FFG 04) | FFG-44 | Todd, Seattle | 1984- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | [38] |
| De Wert | FFG-45 | Bath Iron Works | 1983- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | [39] |
| Rentz | FFG-46 | Todd, San Pedro | 1984- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | [40] |
| Nicholas | FFG-47 | Bath Iron Works | 1984- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | [41] |
| Vandegrift | FFG-48 | Todd, Seattle | 1984- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | [42] |
| Robert G. Bradley | FFG-49 | Bath Iron Works | 1984- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | [43] |
| Taylor | FFG-50 | Bath Iron Works | 1984- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | [44] |
| Gary | FFG-51 | Todd, San Pedro | 1984- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | [45] |
| Carr | FFG-52 | Todd, Seattle | 1985- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | [46] |
| Hawes | FFG-53 | Bath Iron Works | 1985- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | [47] |
| Ford | FFG-54 | Todd, San Pedro | 1985- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | [48] |
| Elrod | FFG-55 | Bath Iron Works | 1985- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | [49] |
| Simpson | FFG-56 | Bath Iron Works | 1985- | Naval Reserve Force, Active since 2002 | [50] |
| Reuben James | FFG-57 | Todd, San Pedro | 1986- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | [51] |
| Samuel B. Roberts | FFG-58 | Bath Iron Works | 1986- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | [52] |
| Kauffman | FFG-59 | Bath Iron Works | 1987- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | [53] |
| Rodney M. Davis | FFG-60 | Todd, San Pedro | 1987- | Naval Reserve Force, Active since 2002 | [54] |
| Ingraham | FFG-61 | Todd, San Pedro | 1989- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | [55] |
| Australian-built | |||||
| HMAS Melbourne | FFG 05 | Australian Marine Engineering Consolidated (AMECON), Williamstown, Victoria | 1992- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | |
| HMAS Newcastle | FFG 06 | AMECON, Williamstown | 1993- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | |
| Spanish-built | |||||
| SPS Santa María | F81 | Bazan, Ferrol | 1986- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | |
| SPS Victoria | F82 | Bazan, Ferrol | 1987- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | |
| SPS Numancia | F83 | Bazan, Ferrol | 1989- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | |
| SPS Reina Sofía | F84 | Bazan, Ferrol | 1990- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | |
| SPS Navarra | F85 | Bazan, Ferrol | 1994- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | |
| SPS Canarias | F86 | Bazan, Ferrol | 1995- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | |
| Republic of China-built (Taiwanese) | |||||
| ROCS Cheng Kung | FFG-1101 | China Shipbuilding, Kaohsiung, Taiwan | 1993- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | |
| ROCS Cheng Ho | FFG-1103 | China Shipbuilding, Kaohsiung, Taiwan | 1994- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | |
| ROCS Chi Kuang | FFG-1105 | China Shipbuilding, Kaohsiung, Taiwan | 1995- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | |
| ROCS Yueh Fei | FFG-1106 | China Shipbuilding, Kaohsiung, Taiwan | 1996- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | |
| ROCS Tzu I | FFG-1107 | China Shipbuilding, Kaohsiung, Taiwan | 1997- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | |
| ROCS Pan Chao | FFG-1108 | China Shipbuilding, Kaohsiung, Taiwan | 1997- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | |
| ROCS Chang Chien | FFG-1109 | China Shipbuilding, Kaohsiung, Taiwan | 1998- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | |
| ROCS Tien Dan | FFG-1110 | China Shipbuilding, Kaohsiung, Taiwan | 2004- | in active service, as of 2009[update] | |
[edit] References
- ^ Burgess, Richard R. (September 2003). "Guided Missiles Removed from Perry-class Frigates (Sea Services section: Northrop Grumman-Built DDG Mustin Commissioned in U.S. Pacific Fleet)". Sea Power (Washington, D.C.: Navy League of the United States) 46 (9): 34. ISSN 0199-1337. OCLC 3324011. http://www.navyleague.org/sea_power/sep_03_34.php. Retrieved 2008-09-22.
- ^ Navy has few FFG options to fill LCS gap
- ^ Undersecretariat of Turkish Defence Industries: GENESIS modernization program
- ^ Turkish Navy official website: GENESIS modernization program
- ^ MK 41 Vertical Launch Systems for Turkish Navy : Naval Forces : Defense News Air Force Army Navy News
- ^ MK 41 Naval Vertical Missile Launch Systems Delivered, Supported (updated)
- ^ FMS: Turkey Requests MK 41 Vertical Launch Systems
- ^ Official Website - Frigates
- ^ Pakistan to get refurbished warship from US Times of India, October 19, 2008
- ^ Mayport hosts frigate working group
[edit] Further reading
- Bruhn, David D., Steven C. Saulnier, and James L. Whittington (1997). Ready to Answer All Bells: A Blueprint for Successful Naval Engineering. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-227-7. (Operating a Perry frigate)
- Friedman, Norman (1982). U.S. Destroyers: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-733-X. (Contains material on frigates and Perrys in particular)
- Levinson, Jeffrey L. and Randy L. Edwards (1997). Missile Inbound. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-517-9. (Attack on the USS Stark (FFG 31) )
- Peniston, Bradley (2006). No Higher Honor: Saving the USS Samuel B. Roberts in the Persian Gulf. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-661-5. (Mining of the USS Samuel B. Roberts (FFG 58) )
- Snow, Ralph L. (1987). Bath Iron Works: The First Hundred Years. Bath, Maine: Maine Maritime Museum. ISBN 0-9619449-0-0. (The origin and construction of the Perrys, from the design shipyard's point of view.)
- Wise, Harold Lee (2007). Inside the Danger Zone: The U.S. Military in the Persian Gulf 1987-88. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-970-3.
[edit] External links
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Oliver Hazard Perry class frigates |
- Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates at Destroyer History Foundation
- Official U.S. Navy Fact File: Frigates
- FFG-7 OLIVER HAZARD PERRY-class: by the Federation of American Scientists
- MaritimeQuest Perry Class Overview
- Labor 'inherited Navy nightmare': Fitzgibbon