Olongapo

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Olongapo City
Lungsod ng Olongapo
—  Highly Urbanized City  —

Seal
Nickname(s): Gapo, City of Excellence, City of Volunteers
Motto: Fighting for Excellence!
Map of Zambales showing the location of Olongapo City.
Olongapo City is located in Philippines
Olongapo City
Location in the Philippines
Coordinates: 14°50′N 120°17′E / 14.833°N 120.283°E / 14.833; 120.283Coordinates: 14°50′N 120°17′E / 14.833°N 120.283°E / 14.833; 120.283
Country  Philippines
Region Central Luzon (Region III)
District 1st district
Founded November 4, 1750
Cityhood June 1, 1966[1]
Barangays 17
Government
 • Mayor James L. Gordon, Jr. (Bagumbayan-VNP)
 • Vice Mayor Rolen Paulino [2]
Area
 • Highly Urbanized City 185.00 km2 (71.43 sq mi)
 • Metro 472.16 km2 (182.30 sq mi)
Elevation 15 m (49 ft)
Population (2007)
 • Highly Urbanized City 227,270
 • Density 1,200/km2 (3,200/sq mi)
Time zone PHT (UTC+8)
ZIP Code 2200
Income class 1st class; highly urbanized
Website www.olongapocity.gov.ph
Population Census of Olongapo City
Census Pop. Rate
1995 179,754
—
2000 194,260 1.68%
2007 227,270 2.19%

The City of Olongapo (Tagalog: Lungsod ng Olongapo; Sambal: Syodad nin Olongapo) is an independent highly urbanized city located in the province of Zambales, Philippines. According to the latest census, it has a population of 227,270 people in 50,300 households.[3] Along with the town of Subic, it comprises the Metro Olongapo, one of the twelve Metropolitan Areas in the Philippines.[4]

Contents

[edit] Etymology

According to popular legend, there once was a group of warring tribes who lived in the area in and around what is now the modern city. A wise old man, seeing the perils of disunity, exerted great effort toward uniting the warring tribes. There were, however, some who bitterly opposed his idea, and one day the old man just disappeared.

After a long search, the old man's body was found, but with the head missing. It is said that the tribesmen launched search parties to locate the severed head of the man. (To the Sambal, decapitation was the only permissible form of assassination.[5])
These efforts proved to be futile, and the search was eventually called off. A boy, however, vowed to himself that he would not stop searching until he found the elder’s head. He searched for weeks, but found nothing. Then, one day, he chanced upon what appeared to be the old man’s head, resting on top of a bamboo pole. The boy ran back to his people crying, “Olo nin apo! Olo nin apo!” (“head of the elder” in Sambal; translates as “ulo ng apo”[6] in Tagalog), running hysterically from village to village. The phrase stuck, and that, according to legend, is how the area got its name, Olongapo.
To this day, the old man’s head acts as a symbol of the unity of the people of what is now a modern city.

[edit] History

[edit] Spanish Period

On March 8, 1885, the Spanish Naval commission authorized construction of the Arsenal at Olongapo. The Spanish planned to make their naval station and the village of Olongapo an island, protected against attack by insurrectos. The Spanish Navy Yard occupied the entire area east of the Spanish Gate. Employing Filipino labor, they did extensive dredging of the harbor and the inner basin and built a drainage canal. The canal served both to drain the swampy area around the yard and also to form a line of defense.

Within ten years, the Spaniards had erected walls and markers to fence off the arsenal. They had shops and buildings erected. The Spanish government spent almost three decades developing the Naval Station.[7][8]

[edit] American Period

On May 1, 1898, the construction of the Spanish Administration Building was hardly completed when Dewey's Flagship USS Olympia leads the Asiatic Fleet into Manila Bay. A detachment of Admiral Dewey's fleet bombarded the Navy Yard. Eventually, after the surrender, Spain relinquished all her rights in the Philippines to the United States. This marked the end of more than three hundred years of Castilian rule over the islands.

Realizing the tremendous importance of Olongapo as a naval facility, the U. S. Navy decided to keep the base in functioning order. So the President of the United States, then Theodore Roosevelt, on November 9, 1901, by executive order, reserved the waters of Subic and some of the adjacent lands for naval purposes.

The Naval Station was widened and with the establishment of the American rule in the Philippines, American defenses in the islands were facilities left by the Spanish Navy were taken over by the United States.

Olongapo grew in direct proportion to the growth of the Naval Station. More people came to live in Olongapo since the Navy offered employment. To most Filipinos during that time, it was a welcome change. The promise of a different kind of experience as shop workers and office help induced many young men to leave their farms and fishing boats to work in the Navy Yard. Others finding the lure of the sea irresistible joined the U. S. Navy and really saw the world.

Olongapo impressed its visitors as being one of the finest communities in the country. People passing though the town never failed to comment on its cleanliness and orderliness.[7][8]

[edit] World War II

When the war broke out in 1941, the old town was obliterated. Olongapo had to suffer the brunt of destruction twice.

On December 14th 1941, Japanese bombers conduct attack on Olongapo/Subic Bay area. Ten days later, the order was given to burn Subic Bay Naval Station and withdraw. Olongapo is set aflame by the local Filipinos in anticipation of Japanese troop arrival. The USS New York is scuttled in Subic Bay.[9]

When the American forces made a last-ditch stand on the Bataan peninsula, the Naval Station was abandoned and most of its facilities were burned before the Japanese came. In 1945, Olongapo was again bombed, shelled and burned. None of its former landmarks—with the exceptions of the Station Chapel (it was the Olongapo Parish Church before the war) and the Spanish Gate—withstood the sweep of the war's fury.

[edit] Reconstruction and Rehabilitation

Shortly after the war was over, the Philippines was granted her independence. Olongapo was one of the principal navy bases retained by the United States. The Navy started to rebuild the town right after the hostilities ceased. Olongapo however was built on a new completely undeveloped site a couple of miles north of its former site. The prewar town site became a part of the Naval Station.

The first few years after the war were extremely hard on the new town. Starting from scratch, everything in the new Olongapo was in a deplorable state. There was no electric power and no drainage system. The water supply and sanitation facilities were inadequate. Olongapo streets were unpaved—they were dusty during the dry season and were stretches of mud and slush when the rains came.[8]

Gradually Olongapo evolved into a better community: new business concerns were established; housing projects were planned, civic facilities were restored. The development of the Reservation has been particularly rapid during the past two years. The new building constructions recently undertaken by the Reservation include: a new ice plant, a high school, two elementary schools, two bridges, and a public library. Two housing projects at Kalaklan and Saluysoy areas are at present being developed. Within a couple of months, the Reservation plans to start laying down a new set of water main lines to replaced the obsolete lines set up in 1908.

Due to the Korean War, U.S. spent over $170 million to convert the base into the homeport of her Navy‘s Seventh Fleet, developing the Cubi Naval Air Station as the largest U.S installation of its kind in Asia. Naval authorities relocated the residence from the area of the former Public Works Center area to what is now the hub of Olongapo – along what is now known as Rizal Avenue and Ramon Magsaysay Drive, and in the Barangays New Asinan and New Kalalake areas. Zoning of Olongapo was patterned after the American setup where streets are constructed along straight lines, both hori-zontally and vertically. The very considerable program of construction of facilities in the Olongapo and Subic Bay area brought about growth and prosperity to Olongapo. By 1956, migrants from nearby towns and provinces had swelled the population to 39,180.[10]

[edit] Independence and cityhood

Olongapo and the bridge leading to NS Subic Bay, 1981.

Unlike the rest of the Philippines which gained independence from the United States after World War II in 1946, Olongapo was governed as a part of the United States naval reservation.

Olongapo City was the last piece of Philippine territory surrendered by the US to the country in the 1950s.[8][11]

After the efforts of James Leonard T. Gordon, the area was relinquished to the Philippine Government and converted into a municipality on December 7, 1959. The first mayor appointed was civic leader Mayor Ruben Geronimo and was later succeeded by business enterpreneur Ildefonso Arriola.

Six years later under Mayor James Leonard T. Gordon, Olongapo was reconverted to a chartered city on June 1, 1966.[1]

Olongapo City administers itself autonomously from Zambales province. Adjacent to the city is the Subic Bay Freeport Zone, which until 1992 was a United States naval base.

[edit] Mount Pinatubo Eruption

Ash from Mount Pinatubo covers Naval Station Subic Bay.

June 15, 1991 proved to be a memorable date to the people of Olongapo. Mount Pinatubo, just 20 miles away from Subic Bay erupted with a force 8 times greater than the Mt. St. Helen‘s eruption. Day turned to night as volcanic ash blotted out the sun. Volcanic earthquakes and heavy rain, lightning and thunder from a typhoon passing over northern Luzon made Black Saturday a 36-hour nightmare.[12] This caused widespread damage to the U. S. Facility and Olongapo City.

On September 16, 1991, the Senate leaders of the Philippines did not grant any extension on the existing RP-US Military Bases Agreement between the Republic of the Philippines and the United States of America thereby terminating the stay of U.S. Military Bases in the Philippines.

[edit] Conversion of the Naval Base and the present-day Olongapo

Like his father before him, Mayor Richard Gordon, who was against the departure of the US military forces, lobbied for the turnover of the facility and its conversion into a freeport.

The American Flag is lowered and Philippine flag is raised during turnover of Naval Station Subic Bay.

To date, the renowned volunteerism strategy, overturning an ailing economy to prosperity after twin disasters – withdrawal of US Bases and Mt. Pinatubo‘s eruption, is an unparalleled achievement. Mayor Richard "Dick" Gordon boldly led a strong corps of 8,000 City volunteers who protected and preserved the abandoned US Naval Base facilities from poachers. He complemented this with an aggressive advocacy to convert the area into a protected area and industrial zone. Later, he launched an aggressive international investment promotion which resulted in the acceleration of the development of a prime industrial and tourism zone in the country, the Subic Bay Freeport Zone (SBFZ).[12]

It was the first chartered city and highly urbanized city in its province.[11] It rose from a “sin city” in the 1960s and 1970’s to become a “Model city” in the 1980s and 1990’s.[11]

The city is known for its innovative methods of urban management in the 1980s in addressing crime and cleanliness that has been said to be copied by local governments nationwide. The city pioneered the Color-coded transport system, Integrated Solid Waste Management System, Volunteerism, Organized vendors, elderly, youth and women’s groups, use of slogans, People’s Law Enforcement Board, Emergency Response Team, and international awards such as the UNESCO Cities for Peace representing Asia and the Pacific in 1997 and the Konrad Adenauer Local Medal of Excellence in 1999.

Furthermore, the Asian Development Bank and World Bank have also recognized its successful urban redevelopment and city development strategy after the US Base turnover.

[edit] Geography

[edit] Location

Situated at the Southern entry point of Zambales and the Northwestern interior of the Subic Bay area, Olongapo City is approximately 127 kilometres (79 mi) north of Manila.

The city proper is located on a 6.48 km2. Tidal flatland, and the city is characterized by rugged and mountainous terrain. The land area of Olongapo City is 185 square kilometers or 18,500 hectares.

Because of its peculiar geographic location - the Zambales mountains on its three sides, Bataan and Subic Bay at its base - development of city land is limited. Also, the territorial borders from nearby towns are not properly marked.[13]

[edit] Coordinates

Geographical coordinates in decimal degrees (WGS84)
Latitude : 14.829
Longitude : 120.283

Geographical coordinates in degrees minutes seconds (WGS84)
Latitude : 14 49' 45
Longitude : 120 16' 58

[edit] Climate

From late October through February, the weather in tropical Olongapo is relatively cool. Temperatures increase slightly from March to May, which are the warmest months of the year in this part of the Philippines.

The rainy season begins in June and continues through October. At times rains are heavy and flooding can occur.

The city receives an average of 3,590 mm rainfall every year. Temperatures range from an average of around 25°C degrees in November to around 28°C in May.[14]

Climate data for Olongapo City, Philippines
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 36
(97)		 36
(97)		 38
(100)		 38
(100)		 41
(106)		 40
(104)		 36
(97)		 37
(99)		 37
(99)		 36
(97)		 37
(99)		 36
(97)		 41
(106)
Average high °C (°F) 31
(88)		 32
(90)		 33
(91)		 35
(95)		 33
(91)		 32
(90)		 31
(88)		 30
(86)		 31
(88)		 31
(88)		 31
(88)		 31
(88)		 32
(90)
Average low °C (°F) 26
(79)		 27
(81)		 28
(82)		 30
(86)		 30
(86)		 28
(82)		 27
(81)		 27
(81)		 27
(81)		 28
(82)		 27
(81)		 27
(81)		 28
(82)
Record low °C (°F) 22
(72)		 22
(72)		 23
(73)		 25
(77)		 25
(77)		 25
(77)		 24
(75)		 24
(75)		 24
(75)		 24
(75)		 23
(73)		 22
(72)		 23
(73)
Rainfall mm (inches) 2.8
(0.11)		 9.8
(0.386)		 12.6
(0.496)		 26.2
(1.031)		 240
(9.45)		 590
(23.23)		 720
(28.35)		 1080
(42.52)		 590
(23.23)		 220
(8.66)		 80
(3.15)		 10
(0.39)		 3,631.4
(142.969)
% humidity 78 79 78 79 82 87 88 88 88 85 80 78 82
Source: Weatherbase[15]

[edit] Culture

[edit] Language

The city's population speaks a wide variety of the country's main languages, Specifically: Tagalog, Ilocano, Kapampangan, Sambal, Cebuano, and the modernized language called Taglish (Tagalog and English). Many more dialects were also spoken from other denominations of people.

[edit] Religion

Most of the people of Olongapo are Christians, and the largest among of it is the Roman Catholic and other Christian groups such as Protestant churches (Evangelicals, Born Again) and Iglesia Ni Cristo(Church of Christ). Other non-Christian faiths are also present in the city (Islam, Buddhism). Other religious organizations include:

[edit] Government

Olongapo City, belonging to the 1st District of Zambales, is governed by a City Mayor designated as its Local Chief Executive and by a City Council as its Legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. Both the Mayor and the ten (10) City Councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three (3) years.

As an Independent City from the province of Zambales, only the city government officials are voted by the residents of the city. The provincial government has no political jurisdiction over local transactions of the city government.

[edit] Barangays

The city is politically subdivided into 17 barangays[16]

Barangay Population Captain
Asinan 3,883 Conrado Viray Jr.
Banicain 6,991 Ernelizar P. Batapa
Barreto 19,035 Carlito A. Baloy
East Bajac-bajac 19,583 Filipina E. Tablan
East Tapinac 10,213 Remegio Buenafe
Gordon Heights 26,665 Jose Tomas C. Madria
Kalaklan 12,184 Jesus Ricardo N. Frederico
Mabayuan 9,279 Robert C. Ferrer
New Cabalan 11,439 Rafael Lim
New Ilalim 22,782 Alexander F. Gaffud
New Kababae 1,574 Randy D. Sionzon
New Kalalake 2,423 Amalia N. Corum
Old Cabalan 6,705 Basilio D. Palo
Pag-asa 6,160 Jimmy Pasag
Santa Rita 40,023 Jerome Michael Bacay
West Bajac-bajac 8,221 Rafael Santulan Jr.
West Tapinac 6,705 Rodrigo Del Rosario

[edit] Mayors

The following is the list of all Mayors that ruled Olongapo after World War II

Name Term Position
Ruben Dela Cruz Geronimo November 1959 - 1962 Municipal Mayor
Ildefonso O. Arriola 1962–1964 Municipal Mayor
James Leonard T. Gordon November 1964 - June 1, 1966 Municipal Mayor
James Leonard T. Gordon June 1, 1966 - February 20, 1967 City Mayor
Jaime Guevarra February 20, 1967–1968 City Mayor
Amelia Juico Gordon 1968 - June 30, 1972 City Mayor
Geronimo "Momoy" Lipumano July 1972 - May 1980 City Mayor
Richard "Dick" Gordon June 30, 1980 - February 1986 City Mayor (1st term)
Teodoro Macapagal March 1986 - November 1987 OIC Mayor
Ildefonso O. Arriola November 1987 - January 1988 OIC Mayor
Richard "Dick" Gordon February 1988 - June 30, 1998 City Mayor (2nd term)
Cynthia Cajudo June 30, 1998 Acting Capacity
Katherine "Kate" Gordon June 30, 1998 - June 22, 2001 City Mayor
James "Bong" Gordon, Jr. June 30, 2001 – present City Mayor


[edit] Infrastructure

[edit] Airport

The Subic Bay International Airport is the airport serving the immediate area of the Subic Bay Freeport Zone and the general area of Olongapo City in the Philippines. This airport used to be the Naval Air Station Cubi Point of the United States Navy. Its airport terminal has 2 gates. Currently, it was proposed to be converted into a logistics hub.

[edit] Roads

The city has an organized road network, featuring a series of rectangular street grids. In the city's main district, the names of those streets running from North to South follow the English alphabet's order. While streets running East to West are numbered from 1st to 27th, starting from the South parallel and up. Even streets are on the East side of the City while the Odd streets are on the West. Most of the roads in Olongapo are made of concrete and asphalt.

[edit] Sea Port

The Port of Subic is one of the busiest, largest, historical and most important of Ports in the Philippines. The Port is operated and managed by the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority or SBMA. It covers the fenced area of the former U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay located in the southwest of Luzon Island in the Philippines surrounded by the municipality of Subic and Olongapo City in Zambales, and Hermosa and Morong in Bataan

[edit] Communication

Leading telecommunications companies in the Philippines such as Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT), Globe Telecom, Smart Communications and Sun Cellular are available in the City. The city is capable of 3G and 4G Mobile Networks.

[edit] Internet Connectivity

The City has more than a hundred Internet Cafés which enables the people to surf, chat, and play online games, and illegal online activities are prohibited. The majority of the country's Internet Service Providers are available in the city: Smart Broadband, Globe Tattoo, and PLDT myDSL.


[edit] Landmarks / Places of interest

File:Olongapo city hall 01.jpg
Olongapo City Hall
Olongapo City Rizal Triangle Multi-Purpose Center
Facade of Marikit Park
  • Ulo ng Apo: A towering and majestic marker located at the rotunda in Bajac-Bajac. A very visible and tangible tourist attraction to glorify the legend of the city.
  • Olongapo City Hall: The City Hall is located at Rizal Avenue, West Bajac-Bajac. On the east side contains the PUD (Public Utilities Department), in charge of providing electricity to the city. To the east is the Olongapo City PNP Police Station 1, and at the back of the city hall is the Health Building.
  • Olongapo City Convention Center: More conveniently known as OCCC or OCC, it has been the site of many events in Olongapo City history, not to mention numerous conferences, meetings, and school events.
  • Olongapo City Museum: Opened to the public on 2003, the museum contains dioramas, artifacts, and paintings about the history of the city. At the entrance, a rotating Ulo ng Apo statue meets you.
  • Olongapo City Public Library: The original Library stood near the City Hall. However, to make way for the construction of the PUD office, it was relocated at Hospital Road, East Tapinac; near the Convention Center.
  • Marikit Park: One of the most earliest parks of Olongapo, it has become famous in its time. Today, it is near Gordon College, the museum, the convention center and the library.
  • Olongapo Lighthouse: A panoramic view perfect for picture taking. This old lighthouse is located along the national highway going to the north. It overlooks the Subic Bay Freeport area.
  • Kalapati (The Dove Monument): Mr. Kasanobu Miyazaki, a Japanese owner of an accounting firm in Aioi City, Japan, requested that a shrine be built in New Cabalan where his brother, Capt. Masanobu Miyazaki died in battle at the Zig Zag Pass. Mayor Gordon suggested instead a peace monument dedicated to the Filipino, American and Japanese lives that were lost in that battle. The monument was thus built at the junction of the national highway and the road into New Cabalan. It is surmounted by a dove of peace. This monument welcomes travelers who will pass the first barangay of Olongapo City from the province of Bataan.
  • SM City Olongapo (formerly Olongapo City Mall): The only shopping mall that was formerly government-owned on May 1, 2004 as Olongapo City Mall. But, it was demolished in 2010 to become SM City Olongapo that was softly opened on December 15, 2011 and was grandly opened on February 10, 2012.
  • Ridon's St. Jude Medical Center, Olongapo: Ridon's St. Jude Medical Center (former St. Jude Family Hospital) is one of the oldest Hospital in Olongapo 40 years in health services.

[edit] Notable residents

[edit] Educational institutes

[edit] Elementary

Private Public
  • Christ The King Catholic School
  • Christian Baptist Academy
  • Columban College - Asinan
  • Columban College - Barretto
  • Heaven Sent Tutorial and Learning Center
  • Holy Infant Jesus College
  • Juventus School for the Gifted
  • KinderCare Development Center (KCDC)
  • Learning Circle
  • Little Angel Study Center
  • Mondriaan Montessori School
  • Olongapo Adventist Elementary School
  • Olongapo Anglo Cultural School
  • Olongapo City Christian School
  • Olongapo Wesley School
  • Sacred Heart Children's Center Foundation Inc.
  • San Antonio de Padua G.S
  • St. Anne Academy
  • St. Joseph College-Olongapo
  • Subic Montessori School
  • Sunbeam Christian Academy
  • Virgen Delos Remedios College
  • White Stone Christian School
  • Asinan Elementary School
  • Balic-Balic Elementary School
  • Banicain Elementary School
  • Barretto I Elementary School
  • Barretto II Elementary School
  • Boton Elementary School
  • Center of Excellence
  • East Bajac Bajac Elementary School
  • Gordon Heights Elementary School
  • Ilalim Elementary School
  • Iram Elementary School
  • James L. Gordon Integrated School
  • Kalaklan Elementary School
  • Kalalake Elementary School
  • Mabayuan Elementary School
  • Nellie E. Brown Elementary School
  • New Cabalan Elementary School
  • Old Cabalan Elementary School
  • Olongapo City Elementary School
  • Sergia Soriano Esteban Memorial School
  • Special Education Center for the Gifted
  • Sta. Rita Elementary School
  • Tabacuhan Elementary School
  • Tapinac Elementary School

[edit] High Schools

Private Public
  • Aura De Laurentus Business High School
  • Christ The King Catholic School
  • Columban College-Asinan
  • Columban College-Barretto
  • Holy Infant Jesus College
  • Little Angel Study Center
  • Network Computer and Business College
  • Olongapo Wesley School
  • St. Anne Academy
  • St. Joseph College - Olongapo High School Dept.
  • Sunbeam Christian Academy
  • Virgen Delos Remedios College
  • White Stone Christian School

[edit] Colleges

  • Mondrian Aura College
  • National Christian College
  • Naval Reservation Jr. College
  • Network Computer and Business Colleges
  • Olongapo City College
  • Online Data Center Computer School
  • Ship Repair Facility Apprentice - HTJ School USNB
  • STI College Olongapo City
  • St. Joseph College-Olongapo
  • US Navy PWC Apprenticeship
  • USNB SRF Shop Learners (Electronics)
  • CELTECH College

[edit] Food Chain/Restaurants

The following table shows the popular Fast Food Chains and Restaurants that are available in Olongapo:

Fastfood
Dining
Pastries/
Bakeshops
Pizza
Roasts
Others

[edit] Hotels/Accomodation

Hotels
  • Bayfront Hotel
  • Boardwalk Inn
  • Buena Casa Hotel
  • Courtyard Inn
  • Emperor's Hotel
  • Grand Seasons Hotel
  • LaBella Hotel
  • Mansion Hotel & Restaurant Inc
  • Olongapo Travel Lodge
  • Subic Interpark Hotel
  • Subic Residencias Hotel
  • Subic Park Hotel
  • Zanzibar Hotel
Resorts

[edit] Banking and Finance

[edit] Sister Cities

Olongapo has the following sister cities:

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b "Olongapo City - Brief History". http://members.tripod.com/Olongapo/legend.html. 
  2. ^ http://www.dilg.gov.ph/cities.php
  3. ^ "Olongapo City - 2007 Census". http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2009/pr0953tx.html. 
  4. ^ "Building Globally Competitive Metro Areas in the Philippines". 
  5. ^ It was recorded customary for the Sambal to execute those who have taken another person’s life, unless done by decapitation. Their manner of execution was to bore a hole at the top of the skull and then scrape out the brains.
  6. ^ http://olongapo-subic.com/olongapo_city_subic_bay_zambales_museum_legend.htm
  7. ^ a b "History of Subic Bay and Olongapo City". http://olongapo-subic.com/olongapo_city_subic_bay_zambales_museum_history.htm. 
  8. ^ a b c d "The Olongapo Story". http://www.subicbaypi.com/sub_stories_olongapostory.htm. 
  9. ^ http://www.subicbaypi.com/subic_timeline40.htm
  10. ^ "World War II - Olongapo City Official Website". http://www.olongapocity.gov.ph/?page_id=219. 
  11. ^ a b c "World Bank - Olongapo Profile". http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/166856/UCMP/UCMP/Documents/olongapo.pdf. 
  12. ^ a b "Twin Disasters- Olongapo City Official Website". http://www.olongapocity.gov.ph/?page_id=234. 
  13. ^ "Philippines Travel and Hotel Guide". http://www.philtravelcenter.com/philippines/subic.php. 
  14. ^ "HotelTravel.com - Olongapo Weather Guide and Map". http://www.hoteltravel.com/philippines/olongapo/olongapo-weather.htm. 
  15. ^ "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Olongapo, Central Luzon, Philippines". Weatherbase. 2012. http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=62489&refer=&cityname=Olongapo-Central-Luzon-Philippines&units=. Retrieved 2012-01-24. 
  16. ^ "NSCB Active Stats - OLONGAPO CITY". http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/municipality.asp?muncode=037107000&regcode=03&provcode=71. 
  17. ^ http://www.georgedeweymedicalcollege.net/
  18. ^ BatangGapo Subic Bay News (November, 2005). "Sister City relations of Olongapo City and National City proclaimed". http://subicbaynews.blogspot.com/2005/11/sister-city-relations-of-olongapo-city.html. 
  19. ^ ASEAN Matters for America. "Sister City Relationships". http://aseanmattersforamerica.org/charts-data/us-asean-sister-city-relationships. 
  20. ^ Subic Chamber (Nov. 14, 2009). "Guam & Olongapo now Sister Cities". http://subicchamber.org/DiscussionBoard/index.php?topic=238.0. 

[edit] External links

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