On-base plus slugging

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On-base plus slugging (OPS) is a baseball statistic calculated as the sum of a player's on-base percentage and slugging percentage.[1] The abilities of a player both to get on base and to hit for power, two important hitting skills, are represented, making it an effective way of measuring the player's offensive worth. An OPS of .900 or higher in Major League Baseball puts the player in the upper echelon of offensive ability. Typically, the league leader in OPS will score near, and not necessarily below, the 1.000 mark.

Contents

[edit] Formula

The basic formula is

OPS = OBP + SLG \,

where OBP is on-base percentage, and SLG is slugging percentage. These percentages are defined

SLG = \frac{TB} {AB}

and

OBP = \frac{H+BB+HBP} {AB+BB+SF+HBP}

where:

Since OBP and SLG have different denominators, it is possible to rewrite the expression for OPS using a common denominator. This expression is mathematically identical to the simple sum of OBP and SLG:

OPS = \frac{AB*(H+BB+HBP)+TB*(AB+BB+SF+HBP)}{AB*(AB+BB+SF+HBP)}

[edit] Interpretation of OPS

Unlike many other statistics, a player's OPS does not have a simple intrinsic meaning, despite its usefulness as a comparative statistic.

One fault of OPS is that it weighs on-base average and slugging percentage equally, although on-base average correlates better with scoring runs. Magnifying this fault is that the numerical parts of OPS are not themselves typically equal (league-average slugging percentages are usually 75-100 points higher than league-average on-base percentages). As a point of reference, the OPS for all of Major League Baseball in 2008 was .749[2].

[edit] History

On-base plus slugging was first popularized in 1984 by John Thorn and Pete Palmer's book, The Hidden Game of Baseball.[3] The New York Times then began carrying the leaders in this statistic in its weekly "By the Numbers" box, a feature that continued for four years. Baseball journalist Peter Gammons used and evangelized the statistics, and other writers and broadcasters picked it up. The popularity of OPS gradually spread, and by 2004 it began appearing on Topps baseball cards.[4]

[edit] Leaders

The top ten Major League Baseball players in lifetime OPS, with at least 3,000 plate appearances through July 3, 2009
(active players in bold)

  1. Babe Ruth, 1.1638
  2. Ted Williams, 1.1155
  3. Lou Gehrig, 1.0798
  4. Albert Pujols, 1.0580
  5. Barry Bonds, 1.0512
  6. Jimmie Foxx, 1.0376
  7. Hank Greenberg, 1.0169
  8. Rogers Hornsby, 1.0103
  9. Manny Ramírez, 1.0057
  10. Todd Helton, 0.9976


Albert Pujols has the highest career OPS for a right-handed batter.

Source: Baseball-Reference.com - Career Leaders & Records for OPS


The top ten single-season performances in MLB are (all left-handed hitters):

  1. Barry Bonds, 1.4217 (2004)
  2. Babe Ruth, 1.3818 (1920)
  3. Barry Bonds, 1.3807 (2002)
  4. Barry Bonds, 1.3785 (2001)
  5. Babe Ruth, 1.3586 (1921)
  6. Babe Ruth, 1.3089 (1923)
  7. Ted Williams, 1.2875 (1941)
  8. Barry Bonds, 1.2778 (2003)
  9. Babe Ruth, 1.2582 (1927)
  10. Ted Williams, 1.2566 (1957)

Source: Baseball-Reference.com - Single-Season Records for OPS

The highest single-season mark for a right-handed hitter was 1.2449 by Rogers Hornsby in 1925, (13th on the all-time list). Since 1925, the highest single-season OPS for a right-hander is 1.2224 by Mark McGwire in 1998.

[edit] Adjusted OPS (OPS+)

OPS+, Adjusted OPS, is a closely related statistic. OPS+ is OPS adjusted for the park and the league in which the player played, but not for fielding position. An OPS+ of 100 is defined to be the league average. An OPS+ of 150 or more is excellent and 125 very good, while an OPS+ of 75 or below is poor.

The basic formula for OPS+ is

OPS+ = 100 * (\frac{OBP} {*lgOBP} + \frac{SLG} {*lgSLG} - 1)

where *lgOBP is the park adjusted OBP of the league and *lgSLG is the park adjusted SLG of the league.

A common misconception is that OPS+ closely matches the ratio of a player's OPS to that of the league. In fact, due to the additive nature of the two components in OPS+, a player with an OBP and SLG both 50% better than league average in those metrics will have an OPS+ of 200 (twice the league average OPS+) while still having an OPS that is only 50% better than the average OPS of the league.

[edit] Leaders in OPS+

Through July 4, 2009, the career leaders in OPS+ (minimum 3,000 plate appearances, active players in bold) were

  1. Babe Ruth, 207
  2. Ted Williams, 191
  3. Barry Bonds, 182
  4. Lou Gehrig, 179
  5. Rogers Hornsby, 175
  6. Albert Pujols, 173
  7. Mickey Mantle, 172
  8. Dan Brouthers, 170
  9. Joe Jackson, 170
10. Ty Cobb, 167
11. Jimmie Foxx, 163


Source: Baseball-Reference.com - Career Leaders & Records for Adjusted OPS+


The highest single-season performances were:

  1. Barry Bonds, 268 (2002)
  2. Barry Bonds, 263 (2004)
  3. Barry Bonds, 259 (2001)
  4. Fred Dunlap, 258 (1884) *
  5. Babe Ruth, 256 (1920)
  6. Babe Ruth, 239 (1921)
  7. Babe Ruth, 239 (1923)
  8. Ted Williams, 235 (1941)
  9. Ted Williams, 233 (1957)
  10. Ross Barnes, 231 (1876) **
  11. Barry Bonds, 231 (2003)


Source: Baseball-Reference.com - Single-Season Leaders & Records for Adjusted OPS+

* - Fred Dunlap's historic 1884 season came in the Union Association, which some baseball experts consider not to be a true major league

** - Ross Barnes was aided by a rule that made a bunt fair if it first rolled in fair territory, he did not play nearly so well when this rule was removed. Another explanation; He became ill.

If Dunlap's and Barnes' seasons were to be eliminated from the list, two other Ruth seasons (1926 and 1927) would be on the list.

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ See www.baseballprospectus.com or rec.sport.baseball.
  2. ^ http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/2008-standard-batting.shtml
  3. ^ John Thorn and Pete Palmer, The Hidden Game of Baseball, pp. 69-70.
  4. ^ Alan Schwarz, The Numbers Game, pp. 165, 233.

[edit] References

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