One Laptop per Child

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search
"OLPC" redirects here. For other uses, see OLPC (disambiguation).
One Laptop per Child
Formation January 2005
Type Non-profit
Headquarters Cambridge, Massachusetts
Official languages Multilingual
Chairman Nicholas Negroponte
Key people Charles Kane, Jim Gettys, Seymour Papert, Alan Kay
Website www.laptop.org

The One Laptop Per Child Association, Inc. (OLPC) is an U.S. non-profit organization set up to oversee the creation of a cheap, affordable educational device for use in the developing world. Its current focus is on the development, construction and deployment of the XO-1 laptop to promote children's education in developing nations. OLPC has generated a great deal of interest in the Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D) and One to one computing fields of research. One Laptop Per Child is a 501(c)(3) organization registered in Delaware, USA.[1]

OLPC is funded by member organizations, including AMD, Brightstar Corporation, eBay, Google, Marvell, News Corporation, SES, Nortel Networks, and Red Hat.[2][3] Each company has donated two million dollars. While OLPC is 'not for profit', the XO-1 manufacturers including many members are expected to receive 5-10% profit from sales of the unit. [4] [5]

The organization is chaired by Nicholas Negroponte. Other principals of the company include Jim Gettys, Vice-President of Software Engineering and Charles Kane, President and Chief Operating Officer.

Contents

[edit] Mission

An OLPC class in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
An OLPC class in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

To eliminate poverty and create world peace by providing education to the poorest and most remote children on the planet by making them more active in their own learning, through collaborative and creative activities, connected to the Internet, with their own laptop, as a human right and cost free to them.

—OLPC Mission Statement, [6]

It's an education project, not a laptop project.

—Nicholas Negroponte, [7]

The goal of the foundation is to provide children around the world with new opportunities to explore, experiment, and express themselves. To that end, OLPC is designing a laptop, educational software, manufacturing base, and distribution system to provide children outside of the first-world with otherwise unavailable technological learning opportunities.

OLPC lists five core principles:[8]

  1. Child ownership
  2. Low ages. Both hardware and software are designed for elementary school children ages 6-12.
  3. Saturation
  4. Connection
  5. Free and open source

[edit] Controversy regarding mission

 It has been suggested that some of the information in this article's Criticism or Controversy section(s) be merged into other sections to achieve a more neutral presentation. (Discuss)

OLPC's dedication to "Free and open source" was questioned with their May 15, 2008 announcement that large scale purchasers would be offered the choice to add an extra cost, special version of the proprietary Windows XP OS developed by Microsoft alongside the regular, free and open Linux/Sugar OS. James Utzschneider, from Microsoft, said that initially only one operating system could be chosen. OLPC, however, said that future OLPC work would enable XO-1 laptops to dual boot either the free and open Linux/Sugar OS or the proprietary Microsoft Windows XP. Mr. Negroponte further said that "OLPC will sell Linux-only and dual-boot, and will not sell Windows-only [XO-1 laptops]". OLPC released the first test firmware enabling XO-1 dual-boot on July 3, 2008.[9][10][11][12][13]

OLPC's stated ethos that "It's an education project, not a laptop project" was contradicted according to OLPC's former Director of Security Architecture[14] Ivan Krstić who said on May 13, 2008 "I quit when Nicholas told me — and not just me — that learning was never part of the mission. The mission was, in his (Negroponte's) mind, always getting as many laptops as possible out there; to say anything about learning would be presumptuous, and so he doesn’t want OLPC to have a software team, a hardware team, or a deployment team going forward." See Other viewpoints for additional statements from Negroponte and Kane on this topic.[15][16][17]

[edit] History

Children in a remote Cambodian school where a pilot laptop program has been in place since 2001.
Children in a remote Cambodian school where a pilot laptop program has been in place since 2001.

OLPC is based on constructionist learning theories pioneered by Seymour Papert, Alan Kay, and also on the principles expressed in Nicholas Negroponte’s book Being Digital.[18] These three individuals plus the several sponsor organizations are active participants in OLPC.

Many concepts preceding the OLPC project were discussed and explored at a number of conferences. The 2B1 Conference, held in 1997 at the Media Lab brought together educators from developing countries around the world to "break down world barriers of race, age, gender, language, class, economics and geography." The most immediate outcome of that conference was the establishment of the Nation1 project and the Junior Summit, held the following year, although many of the sessions at 2B1 helped inform OLPC.

Both the project and the organization were announced at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland in January 2005 and were created by faculty members of the MIT Media Lab. The OLPC project gained much more attention when Nicholas Negroponte and Kofi Annan unveiled a working prototype of the Children's Machine 1 (CM1) on November 16, 2005 at the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) in Tunis, Tunisia. Negroponte showed two prototypes of the CM1 laptop at the second phase of the World Summit: a non working physical model and a tethered version using an external board and separate keyboard. The device shown was a rough prototype using a standard development board. Negroponte estimated that the screen alone required three more months of development. The first working prototype was demonstrated at the project's Country Task Force Meeting on May 23, 2006. The production version is expected to have a larger display screen in the same size package. The laptops were originally scheduled to be available by early 2007, but production actually began in November, 2007.

At the 2006 World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) announced it would back the laptop. UNDP released a statement saying they would work with OLPC to deliver “technology and resources to targeted schools in the least developed countries”.[19]

The project originally aimed for a price of 100 United States dollars. In May 2006, Negroponte told the Red Hat's annual user summit: “It is a floating price. We are a nonprofit organization. We have a target of $100 by 2008, but probably it will be $135, maybe $140. That is a start price, but what we have to do is with every release make it cheaper and cheaper— we are promising that the price will go down.”[20]

The OLPC project had stated that a consumer version of the XO laptop was not planned.[21] However, the project has established the xogiving.org website for outright donations and for a "Give 1 Get 1" offer valid from November 12, 2007 for two weeks, but this was extended through December 31, 2007.[22] The "Give 1 Get 1" offer's required donation of $399 has a tax-deductible portion of $200. The fair market value of the XO laptop is placed at $199 by the OLPC Foundation.

Mary Lou Jepsen was CTO until her resignation at the end of 2007 to found a new company, Pixel Qi, to continue the development and commercialization of ideas from the XO.

Intel was a member of the association for a brief period in 2007. It resigned its membership on 3 January 2008, citing disagreements with requests from OLPC's founder, Nicholas Negroponte, for Intel to stop dumping their Classmate PCs.[3][23]

Ivan Krstić (former OLPC Director of Security Architecture) resigned in late February, 2008 because, he said, learning wasn’t what the OLPC was about even for Nicholas Negroponte (see quote below).[24][16]

On April 22, 2008, Walter Bender, who was the former President of Software and Content for the OLPC project, stepped down from his post and left OLPC to found Sugar Labs. Bender reportedly had a disagreement with Nicholas Negroponte, the pioneer of the project itself, about the future of the OLPC and their future partnerships.[24] Nicholas Negroponte also showed some doubt about the exclusive use of open source software for the project[25] and made suggestions supporting a move towards adding Windows XP which Microsoft was in the process of porting over to the XO hardware.[26] Microsoft's Windows XP, however, is not seen by some as a sustainable operating system.[27] Microsoft announced on May 16, 2008 that Windows XP would be offered as an option on XO-1 laptops and possibly be able to dual boot alongside Linux.[28]

Charles Kane became the new President and Chief Operating Officer of the OLPC Association on May 2, 2008.[29][30]

[edit] Technology

See also: OLPC XO-1, Sugar (GUI), and OLPC XS
The OLPC Active Antenna will help build the mesh network.
The OLPC Active Antenna will help build the mesh network.
OLPC XO-1 laptop.
OLPC XO-1 laptop.

The XO-1, previously known as the "$100 Laptop" or "Children's Machine", is an inexpensive laptop computer designed to be distributed to children in developing countries around the world,[31] to provide them with access to knowledge, and opportunities to "explore, experiment and express themselves" (constructionist learning).[32] The laptop is developed by the One Laptop per Child (OLPC) organization, and manufactured by the Taiwanese computer company, Quanta Computer.

The rugged, low-power computers use flash memory instead of a hard drive, run the GNU/Linux operating system and use the Sugar user interface.[33] Mobile ad-hoc networking based on the 802.11s wireless mesh network protocol allows students to collaborate on Activities and to share Internet access from one connection. The wireless networking has much greater range than typical consumer laptops. The XO-1 has also been designed to be lower cost and much longer lived than typical laptops.

Rumors about an XO-1 laptop running a modified version of Windows XP circulated,[34][35] and it was revealed in May of 2008 that Windows XP will be available for an additional cost of 10 dollars per laptop.[36]

Lee Felsenstein criticized the centralized, top-down, design and distribution of the OLPC, calling it "imperialistic”.[37]

[edit] Environmental issues

The project has received criticism due to concerns over environmental and health impacts of hazardous materials found in other computers.[38] The OLPC has asserted that it is aiming to use as many environmentally friendly materials as it can; that the laptop and all OLPC-supplied accessories will be fully compliant with the EU's Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS); and that the laptop will use an order of magnitude less power than the typical consumer notebooks available as of 2007, minimizing the environmental burden of power generation.[39]

[edit] Distribution

The laptops are sold to governments,[40] to be distributed through the ministries of education with the goal of distributing “one laptop per child”. The laptops will be loaned to students, similar to textbooks, and ultimately remain the property of the issuing local government. The laptops include an anti-theft system which requires laptops to make contact with a country specific server over a network or to a school-level server that was manually loaded with 21 day long cryptographically secured "leases" from a USB key for un-networked schools, or the laptops will be locked until a "lease" is provided to it.[41] The operating system and software is localized to the languages of the participating countries.

Pricing in 2007 started at US$188 with a goal of reaching the $100 mark in 2008. Approximately 500 developer boards (Alpha-1) were distributed in mid-2006; 875 working prototypes (Beta 1) were delivered in late 2006; 2400 Beta-2 machines were distributed at the end of February 2007;[42] full-scale production started November 6, 2007.[43] Quanta Computer, the project's contract manufacturer, said in February 2007 that it had confirmed orders for one million units. They indicated they could ship 5 million to 10 million units in 2007 because seven nations had committed to buy the XO-1 for their schoolchildren: Argentina, Brazil, Libya, Nigeria, Rwanda, Thailand, and Uruguay.[44] Quanta plans to offer machines very similar to the XO machine on the open market.[45]

[edit] Give 1 Get 1 distribution & order fulfillment issue

The OLPC project had initially stated that no consumer version of the XO laptop was planned.[46] Later, however, the project established the laptopgiving.org website for direct donations and ran a "Give 1 Get 1" offer starting on November 12, 2007 that was initially scheduled to run for only two weeks. The offer was extended until December 31, 2007. With a donation of $399 (plus shipping cost extra) to the OLPC "Give 1 Get 1" (G1G1) program, for which they would receive an XO-1 laptop of their own and have another sent on their behalf to a child in a developing country. The addresses for delivery of the "Get 1" laptop were restricted to the United States, its territories, and Canada. Some 83,500 donors participated in the program. A significant minority (at least 10%)[47] of these had not received their "Get One" laptop a couple months after their donation because of order fulfillment and shipment issues within both OLPC and the outside contractors it had hired to manage those aspects of the program. This led many donors to question whether OLPC's management and staff were capable of successfully managing the much larger task of distribution of laptops to the developing world.[48] The "Give 1 Get 1" donation of $399 had a tax-deductible portion of $200 under US tax code as the XO-1 laptop delivered to the donor was valued at $199 by the OLPC Foundation.[22]

[edit] G1G1v2

 This article or section contains information about scheduled or expected future events.
It may contain tentative information; the content may change as the event approaches and more information becomes available.

A second Give1Get1 program has been announced[49] to be run through Amazon.com, starting November 17. This partnership was chosen specifically to solve the distribution issues of the prior G1G1 event. In addition, the price to consumers will stay the same, at $399 USD.[50]

[edit] Summary of laptop orders

Year Confirmed number (approximate) Date confirmed Purchaser
2007 100,000 October 2007 Uruguay[51]
15,000 November 14, 2007 Birmingham, Alabama, United States[52]
270,000 December 1, 2007 Peru[53]
50,000 December 1, 2007 Mexico, Mexican billionaire Carlos Slim[54]
50,000 November 3, 2007 Ethiopia by Romano Prodi
167,000 (half to be distributed to developing world) January 5, 2008 "Give One, Get One" program[53]
2008 65,000 May 29, 2008 Colombia
Total 717,000    

Complete List

[edit] Currently participating countries

In October 2007, Uruguay placed an order for 100,000 laptops, making Uruguay the first country to purchase a full order of laptops. An additional 200,000 more laptops should be ordered by 2009 to cover all public school children between 6 and 12 years old.

The following countries are currently participating in the project, or are receiving laptops from the Give One Get One program.

[edit] Peru

First results are mostly positive after evaluation of pilot phase in Peru which was eight months long. The children learned quickly how to use the laptops, started to communicate more among themselves and turned to be more pleasant to each other. The parents agreed the units help their children to receive more education. However, the pilot revealed the children miss a built-in English learning software and a dictionary.[62]

[edit] Uruguay

First real (non-pilot) deployment of the OLPC technology happened in Uruguay in December 2007.[59]

[edit] Papua New Guinea

First trials include Satellite base station (RICS) in Ku Band sponsored by the SPC Secretariat of the Pacific Community. There are 15 other sites planned for the Pacific in 2009. RICS can be solar powered. Classroom servers also tested.[63]

[edit] Interested countries

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, president of Brazil, with a prototype.
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, president of Brazil, with a prototype.

In addition to the participating countries listed above, small-scale pilot projects took place or are currently taking place in the following countries (see Google map of OLPC pilot projects):[64]

[edit] Nigeria

Nigeria was the first country to announce an order for one million laptop computers, in July 2006.[67] Since then, Nigeria had an election, and the deal has not materialized.[68]

Lagos Analysis Corp., also called Lancor, a Lagos, Nigeria-based company, sued OLPC in the end of 2007 for $20 million, claiming that the computer's keyboard design was stolen from a Lancor patented device.[69] The amount of damages is based upon an order by the Nigerian government for one million of the laptops. Lancor decided that, since their keyboards retail for $19.95, the $20 million is the price for one million keyboards. Lancor obtained a temporary injunction against the Nigerian sale in December of 2007, and the country's government announced that it is now reviewing its order. OLPC responded by claiming that they had not sold any multi-lingual keyboards in the design claimed by Lancor,[70] and that Lancor had misrepresented and concealed material facts before the court.[71] These claims by the OLPC, in an attempt to dismiss the Nigerian lawsuit, were rejected by the Federal High Court. OLPC is now appealing the order of the court.

In 2007, XO laptops in Nigeria were reported to contain pornographic material belonging to children partaking in the OLPC Program.[72] In response, OLPC made plans for adding content filters.[73] The OLPC foundation maintained the position that such issues were societal, not laptop related.[74] Similar responses have led some to suggest the OLPC takes an indifferent stance concerning this issue.[75] According to Wayan Vota Senior Director at Inveneo and founder of the OLPC News (unaffiliated with OLPC), "The use of computers to look at porn is [a] social problem, not a hardware one.... Children have to be taught what's good and what's bad, based on the cultural context."[76][77]

[edit] India

Teacher showing children the OLPC XO-1 in Khairat, India.
Teacher showing children the OLPC XO-1 in Khairat, India.

India's Ministry of Human Resource Development rejected the initiative, saying “it would be impossible to justify an expenditure of this scale on a debatable scheme when public funds continue to be in inadequate supply for well-established needs listed in different policy documents”[78] and later stated plans to make laptops at $10 each for schoolchildren. Two designs submitted to the ministry from a final year engineering student of Vellore Institute of Technology and a researcher from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore reportedly describe a laptop that could be produced for "$47 per laptop" for even small volumes. No technical specifications or development timelines for the $10 laptop have been released.[79]

[edit] Nepal

In Nepal, things are moving swiftly at the Bishwamitra and Bashuki pilots. Open Learning Exchange Nepal is the lead implementer for the OLPC pilots in Nepal, working together with Nepal's Department of Education.[80]

[edit] Thailand

Thailand pilot children doing field research in Ban Samkha.
Thailand pilot children doing field research in Ban Samkha.

Thailand under prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra had committed to the project. After the 2006 coup d'état the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology said that the laptop will be evaluated with pilot projects before proceeding cautiously.[81]

[edit] Argentina

Originally, the Argentinian government was promised the OLPC laptops for less than 100 USD with no strings attached. As the final prototypes ended up costing almost twice as much and requires the government to commit to the OLPC program for 10 years, it attracted criticism.[82] The funding from this project is expected to come from the Inter-American Development Bank (I.A.D.B.), leading to more controversy.[83]

[edit] Other interested countries

The following countries have shown interest in the past, but no concrete projects have resulted up to now:

[edit] Other viewpoints

[edit] UN conference in Tunisia

At the United Nations conference in Tunisia, several African officials, most notably Marthe Dansokho of Cameroon and Mohammed Diop of Mali, voiced suspicions towards the motives of the OLPC project and claimed that the project was using an overly U.S. mindset that presented solutions not applicable to specifically African problems. Dansokho said the project demonstrated misplaced priorities, stating that clean water and schools were more important for African women, who, he stated, would not have time to use the computers to research new crops to grow. Diop specifically attacked the project as an attempt to exploit the governments of poor nations by making them pay for hundreds of millions of machines.[84]

[edit] John Wood

John Wood, founder of Room to Read, emphasizes affordability and scalability over high-tech solutions. While in favor of the One Laptop per Child initiative for providing education to children in the developing world at a cheaper rate, he has pointed out that a $2,000 library can serve 400 children, costing just $5 a child to bring access to a wide range of books in the local languages (such as Khmer or Nepali) and English; also, a $10,000 school can serve 400–500 children ($20–$25 a child). According to Wood, these are more appropriate solutions for education in the dense forests of Vietnam or rural Cambodia.[85]

[edit] Ivan Krstić

I quit when Nicholas told me — and not just me — that learning was never part of the mission. The mission was, in his (Negroponte's) mind, always getting as many laptops as possible out there; to say anything about learning would be presumptuous, and so he doesn’t want OLPC to have a software team, a hardware team, or a deployment team going forward.

—Ivan Krstić, former Director of Security, OLPC, May 13, 2008, [16][15][17]

Mr. Negroponte, when asked by an interviewer about this statement, responded saying:

[Nicholas] Negroponte says he told Krstić no such thing. "That's the opposite of what I told him," he says. "I said we're not promoting a model, we're promoting several models, including some we don't like--such as drill and practice."

—Nicholas Negroponte,June 6, 2008, [86]

Around the same time, Nicholas Negroponte and Charles Kane made statements explaining OLPC's decision to enable XO-1 laptops to dual-boot either open source Fedora or proprietary Microsoft Windows XP:

[Nicholas] Negroponte says that within OLPC, the open-source scrap had become a distraction. "I think that means and ends, as often happens, got confused," he says. "The mission is learning and children. The means of achieving that were, amongst others, open source and constructionism. In the process of doing that, open source in particular became an end in itself, and we made decisions along the way to remain very pure in open source that were not in the long-term interest of the project."

—Nicholas Negroponte, May 2, 2008, [87]

"The OLPC mission is a great endeavor, but the mission is to get the technology in the hands of as many children as possible," [Charles Kane] said. "Whether that technology is from one operating system or another, one piece of hardware or another, or supplied or supported by one consulting company or another doesn't matter."

"It's about getting it into kids' hands," he continued. "Anything that is contrary to that objective, and limits that objective, is against what the program stands for."

—Charles Kane, OLPC President & COO, May 2, 2008, [87]

[edit] Future

 This section contains information about a scheduled or expected future product.
It may contain preliminary information that does not reflect the final version of the product.

On May 20, 2008 OLPC unveiled its plans for the 2nd generation XO. The XO-2 (or XOXO) is targeted for 2010 at the cost of $75. So far only a few details were unveiled. One is that it will consist of two multitouch-sensitive displays, and other is that can be used as a normal laptop (having one of the screens as a keyboard) or an e-book (each screen displaying one page).[88][89][90][91]

[edit] Photo gallery

These captions visualize the run of OLPC Thailand pilot (Ban Samkha).

The XO band.

First encounter with the laptops.

Packing the laptop into bag.

Field research.

Parents are intrigued by the machine, especially with the video camera.

Students showing an XO to a local monk.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ "State of Delaware, Department of State: Division of Corporations, File Number: 3994627". Retrieved on 2008-06-13. "Incorporation Date/Formation Date: 07/01/2005, Entity Type: Religious or Non-Profit"
  2. ^ Gardiner, Bryan (2007-07-13). "Intel Joins OLPC Initiative", PC Magazine. Retrieved on 2007-07-14. "Intel was a member of the association for a brief period in 2007. It resigned its membership on 3 January 2008, citing disagreements with the organization's founder, Nicholas Negroponte." 
  3. ^ a b "Intel Resigns From Board Of One Laptop Per Child". Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
  4. ^ ""Companies make 5-10% profit from not for profit initiative"". Retrieved on 2008-09-09.
  5. ^ ""Taiwan's Quanta to make 100-US-dollar laptops for poor kids"". Retrieved on 2007-04-05.
  6. ^ Nicholas Negroponte (2008-05-16). "[sugar Microsoft]". OLPC via Sugar mailing list hosted at lists.laptop.org. Retrieved on 2008-07-07.
  7. ^ "Vision". Retrieved on 2008-06-13.
  8. ^ "Core principles - OLPC". Retrieved on 2008-01-24.
  9. ^ "AnnounceFAQ - OLPC". OLPC (2008-05-15). Retrieved on 2008-07-05. ""Nicholas says that OLPC will sell Linux-only and dual-boot, and will not sell Windows-only.--Mokurai 04:21, 16 May 2008 (EDT) The only firmware technology that Microsoft had (/has today) was a proprietary Insyde BIOS that didn't work with OLPC's Linux kernel, so that's what they talked about. But OLPC has created OLPC:OLPC Firmware q2e10 new technology that supports both Windows and Linux. (Also, Linux kernels in general do support running under proprietary BIOSes. The difference in the XO's Linux kernel is that it relies on the firmware for the XO's special power management and anti-theft system.) --Gnu 13:23, 19 May 2008 (EDT)"
  10. ^ "Microsoft and One Laptop per Child Partner to Deliver Affordable Computing to Students Worldwide". Microsoft (2008-05-15). Retrieved on 2008-07-04.
  11. ^ James Utzschneider, General Manager of Marketing and Communications for the Unlimited Potential group at Microsoft (2008-05-15). "Look! Windows on the OLPC XO!". Retrieved on 2008-07-04. ""This is the initial implementation customers will be able purchase when the product RTMs and will be a "Windows only" XO... Longer term, the OLPC [Association] plans to write a new BIOS and increase the amount of flash storage on the XO to support a "Dual Boot" option that would enable children to use either Linux or Windows on the same machine. This is fine with us as long there continues to be an excellent Windows experience on the XO.""
  12. ^ "OLPC Firmware q2e10" (2008-07-03). Retrieved on 2008-07-07. ""This firmware is the first test candidate for the new OFW2 series which supports dual-boot of Linux and WindowsXP.""
  13. ^ Paul McDougall (2008-05-16). ""OLPC Adds Windows XP To XO Laptop"". Retrieved on 2008-07-04. 
  14. ^ {{cite web |url=http://laptop.org/vision/people/IvanKrstic/ |title=Ivan Kristic - OLPC People |accessdate=2008-09-06
  15. ^ a b Adrian Kingsley-Hughes (2008-05-16). "Putting the XP into the OLPC". ZDNet.com Hardware 2.0 blog. Retrieved on 2008-07-04.
  16. ^ a b c Ivan Krstić (2008-05-13). "ivan krstić · code culture » Sic Transit Gloria Laptopi". Ivan Krstić's code culture blog.
  17. ^ a b "XP on XO: Negroponte has lost his bearings | ZDNet Government | ZDNet.com<!- Bot generated title ->". Government.zdnet.com. Retrieved on 2008-09-06.
  18. ^ Negroponte, Nicholas. Being Digital. ISBN 0-679-43919-6. 
  19. ^ "U.N. Lends Backing to the $100 Laptop". Associated Press (January 26, 2006). Retrieved on 2006-01-27.
  20. ^ Donoghue, Andrew (2006-06-02). "$100 laptop 'will boost desktop Linux'", CNET News.com. Retrieved on 2006-08-19. 
  21. ^ "One Laptop per Child Has No Plans to Commercialize XO Computer". Business Wire. Retrieved on 2007-01-16.
  22. ^ a b "One Laptop Per Child -- XO Giving". OLPC project (2007-09-23).
  23. ^ Tom Krazit, CNET News.com (2008-01-04). "Intel leaves OLPC after Classmate sale embargo". ZDNet Australia. Retrieved on 2008-06-16.
  24. ^ a b "Top OLPC Executive Resigns After Restructuring". PC World (2008-04-21). Retrieved on 2008-06-16.
  25. ^ Eric Li. "Report: OLPC may eventually switch from Linux to Windows XP". IDG. Retrieved on 2008-09-06.
  26. ^ Edward Cherlin (2008-04-23). ""Wow, Nicholas Negroponte is Further Gone Than I Thought"". OLPCNews. Retrieved on 2008-09-06.
  27. ^ Gaurav Chachra (2008-05-06). "Who Actually Needs Windows XP on the XO Laptop?". OLPCNews. Retrieved on 2008-09-06.
  28. ^ "'$100 laptop' embraces Windows XP". BBC. Retrieved on 2008-07-06.
  29. ^ "Technology Review: $100 Laptop Program's New President". Retrieved on 2008-09-06.
  30. ^ Wayan Vota. "OLPC's New President & Negroponte: Its a Laptop Project Now". OLPCNews. Retrieved on 2008-09-06.
  31. ^ "BBC NEWS - Technology - Portables to power PC industry". Retrieved on 2008-01-25. 
  32. ^ One Laptop per Child. "Vision: Children in the developing world are inadequately educated". Retrieved on 2008-01-25.
  33. ^ "OLPC's Software". The OLPC Wiki. One Laptop per Child. Retrieved on 2007-12-24.
  34. ^ "Microsoft to test out Windows XP on OLPC XO". Engadget (2007-12-06). Retrieved on 2008-04-06.
  35. ^ "Report: OLPC may eventually switch from Linux to Windows XP". Retrieved on 2008-04-27.
  36. ^ Fildes, Jonathan (Thursday, 15 May 2008). "'$100 laptop' embraces Windows XP" (web). Microsoft has joined forces with the developers of the "$100 laptop" to make Windows available on the machines.. BBC News. Retrieved on 2008-05-15.
  37. ^ Problems with the $100 laptop by Lee Felsenstein
  38. ^ How Much E-Waste Per Child?, WorldChanging, December 19, 2005
  39. ^ OLPC Frequently Asked Questions, OLPC Wiki, accessed April 25, 2006
  40. ^ "Official OLPC FAQ - OLPC". Retrieved on 2008-01-24.
  41. ^ Krstić, Ivan (February 7, 2007), The Bitfrost security platform (Draft-19 - release 1 ed.), One Laptop Per Child, pp. Line 968, <http://dev.laptop.org/git?p=security;a=blob;f=bitfrost.txt#l968> .
  42. ^ For $150, Third-World Laptop Stirs Big Debate. The New York Times, 30 November 2006.
  43. ^ Jan Melin (November 7, 2007). 100-dollarsdatorn masstillverkas. NYTeknik. Retrieved on December 24, 2007.
  44. ^ IDG News Service (December 15, 2007), One million OLPC laptop orders confirmed. Itworld.com. Retrieved on December 24, 2007.
  45. ^ "OLPC manufacturer to sell $200 laptop". Arstechnica. Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
  46. ^ "One Laptop per Child has no plans to commercialize XO Computer". Business Wire. Retrieved on 2007-01-16.
  47. ^ "OLPC Laptop News 2008-01-19"
  48. ^ "How Laptop Delivery Breaks" OLPC Wiki 19 January 2008
  49. ^ Kim Quirk (2008-09-07). "G1G1 v2 Update". OLPC. Retrieved on 2008-09-07.
  50. ^ Joanna Stern (2008-09-08). "OLPC Give 1, Get 1 to Start November 17 through Amazon.com". Laptopmag.com. Retrieved on 2008-09-08.
  51. ^ OLPC Wiki, Country News, consulted on January 23, 2008
  52. ^ a b "Birmingham to buy 15K laptops from OLPC - Mass High Tech: The Journal of New England Technology". Retrieved on 2008-01-24.
  53. ^ a b "Intel Quits Effort to Get Computers to Children - New York Times". Retrieved on 2008-01-24. 
  54. ^ "Peru, Mexico billionaire agree to buy $188 laptops" Betanews, December 3, 2007
  55. ^ (Community-news) OLPC News 2007-11-03 OLPC, November 3, 2007
  56. ^ Linux Today Notes From a Senior Editor: A Close Look at the OLPC
  57. ^ OLPC in Colombia [1]
  58. ^ OLPC Wiki, OLPC Peru/Arahuay
  59. ^ a b Ivan Krstić (2007-12-01). "ivan krstić · code culture » First OLPC deployment: now it’s real". Ivan Krstić's code culture blog. Retrieved on 2008-01-24.
  60. ^ OLPC Wiki, Laptop News 2008-01-19, "3. Ulaan Baatar"
  61. ^ OLPC Wiki, OLPC Papua New Guinea
  62. ^ Ivan Krstić (2008-03-06). "ivan krstić · code culture » Astounded in Arahuay". Ivan Krstić's code culture blog. Retrieved on 2008-06-19.
  63. ^ OLPC Wiki, "OLPC Oceania"
  64. ^ OLPC Wiki - Pilot schools
  65. ^ "OLPC News: One XO Laptop Chronicle Per Khairat School Child<!- Bot generated title ->". Olpcnews.com (Posted on November 01, 2007 by Wayan Vota in Use Cases: Education, Countries: India). Retrieved on 2008-09-06.
  66. ^ Eager Learners?
  67. ^ "Nigeria orders 1 million $100 laptops". The Inquirer (July 26, 2006).
  68. ^ “A Little Laptop With Big Ambitions: How a Computer for the Poor Got Stomped by Tech Giants” Wall Street Journal, November 24, 2007; Page A1
  69. ^ "Lawsuit over keyboard design."
  70. ^ "Discussion of the Lancor lawsuit at groklaw.net"
  71. ^ "Discusion of the OLPCs first legal response to the Lancor lawsuit at groklaw.net"
  72. ^ "News | Africa - Reuters.com<!- Bot generated title ->". Africa.reuters.com (Thu 19 Jul 2007, 15:34 GMT). Retrieved on 2008-09-06.
  73. ^ "LinuxInsider on OLPC"
  74. ^ "Ask OLPC a Question about Social Issues"
  75. ^ "성인물을 막는 방법은?"
  76. ^ "LinuxInsider on OLPC"
  77. ^ "About Wayan Vota". Wayan Vota. Retrieved on 2008-07-01.
  78. ^ "HRD rubbishes MIT's laptop scheme for kids". The Times of India (July 3, 2006).
  79. ^ Akshaya Mukul (2007-05-07). "HRD hopes to make $10 laptops a reality". The Times of India. Retrieved on 2008-07-01.
  80. ^ Details of OLPC Launch, Nepal
  81. ^ Rural Thai students to get R700 laptops, 25 December 2006
  82. ^ "The plan for cheap PCs for kids turned into a business = TMCnet" (January 6, 2008). Retrieved on 2008-01-06.
  83. ^ ""Argentinean Debt Financing an OLPC Implementation Miracle"".
  84. ^ “The $100 laptop — is it a wind-up?” CNN, December 1, 2005. Accessed December 1, 2005.
  85. ^ Software 2006 conference, Scaling Organizations Panel (32:40)
  86. ^ Hamm, Steve (2008-06-06). "OLPC: The Educational Philosophy Controversy". Business Week. Retrieved on 2008-07-07.
  87. ^ a b David Talbot (2008-05-02), "$100 Laptop Program's New President", Technology Review (Cambridge, Massachusetts,: MIT): 1,2, <http://www.technologyreview.com/Biztech/20711/page1/>. Retrieved on 7 July 2008 
  88. ^ "First Look: OLPC XO-2<!- Bot generated title ->". Blog.laptopmag.com. Retrieved on 2008-09-06.
  89. ^ "Technorati: Discussion about “OLPC 2.0 is All Touchscreen”<!- Bot generated title ->". Technorati.com. Retrieved on 2008-09-06.
  90. ^ "OLPC News: XOXO: OLPC announces details about the XO-2, G1G1 comeback in summer<!- Bot generated title ->". Olpcnews.com (Posted on May 20, 2008 by Christoph Derndorfer in Laptops: XO-2). Retrieved on 2008-09-06.
  91. ^ XO-2 - OLPC