Open front unrounded vowel
| Open front unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| a | |
| a̟ | |
| æ̞ | |
| IPA number | 304 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | a |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0061 |
| X-SAMPA | a or a_+ or {_o |
| Kirshenbaum | a |
| Sound | |
|
|
|
The open front unrounded vowel, or low front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in many vocal languages. According to the official standards of the International Phonetic Association, the symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨a⟩.
In practice, however, it is very common to approximate this sound with ⟨æ⟩ (officially a near-open (near-low) front unrounded vowel),[citation needed] and to use ⟨a⟩ as an open (low) central unrounded vowel. This is the normal practice, for example, in the historical study of the English language. The loss of separate symbols for open and near-open front vowels is usually considered unproblematic, since the perceptual difference between the two is quite small, and very few, if any, languages contrast the two. See open central unrounded vowel for more information. If one needs to make it explicit that the vowel they're talking about is front, they can use symbols like [a̟] ([a] with "advanced" diactric), or [æ̞] (lowered [æ]), with the latter being more common.
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low", and these are the only terms found in introductory textbooks on phonetics such as those by Peter Ladefoged.[citation needed]
Contents |
Features [edit]
| IPA vowel chart | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
| Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded | |||||||||||||||||||
| This table contains phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] | |||||||||||||||||||
|
IPA help • IPA key • chart •  chart with audio • view |
|||||||||||||||||||
- Its vowel height is open, also known as low, which means the tongue is positioned as far as possible from the roof of the mouth – that is, as low as possible in the mouth.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. This subsumes central open (central low) vowels because the tongue does not have as much flexibility in positioning as it does in the mid and close (high) vowels; the difference between an open front vowel and an open back vowel is similar to the difference between a close front and a close central vowel, or a close central and a close back vowel.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence [edit]
Most languages have some form of an unrounded open vowel[citation needed]. For languages that have only a single low vowel, the symbol for this vowel <a> may be used because it is the only low vowel whose symbol is part of the basic Latin alphabet. Whenever marked as such, the vowel is closer to a central [ä] than to a front [a].
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | дахэ | [daːxa] (help·info) |
'pretty' | |||
| Arabic | Levantine[1] | بان | [baːn] | 'he/it appeared' | See Arabic phonology | |
| Bengali | পা pa | [pa] | 'leg' | See Bengali phonology | ||
| Bulgarian[2] | най | [naj] | 'most' | Somewhat retracted. | ||
| Catalan | Majorcan | sac | [sac] | 'sack' | Corresponds to [ä] in other varieties. See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | 沙 saa1 | [saː˥] | 'sand' | See Cantonese phonology | |
| Mandarin | 他 tā | [tʰa˥] | 'he' | See Mandarin phonology | ||
| English | Canadian[3] | hat | [hat] (help·info) |
'hat' | Depending on the region, the quality may vary from front [a] to central [ä] or even further back [ɑ] (in some Scottish and Ulster accents for example); the length may also vary. Many speakers may have [æ] (or even [ɛ], in case of older RP speakers and some Southern English dialects) instead. For the Canadian vowel, see Canadian Shift. See also English phonology | |
| Irish | ||||||
| Jamaican | ||||||
| Northern English | ||||||
| Received Pronunciation[4] | ||||||
| Southern English | ||||||
| Welsh | ||||||
| Cockney[5][6] | stuck | [stak] | 'stuck' | Can be [ɐ̟] instead. | ||
| Inland Northern American[7] | stock | 'stock' | Less front [ɑ ~ ä] in other American dialects. See Northern cities vowel shift | |||
| German | Bernese | drääje | [ˈtræ̞ːjə] | 'turn' | See Bernese German phonology | |
| Gujarati | શાંતિ shanti | [ʃant̪i] | 'peace' | See Gujarati phonology | ||
| Kabardian | дахэ | [daːxa] (help·info) |
'pretty' | |||
| Luxembourgish[8] | Kap | [kʰaːpʰ] | 'cap' | Somewhat retracted. | ||
| North Frisian | braan | [braːn] | 'to burn' | |||
| Polish[9] | jajo | [ˈjajɔ] (help·info) |
'egg' | Fronted allophone of /a/ [ä] between palatal or palatalized consonants. See Polish phonology | ||
| Spanish[10] | Eastern Andalusian | las madres | [læ̞(h) ˈmæ̞ːð̞ɾɛ(h)] | 'the mothers' | Corresponds to [ä] in other dialects, but in these dialects they're distinct. See Spanish phonology | |
| Murcian | ||||||
| Vietnamese | xa | [saː] | 'far' | See Vietnamese phonology | ||
| Welsh | mam | [mam] | 'mother' | See Welsh phonology | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[11] | na | [na] | 'now' | ||
References [edit]
- ^ Thelwall & Sa'Adeddin (1990:38)
- ^ Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999)
- ^ Boberg (2005:133–154)
- ^ http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/vowel-sounds-rp/
- ^ Wells (1982:305)
- ^ Hughes & Trudgill (1938:35)
- ^ W. Labov, S. Ash and C. Boberg (1997). "A national map of the regional dialects of American English". Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ^ Jassem (2003:106)
- ^ Zamora Vicente (1967:?)
- ^ Merrill (2008:109)
Bibliography [edit]
- Boberg, C. (2005), "The Canadian shift in Montreal", Language Variation and Change 17: 133–154
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Hughes, Arthur; Trudgill, Peter (1979), English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of British English, Baltimore: University Park Press
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Ladefoged, Peter (1999), "American English", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association (Cambridge Univ. Press): 41–44
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Ternes, Elmer; Vladimirova-Buhtz, Tatjana (1999), "Bulgarian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 55–57, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Thelwall, Robin; Sa'Adeddin, M. Akram (1990), "Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266
- Wells, J.C. (1982), Accents of English, 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Zamora Vicente, Alonso (1967), Dialectología española (2nd ed.), Biblioteca Romanica Hispanica, Editorial Gredos
