1973 Israeli raid on Lebanon
Coordinates: 33°54′N 35°32′E / 33.9°N 35.53°E
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| Operation Spring of Youth | |||||||
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| Part of the Operation Wrath of God | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 Israel |
 PLO PFLP |
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| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 2 killed | 12–100 killed | ||||||
| 3 civilian casualties | |||||||
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The 1973 Israeli raid on Lebanon (known as Operation Spring of Youth, part of Operation Wrath of God) took place on the night of April 9 and early morning of April 10, 1973 when Israel Defense Forces special forces units attacked several Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) targets in Beirut and Sidon, Lebanon. [1]
The operation is generally considered to be part of the retaliation for the Munich massacre at the Summer Olympics in 1972.[2]
The Israeli troops arrived at the Lebanese beaches in speedboats launched from missile boats offshore. Mossad agents awaited the forces on the beaches with cars rented the previous day, and then drove them to their targets and later back to the beaches for extraction.
During the operation, three of the highest-level PLO leaders, surprised at home, were killed, along with other PLO members. Several Lebanese security people and civilian neighbors were also killed. Two Israeli soldiers were killed.
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[edit] Background
In February 1973, Ehud Barak, the commander of the elite Sayeret Matkal unit, obtained photographs and precise information on the whereabouts of three senior PLO leaders:
- Muhammad Youssef al-Najjar (Abu Youssef) – an operations leader in the terrorist group Black September, the group responsible for the 1972 Munich massacre. He was also a PLO veteran, previously head of the Lebanese Fatah branches, head of Fatah internal intelligence organization. His latest duties were head of the PLO's political department and one of Yasser Arafat's deputies (third in line of Fatah's leadership).
- Kamal Adwan – a PLO chief of operations, responsible for armed terrorist activities against Israel in the West Bank and the Gaza strip.
- Kamal Nasser – Poet, PLO spokesman and member of the PLO Executive Committee.[3]
The men lived in a pair of seven-story buildings in the fashionable neighborhood of Verdun in West Beirut. These buildings were residential housing for both British and Italian families along with Arab families. One building housed Al-Najjar, and a building across the street housed Adwan and Nasser.
Barak and his team immediately began planning on an operation to eliminate them. The plan they came up with was to land from navy ships on the Lebanese coast and infiltrate into Lebanon disguised as tourists, with some of the commandos to be disguised as women (Barak was disguised as a brunette woman). Before the mission, the forces involved trained for the operation in the apartments of northern Tel Aviv, similar in construction to those they would be assaulting in Beirut. They also practiced cross-dressing and walking around disguised as lovers.[4][5]
[edit] The Operation
On April 9, 1973, Israeli Navy missile boats departed from Haifa naval base, carrying the commandos and Zodiac speedboats on board. When the missile boats reached the shores of Beirut, the Zodiacs were lowered into the water. The commandos then landed on the shore. To avoid being heard, they turned the motors off and rowed the rest of the way in when they were a few hundred meters from the shore. When they landed, Mossad agents were waiting for them with three cars. The agents drove them to their targets.[4]
When the Sayeret Matkal commandos approached the target apartments, three commando teams entered the buildings and planted explosive fuses at the doors of the apartments of each targets, while a backup team led by Barak remained outside and stood guard to repel PLO reinforcements or Lebanese police. When the fuses exploded, the commandos stormed the apartments, gunned down the three targets, and seized documents they found. Al-Najjar's wife was killed during the mêlée, as was an elderly Italian woman responding to the commotion. At the same time, the backup team engaged in a firefight with a few dozen Lebanese policemen and PLO reinforcements. Two Lebanese policemen were killed during the firefight. The responding forces were beaten back, and Mossad cars extracted the commandos. While driving to the beach, they encountered a Lebanese Army troop carrier as it scanned the shore. The vehicle did not confront them, and they continued towards the beach, where the commandos and drivers abandoned the cars and returned to the missile boats in Zodiacs.[4]
At the same time, 14 Israeli commandos, mainly Sayeret Tzanhanim paratroopers, raided a multi-story building which housed militants of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. The team was disguised as civilians and led by Amnon Lipkin-Shahak. The Israeli team met strong resistance early on from nearly 100 militants guarding it, and engaged in a close-quarters battle. Teams of DFLP gunmen on the building's upper floors repeatedly attempted to take the elevator to the ground floor and join the battle, but each team was wiped out by commandos waiting near the doors. The team managed to place a large explosive charge inside the building and detonate it, causing part of the building to collapse. Lipkin-Shahak then requested an air evacuation. The commandos were then extracted by Israeli Air Force helicopters. Two Israeli soldiers and dozens of DFLP fighters were killed during the operation.
Two secondary forces attacked the Fatah headquarters for Gaza operations and a Fatah workshop in south Beirut. A third force of Shayetet 13 naval commandos landed in north Beirut and destroyed a small Fatah explosives workshop, while another paratroop unit raided and destroyed the PLO's main garage, located just south of Sidon.[6]
[edit] Popular culture
Operation Spring of Youth was featured in the film Munich.
[edit] See also
- United Nations Security Council Resolution 332
- Operation Wrath of God
- Palestinian casualties of war
- Israeli casualties of war
[edit] References
- ^ J. Bowyer Bell, Irving Louis Horowitz (2005) Assassin: Theory and Practice of Political Violence, pp137, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 1-4128-0509-0 Retrieved 2010 May 4
- ^ Maslin, Janet (2005-12-15). "A Massacre in Munich, and What Came After". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/15/books/15masl.html. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
- ^ Alan Hart, Arafat, terrorist or peacemaker?. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1984. ISBN 978-0-283-99008-3. pp. 361–363. Quotes Abu Iyad on the killing of Kamal Nasser:'Because Kamal was our spokesman they finished him off by spraying bullets around his mouth. And before they left the Israelis laid out his body as though he was hanging on a cross.'[Nasser was a Christian].
- ^ a b c http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/opspring.html
- ^ Jean Genet, Prisoner of Love. London: Pan Books, 1989. ISBN 0-330-29962-X. pp. 157–161. Describes the attackers who killed Kamal Adwan as: 'two English-speaking hippies with fair curly hair ...their arms around one another's necks, laughing and exchanging kisses...The guards shouted insults at the two shocking queers... etc'.
- ^ Morris, Benny: Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881-1999
[edit] External links
- Bregman, Ahron (2002). Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28716-2
- "Jewish Virtual Library": Detailed Israeli viewpoint and eyewitness accounts
- "Journal of Counterterrorism & Security International": Includes background material on the 1972 Munich Olympic Massacre and Israel's hunt for its perpetrators.
- Simon, Bob. "An Eye For An Eye: Should The U.S. Use This As A Model?", CBS News, 21 November 2001. Includes short testimonies by Barak and Adwan's daughter.
- "Encyclopedia of the Palestine Problem": History of IDF operations vs. Palestinians from a Palestinian viewpoint, including this operation.
