Ottoman classical music
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Ottoman classical music (Klâsik Türk Mûsikîsi, Sanat Mûsikîsi, Saray Mûsikîsi) developed in palaces, mosques, and Mevlevi lodges of the Ottoman Empire. [1] Above all a vocal music, Classical Turkish Music traditionally accompanies a solo singer with a small instrumental ensemble. In recent times instruments might include tanbur lute, ney flute, kemençe fiddle, keman Western violin, kanun zither, or other instruments. Sometimes described as monophonic music, the variety of ornamentation and variation in the ensemble requires the more accurate term heterophonic.
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[edit] Overview
Ottoman court music has a large and varied system of modes or scales known as makams, and other rules of composition. A number of notation systems were used for transcribing classical music, the most dominant being the Hamparsum notation in use until the gradual introduction of western notation. Turkish classical music is taught in conservatories and social clubs, the most respected of which is Istanbul's Üsküdar Musiki Cemiyeti.
A specific sequence of classical Turkish musical forms become a fasıl, a suite an instrumental prelude (peṣrev), an instrumental postlude (saz semaisi), and in between, the main section of vocal compositions which begins with and is punctuated by instrumental improvisations taksim.[2] A full fasıl concert would include four different instrumental forms and three vocal forms, including a light classical song, şarkı. A strictly classical fasıl remains is the same makam throughout, from the introductory taksim and usually ending in a dance tune or oyun havası.[3] However shorter şarkı compositions, precursors to modern day songs, are a part of this tradition, many of them extremely old, dating back to the 14th century; many are newer, with late 19th century songwriter Haci Arif Bey being especially popular.
[edit] Musical instruments
Traditional instruments in Turkish classical music today include tanbur long-necked plucked lute, ney end-blown flute, kemençe bowed fiddle, oud plucked short-necked unfretted lute, kanun plucked zither, violin, and in Mevlevi music, kudüm drum.
[edit] Genres
Ottoman classical music comprises many genres, among which are the suites called fasıl. A fasıl typically includes many instrumental and/or vocal movements, including taksim, peşrev, şarkı, beste, and kar, among others.
[edit] Composers and Performers
Other famous proponents of this genre include Sufi Dede Efendi, Prince Cantemir, Baba Hamparsum, Kemani Tatyos Efendi, Sultan Selim III and Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent. The most popular modern Turkish classical singer is Münir Nurettin Selçuk, who was the first to establish a lead singer position. Other performers include Bülent Ersoy, Zeki Müren, Müzeyyen Senar and Zekai Tunca.
other Composers
- Sultan Abdülazîz (1830-1876)
- Kara Ismail Ağa (1674-1724)
- Nikoğos Ağa (1836-1885)
- Sadik Ağa (1757-1815)
- Sadullah Ağa (1730-1807)
- Tanbûrî Numan Ağa (1750-1834)
- Zeki Mehmet Ağa (1776-1846)
- Refik Talat Alpman (1894-1947)
- Hüseyin Sadettin Arel (1880-1955)
- Giriftzen Asim (1852-1929)
- Lemi Atli (1869-1945)
- Reşat Aysu (1910-1999)
- Aleko Bacanos (1888-1950)
- Yorgo Bacanos (1900-1977)
- Hacı Arif Bey (1831-1885)
- Ismail Hakki Bey (1865-1927)
- Kaptanzade Ali Riza Bey (1883-1934)
- Neyzen Salim Bey (1829-1884)
- Rahmi Bey (1864-1924)
- Rifat Bey (1820-1888)
- Şevki Bey (1860-1891)
- Tanbûrî Cemil Bey (1871-1916)
- Tanbûrî Osman Bey (1816-1885)
- Ûdi Nevres Bey (1873-1937)
- Cevdet Çağla (1900-1988)
- Tanbûrî Mustafa Çavuş (1700-1770)
- Nayi Osman Dede (1652-1730)
- Neyzen Aziz Dede (1840-1905)
- Neyzen Emin Dede (1883-1945)
- Zekaî Dede (1816-1885)
- Dede Efendi (1778-1846)
- Kanuni Artaki Candan Efendi (1885-1948)
- Kemani Riza Efendi (1780-1852)
- Kemani Tatyos Efendi (1855-1913)
- Misirli Udi Ibrahim Efendi (1872-1933)
- Neyzen Dede Salih Efendi (1818-1888)
- Tab-i Mustafa Efendi (1705-1770)
- Rakim Elkutlu (1869-1948)
- Subhi Ezgi (1869-1962)
- Refik Fersan (1893-1965)
- Gazi Giray Han (1554-1607)
- Selahaddin Içli (1923- )
- Şerif Içli (1899-1956)
- Tanbûrî Isak (1745-1814)
- Sâdi Isilay (1899-1969)
- Buhurizade Itrî (1640-1711)
- Dilhayat Kalfa (1710-1780)
- Demetri Kantemir (1673-1723)
- Sadettin Kaynak (1895-1961)
- Udi Hrant Kenkulian (1901-1978)
- Tarik Kip (1927-2000)
- Fahri Kopuz (1882-1968)
- Abdülkadir Meragi (1353-1435)
- Zeki Müren (1931-1996)
- Seyfettin Osmanoğlu (1874-1926)
- Suphi Ziya Özbekkan (1887-1966)
- Sedat Öztoprak (1890-1942)
- Alaaddin Pakyüz ( - )
- Yusuf Paşa (1840-1895)
- Selahattin Pinar (1902-1960)
- Nuri Halil Poyraz (1885-1950)
- Hâfiz Post (1630-1694)
- Faruk Sahin (1957- )
- Erol Sayan (1936- )
- Selim III (1761-1808)
- Kemal Niyazi Seyhun (1885-1960)
- Bekir Sıdkı Sezgin (1936-1996)
- Ferit Sidal (1925- )
- Bimen Şen (1873-1943)
- Cinuçen Tanrıkorur (1938-2000)
- Serif Muhiddin Targan (1892-1967)
- Sükrü Tunar (1907-1962)
- Rauf Yekta (1871-1935)
[edit] Notes
- ^ Feldman, Walter. Music of the Ottoman Court. 1996. ISBN 3-86135-641-4
- ^ "The Ottoman Music". Tanrıkorur, Cinuçen (Abridged and translated by Dr. Savaş Ş. Barkçin). http://www.turkmusikisi.com/osmanli_musikisi/the_ottoman_music.htm. Retrieved June 26, 2000. Tanrıkorur argues that the perceived differences between the traditional music genres stemmed from the cultural clash between the East and the West that emerged during the Tanzîmat Era (1839-1908).
- ^ "The Fasil". Ottoman Souvenir. http://www.ottomansouvenir.com/Music/Ottoman_and_Anatolian_Folk_Songs.htm. Retrieved April 15, 2004.
[edit] External links
- Neyzen, the most complete collection of Ottoman sheet music, available for free online. The long list of Turkish words on the screen are names of individual 'makam'. Each makam has its own quality and repertoire, click on any of these to get a list of the sheet music available to view and download.
- TurkMusikisi, the premier Turkish-language website dedicated to Ottoman music. Highly recommended, regardless of Turkish ability.
- Secular classical music: selection from gazel improvisation sung by Safiye Ayla mp3, 829 kB, 0:00:53 duration
- Mosque music: selection from "Merhaba bahrı" (Mevlit) sung by Kâni Karaca mp3, 1.3 MB, 0:01:28 duration
- Mevlevi music: selection from 4th selam, Beyati Mevlevi Âyini mp3, 793 kB, 0:00:50
- Kalan Music, a major producer of new recordings and reissues of Turkish classical, mosque, and Sufi music
- The Turkish Music Portal is the most comprehensive website about Turkish music on the Internet. It explores the history, reviews the instruments of Turkish classical and folk music, and meets the composers and performers of all types of Turkish music. It is available in four languages: Turkish, English, French and German.
