Pachycondyla
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Pachycondyla | |
|---|---|
 |
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| P. harpax worker | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Ponerinae |
| Tribe: | Ponerini |
| Genus: | Pachycondyla Smith, 1858 |
| Type species | |
| Formica crassinoda Latreille, 1802 |
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| Species | |
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many, see text |
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| Diversity | |
| c. 200 - 300 species | |
| Synonyms | |
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Bothroponera |
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Pachycondyla is a diverse group of ponerine ants that are widespread in the world's tropics and subtropics. Most are general predators or scavengers, with some specializing in hunting termites. In some species queens are replaced by fertilised workers. Apart from 200 to 300 described species, five fossil species have been identified.[2]
Contents |
[edit] Systematics
While officially a genus, Pachycondyla is a polyphyletic group, consisting of many subgenera with unclear relationships, that will likely prove to be valid, distinct genera[3].
[edit] Description
Pachycondyla workers are similarly shaped to those of the genera Cryptopone, Hypoponera and Ponera and are often confused. They can be identified by having a large comb-like and a smaller simple spur on the hind leg, while the others are missing the smaller one.[2]
[edit] Species
- Pachycondyla aciculata Emery, 1901
- Pachycondyla acuta Emery, 1900
- Pachycondyla aenescens Mayr, 1870
- Pachycondyla aenigmatica (Arnold, 1949)
- Pachycondyla aequalis (Mann, 1919)
- Pachycondyla agilis (Forel, 1901)
- Pachycondyla ambigua (Weber, 1942)
- Pachycondyla ambigua Andre, 1890
- Pachycondyla amblyops (Emery, 1887)
- Pachycondyla analis (Latreille, 1802)
- Pachycondyla annamita (Andre, 1892)
- Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille, 1802)
- Pachycondyla apicalis (Smith, 1857)
- Pachycondyla arcuata (Karavaiev, 1925)
- Pachycondyla arhuaca (Forel, 1901)
- Pachycondyla astuta Smith, 1858
- Pachycondyla atrata (Karavaiev, 1925)
- Pachycondyla atrovirens Mayr, 1866
- Pachycondyla australis (Forel, 1900)
- Pachycondyla barbata Stitz, 1911
- Pachycondyla berthoudi (Forel, 1890)
- Pachycondyla bispinosa Smith, 1858
- Pachycondyla brunoi Forel, 1913
- Pachycondyla bucki (Borgmeier, 1927)
- Pachycondyla butteli (Forel, 1913)
- Pachycondyla caffraria (Smith, 1858)
- Pachycondyla calcarea (Theobald, 1937)
- Pachycondyla cambouei (Forel, 1891)
- Pachycondyla carbonaria (Smith, 1858)
- Pachycondyla carinulata (Roger, 1861)
- Pachycondyla cariosa (Emery, 1895)
- Pachycondyla castanea (Mayr, 1865)
- Pachycondyla castaneicolor (Dalla Torre, 1893)
- Pachycondyla cauta (Mann, 1922)
- Pachycondyla cavernosa (Roger, 1860)
- Pachycondyla cavinodis (Mann, 1916)
- Pachycondyla chinensis (Emery, 1895)
- Pachycondyla christmasi (Donisthorpe, 1935)
- Pachycondyla chyzeri (Forel, 1907)
- Pachycondyla clarki (Wheeler, 1934)
- Pachycondyla claudata (Menozzi, 1926)
- Pachycondyla cognata (Emery, 1896)
- Pachycondyla commutata (Roger, 1860)
- Pachycondyla comorensis (Andre, 1887)
- Pachycondyla constricta (Mayr, 1884)
- Pachycondyla crassa (Emery, 1877)
- Pachycondyla crassinoda (Latreille, 1802)
- Pachycondyla crawleyi (Donisthorpe, 1920)
- Pachycondyla crenata (Roger, 1861)
- Pachycondyla cribrata Santschi, 1910
- Pachycondyla croceicornis (Emery, 1900)
- Pachycondyla darwinii (Forel, 1893)
- Pachycondyla denticulata (Kirby, 1896)
- Pachycondyla depilis (Emery, 1902)
- Pachycondyla dubia (Theobald, 1937)
- Pachycondyla dubitata (Forel, 1900)
- Pachycondyla eleonorae (Forel, 1921)
- Pachycondyla elisae (Forel, 1891)
- Pachycondyla emiliae (Forel, 1901)
- Pachycondyla escherichi Forel, 1910
- Pachycondyla exarata Emery, 1901
- Pachycondyla excavata (Emery, 1893)
- Pachycondyla fauveli Emery, 1896
- Pachycondyla ferruginea (Smith, 1858)
- Pachycondyla flavopilosa (Weber, 1942)
- Pachycondyla foetida (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Pachycondyla fossigera (Mayr, 1901)
- Pachycondyla fugax Forel, 1907
- Pachycondyla fuscoatra (Roger, 1861)
- Pachycondyla gilberti (Kempf, 1960)
- Pachycondyla glabripes (Emery, 1893)
- Pachycondyla globiventris (Theobald, 1937)
- Pachycondyla goeldii (Forel, 1912)
- Pachycondyla goyana (Borgmeier, 1937)
- Pachycondyla gracilicornis (Mayr, 1868)
- Pachycondyla grandis (Donisthorpe, 1947)
- Pachycondyla granosa (Roger, 1860)
- Pachycondyla guianensis (Weber, 1939)
- Pachycondyla harpax (Fabricius, 1804)
- Pachycondyla haskinsi (Weber, 1939)
- Pachycondyla havilandi (Forel, 1901)
- Pachycondyla havilandi Forel, 1901
- Pachycondyla henryi Donisthorpe, 1942
- Pachycondyla holmgreni (Wheeler, 1925)
- Pachycondyla hottentota Emery, 1886
- Pachycondyla ilgii (Forel, 1894)
- Pachycondyla impressa (Roger, 1861)
- Pachycondyla incisa Emery, 1911
- Pachycondyla ingesta (Wheeler, 1922)
- Pachycondyla insulana (Mayr, 1876)
- Pachycondyla insularis (Emery, 1889)
- Pachycondyla javana (Mayr, 1867)
- Pachycondyla jerdonii (Forel, 1900)
- Pachycondyla jonesii (Forel, 1891)
- Pachycondyla kenyensis (Santschi, 1937)
- Pachycondyla kruegeri Forel, 1910
- Pachycondyla laevigata (Smith, 1858)
- Pachycondyla laevissima Arnold, 1915
- Pachycondyla lamottei (Bernard, 1953)
- Pachycondyla leeuwenhoeki (Forel, 1886)
- Pachycondyla lenis Kempf, 1961
- Pachycondyla lenkoi Kempf, 1962
- Pachycondyla leveillei (Emery, 1890)
- Pachycondyla lineaticeps Mayr, 1866
- Pachycondyla lunaris (Emery, 1896)
- Pachycondyla lutea (Mayr, 1862)
- Pachycondyla luteipes (Mayr, 1862)
- Pachycondyla luteola (Roger, 1861)
- Pachycondyla lydiae (Santschi, 1920)
- Pachycondyla magnifica Borgmeier, 1929
- Pachycondyla malayana (Wheeler, 1929)
- Pachycondyla manni (Viehmeyer, 1924)
- Pachycondyla marginata (Roger, 1861)
- Pachycondyla mayri (Emery, 1887)
- Pachycondyla melanaria (Emery, 1893)
- Pachycondyla melancholica Smith, 1865
- Pachycondyla mesonotalis (Santschi, 1923)
- Pachycondyla mesoponeroides (Radchenko, 1993)
- Pachycondyla metanotalis Luederwaldt, 1918
- Pachycondyla mlanjiensis (Arnold, 1946)
- Pachycondyla mocquerysi (Emery, 1902)
- Pachycondyla modiglianii Emery, 1900
- Pachycondyla myropola (Menozzi, 1925)
- Pachycondyla nasica Santschi, 1920
- Pachycondyla nigrita (Emery, 1895)
- Pachycondyla nimba (Bernard, 1953)
- Pachycondyla novemdentata (Bernard, 1953)
- Pachycondyla oberthueri Emery, 1890
- Pachycondyla obesa (Emery, 1897)
- Pachycondyla obscurans (Walker, 1859)
- Pachycondyla obscuricornis Emery, 1890
- Pachycondyla obsoleta (Menozzi, 1931)
- Pachycondyla obtusa Emery, 1900
- Pachycondyla oculata (Smith, 1858)
- Pachycondyla overbecki Viehmeyer, 1916
- Pachycondyla pachyderma Emery, 1901
- Pachycondyla pachynoda (Clark, 1930)
- Pachycondyla pallida (Smith, 1858)
- Pachycondyla pallidipennis (Smith, 1860)
- Pachycondyla papuana (Viehmeyer, 1914)
- Pachycondyla pergandei (Forel, 1909)
- Pachycondyla peringueyi (Emery, 1899)
- Pachycondyla perroti (Forel, 1891)
- Pachycondyla picardi Forel, 1901
- Pachycondyla picea (Bernard, 1953)
- Pachycondyla piliventris Smith, 1858
- Pachycondyla pilosior (Wheeler, 1928)
- Pachycondyla porcata (Emery, 1897)
- Pachycondyla procidua Emery, 1890
- Pachycondyla pumicosa (Roger, 1860)
- Pachycondyla punctata Karavaiev, 1935
- Pachycondyla rostrata Emery, 1890
- Pachycondyla rubescens (Santschi, 1937)
- Pachycondyla rubiginosa (Emery, 1889)
- Pachycondyla rubra (Smith, 1857)
- Pachycondyla ruficornis (Clark, 1934)
- Pachycondyla rufipes (Jerdon, 1851)
- Pachycondyla rufonigra (Clark, 1934)
- Pachycondyla sandakana (Wheeler, 1919)
- Pachycondyla sanguinea Santschi, 1920
- Pachycondyla sauteri Forel, 1912
- Pachycondyla scobina (Wilson, 1958)
- Pachycondyla scolopax (Emery, 1899)
- Pachycondyla sculpturata Karavaiev, 1925
- Pachycondyla senegalensis (Santschi, 1914)
- Pachycondyla sennaarensis (Mayr, 1862)
- Pachycondyla sharpi (Forel, 1901)
- Pachycondyla sheldoni (Mann, 1919)
- Pachycondyla sikorae (Forel, 1891)
- Pachycondyla silvestrii Santschi, 1914
- Pachycondyla simillima (Donisthorpe, 1949)
- Pachycondyla sjostedti (Mayr, 1896)
- Pachycondyla solitaria (Smith, 1860)
- Pachycondyla soror (Emery, 1899)
- Pachycondyla stigma (Fabricius, 1804)
- Pachycondyla striata Smith, 1858
- Pachycondyla striatinodis Emery, 1890
- Pachycondyla striatula Karavaiev, 1935
- Pachycondyla strigulosa (Emery, 1895)
- Pachycondyla striolata Donisthorpe, 1933
- Pachycondyla subiridescens (Wheeler, 1922)
- Pachycondyla sublaevis (Emery, 1887)
- Pachycondyla succedanea (Roger, 1863)
- Pachycondyla succinea (Mayr, 1868)
- Pachycondyla sulcata (Mayr, 1867)
- Pachycondyla suspecta (Santschi, 1914)
- Pachycondyla talpa (Andre, 1890)
- Pachycondyla tarsata (Fabricius, 1798)
- Pachycondyla tesseronoda (Emery, 1877)
- Pachycondyla testacea (Bernard, 1953)
- Pachycondyla theresiae Forel, 1899
- Pachycondyla tonkina Santschi, 1920
- Pachycondyla tridentata Smith, 1858
- Pachycondyla unicolor (Smith, 1860)
- Pachycondyla unidentata Mayr, 1862
- Pachycondyla variolosa (Arnold, 1947)
- Pachycondyla venusta (Forel, 1912)
- Pachycondyla verecundae (Donisthorpe, 1943)
- Pachycondyla vermiculata (Emery, 1897)
- Pachycondyla vidua (Smith, 1857)
- Pachycondyla villiersi (Bernard, 1953)
- Pachycondyla villosa (Fabricius, 1804)
- Pachycondyla wasmannii (Forel, 1887)
- Pachycondyla weberi (Bernard, 1953)
- Pachycondyla williamsi (Wheeler & Chapman, 1925)
- Pachycondyla wroughtonii (Forel, 1901)
- Pachycondyla zumpti (Santschi, 1937)
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ Archibald, S. Bruce; Stefan P. Cover, Corrie S. Moreau (2006). "Bulldog ants of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands and history of the subfamily (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae)". Annals of the Entomological Society (Entomological Society of America) 99 (3): 487–523. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2006)99[487:BAOTEO]2.0.CO;2. http://www.brucearchibald.com/docs/Archibald_et_al_2006.pdf.
- ^ a b Australian Ants Online
- ^ Tree of Life
[edit] References
- Australian Ants Online: Genus Pachycondyla
- Tree of Life Web Project. 2004. Pachycondyla. Version 15 October 2004 (temporary). in The Tree of Life Web Project
[edit] External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pachycondyla |
- Tree of Life: Pictures of Pachycondyla (Termitopone) marginata
- Ant Web: Picture of a dozen species
- ITIS: Pachycondyla — List of many species (complete?)
