Palatal nasal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Palatal nasal | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɲ | |||
| IPA number | 118 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɲ |
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| Unicode (hex) | U+0272 | ||
| X-SAMPA | J |
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| Kirshenbaum | n^ |
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| Braille |  |
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| Sound | |||
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.svg)
| Alveolo-palatal nasal | |
|---|---|
| n̠ʲ | |
| ɲ̟ | |
| ȵ |
The palatal nasal is a type of consonant, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɲ⟩,[1] a lowercase letter n with a leftward-pointing tail protruding from the bottom of the left stem of the letter. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is J. The IPA symbol ⟨ɲ⟩ is similar to ⟨ɳ⟩, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to ⟨ŋ⟩, the symbol for the velar nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem.
Palatal nasals are more common than the palatal stops, [c] and [ɟ].[2] In Spanish and languages whose writing systems are influenced by Spanish orthography, this sound is represented with the letter eñe (ñ); the same is true for Occitan, the source of the Portuguese digraph ene-agá (nh), used by languages whose writing systems are influenced by Portuguese orthography, such as Vietnamese.
The alveolo-palatal nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some oral languages. There is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound. If more precision is desired, it may be transcribed ⟨n̠ʲ⟩ or ⟨ɲ̟⟩; these are essentially equivalent, since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. There is a non-IPA letter ⟨ȵ⟩, used especially in Sinological circles.
The alveolo-palatal nasal is commonly described as palatal; it is often unclear whether a language has a true palatal or not. Many languages claimed to have a palatal nasal, such as Portuguese, actually have an alveolo-palatal nasal. This is likely true of several of the languages listed here. Some dialects of Irish as well as some non-standard dialects of Malayalam are reported to contrast alveolo-palatal and palatal nasals.[3][4]
Contents |
Features[edit]
Features of the voiced palatal nasal:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| !Kung | [example needed] | — | — | "[Ny in !Kung is, as in] Zulu, and Suto, a pre-palatal sound in which the 'flat' of the tongue or middle of the tongue is brought somewhat forward to touch the division between the alveolus and the hard palate."[5] | |
| Albanian | një | [ɲə] | 'one' | ||
| Aranda | [example needed] | — | — | Alveolo-palatal and dento-alveolo-palatal.[6] | |
| Basque | andereño | [an̪d̪e̞ɾe̞ɲo̞] | 'teacher (f)' | ||
| Burmese[7] | ညာ | [ɲà] | 'right(-hand side)' | Contrasts with the voiceless palatal nasal /ɲ̥/. | |
| Catalan[8] | any | [ˈaɲ̟] | 'year' | Alveolo-palatal or palatal.[6] See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Wu | 女人 gniugnin | [ȵy˩˧ȵiȵ˥˨] | 'woman' | Alveolo-palatal |
| Czech | kůň | [kuːɲ] | 'horse' | May be intermediate between palatal and alveolo-palatal.[4] See Czech phonology | |
| Dinka | nyɔt | [ɲɔt] | 'very' | ||
| Dutch[9] | oranje | [oˈrɑɲə] | 'orange' | Not all dialects. See Dutch phonology | |
| French[10] | agneau | [aˈɲo] | 'lamb' | Alveolo-palatal or palatal.[6] See French phonology | |
| Galician | leña | [ˈleɲa] | 'firewood' | Probably a nasal palatal approximant, as that of Brazilian and African Portuguese, in the past.[11] | |
| Greek | πρωτοχρονιά prōtochroniá | [pɾo̞to̞xɾo̞ˈɲ̟ɐ] | 'New Year's Day' | Alveolo-palatal.[12] See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hungarian[13] | anya | [ˈɒɲɒ] | 'mother' | Alveolo-palatal with alveolar contact.[6] See Hungarian phonology | |
| Indonesian | banyak | [ˈbäɲäʔ] | 'a lot' | ||
| Italian | bagno | [ˈbaɲːo] | 'bath' | "Postalveolo-prepalatal".[14] See Italian phonology | |
| Irish | inné | [əˈn̠ʲeː] | 'yesterday' | Alveolo-palatal;[6] contrasts with the palatalized alveolar /nʲ/ in some dialects, as well as with the palatal nasal /ɲ/.[15][16][17][3] See Irish phonology | |
| a ngé | [əˈɲeː] | 'their goose' | Palatal or palatovelar; contrasts with the velar nasal /ŋ/ and, in some dialects, with the alveolo-palatal nasal /n̠ʲ/.[15][16][17][3] See Irish phonology | ||
| Japanese[18] | 庭 niwa | [n̠ʲiwᵝa] | 'garden' | Alveolar or dento-alveolar.[6] See Japanese phonology | |
| Korean | [example needed] | — | — | See Korean phonology | |
| Latvian | mākoņains | [maːkoɲains] | 'cloudy' | ||
| Macedonian | чешање češanje | [ˈt͡ʃɛʃaɲɛ] | 'itching' | ||
| Malagasy | [example needed] | — | — | Palatal.[6] | |
| Malay | banyak | [bäɲäʔ] | 'a lot' | ||
| Malayalam[19] | ഞ | [ɲäːn] | 'I' | ||
| North Frisian | Mooring | fliinj | [ˈfliːɲ] | 'to fly' | |
| Norwegian | Northern[20] | mann | [mɑɲː] | 'man' | Dialectal.[20] See Norwegian phonology |
| Southern[20] | |||||
| Occitan | Northern | Polonha | [puˈluɲo̞] | 'Poland' | Simultaneous alveolo-palatal and dento-alveolar or dento-alveolo-palatal.[6] See Occitan phonology |
| Southern | |||||
| Gascon | banh | [baɲ] | 'bath' | ||
| Polish[21] | koń |  [kɔɲ̟] (help·info) |
'horse' | Alveolo-palatal. May be replaced by a nasal palatal approximant in coda position or before fricatives. See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | Some dialects | urânio | [uˈɾɐn̠ʲu] | 'uranium' | There is no contrast of [nj ~ nʲ ~ n̠ʲ ~ ɲ] for /ni̯/ in Brazilian Portuguese, though /n/ generally palatalizes before any /i/ (including [i̯]). As with /ɲ/, the cluster may nasalize a preceding vowel (especially if stressed), or vocalize to a nasal palatal approximant, most often in stigmatized registers.[22][23] |
| Brazilian[24] | conheço | [kũˈn̠ʲesu] | 'I know' | Simultaneous alveolo-palatal and dento-alveolo-palatal.[6] Often or generally intervocalically replaced by a nasal palatal approximant, probably its original sound,[11] in Brazil and Africa (but not after a consonant or pause, in loanwords). See Portuguese phonology | |
| European[25] | arranhar | [ɐʁɐˈn̠ʲaɾ] | 'to scratch' | ||
| Quechua | ñuqa | [ˈɲɔqɑ] | 'I' | ||
| Scottish Gaelic[26] | seinn | [ʃeiɲ̟] | 'sing' | Alveolo-palatal. See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | питање / pitanje | [pǐːtäːɲ̟e̞] (help·info) |
'question' | Alveolo-palatal. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak | pečeň | [ˈpɛtʃɛɲ] | 'liver' | Alveolar.[6] | |
| Spanish[27] | enseñar | [ẽ̞nse̞ˈɲär] | 'to teach' | Simultaneous alveolo-palatal and dento-alveolar or dento-alveolo-palatal.[6] See Spanish phonology | |
| Ukrainian | тінь | [tin̠ʲ] | 'shadow' | Alveolo-palatal. See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Vietnamese | nhà | [ɲâː] | 'house' | "Laminoalveolar".[28] See Vietnamese phonology | |
| West Frisian | njonken | [ˈɲoŋkən] | 'next to' | ||
| Yi | ꑌ nyi | [ȵi˧] | 'sit' | Alveolo-palatal | |
| Zulu | inyoni | [iɲ̟óːni] | 'bird' | Alveolo-palatal.[6] | |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:xviii)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:163)
- ^ a b c Ní Chasaide (1999)
- ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:33)
- ^ Doke (1925:?)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Recasens (2013:11)
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:111)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:46)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ a b Mattos e Silva (1991:73)
- ^ Arvaniti (2007:20)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:164)
- ^ Recasens et al. (1993:222)
- ^ a b Quiggin (1906)
- ^ a b de Bhaldraithe (1966)
- ^ a b Mhac an Fhailigh (1968)
- ^ Okada (1991:95)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:165)
- ^ a b c Skjekkeland (1997:105–107)
- ^ Jassem (2003:103–104)
- ^ Ramalho (1998:31)
- ^ Ribeiro, Guilherme, Apontamentos sobre a história da evolução da Língua [Findings on the history of the Language's evolution – Consonantism] (in Portuguese). "António > Antonho"
- ^ Aragão (2009:168)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ Oftedal (1956:?)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Thompson (1959:460)
Bibliography[edit]
- Aragão, Maria do Socorro Silva de (2009), Os estudos fonético-fonológicos nos estados da Paraíba e do Ceará [The phonetic-phonological studies in Paraíba and Ceará states] (in Portuguese)
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art", Journal of Greek Linguistics 8: 97–208
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Doke, Clement M. (1925), "An outline of the phonetics of the language of the ʗhũ: Bushman of the North-West Kalahari", Bantu Studies 2: 129–166
- de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1966), The Irish of Cois Fhairrge, Co. Galway (2nd ed.), Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 0-901282-51-0
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19814-8
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Mattos e Silva, Rosa (1991), O Português arcaico – fonologia, Contexto
- Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn (1968), The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 0-901282-02-2
- Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999), "Irish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–16, ISBN 0-521-63751-1, retrieved 2009-01-21
- Oftedal, M. (1956), The Gaelic of Leurbost, Oslo: Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94–96, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
- Quiggin, E. C. (1906), A Dialect of Donegal: Being the Speech of Meenawannia in the Parish of Glenties, Cambridge University Press
- Ramalho, Elba Braga (1998), Aspectos do falar nordestino em Samarica Parteira [aspects of nordestino dialectal speech in 'Samarica Parteira']
- Recasens, Daniel (2013), "On the articulatory classification of (alveolo)palatal consonants", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 1–22, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000199
- Recasens, Daniel; Farnetani, Edda; Fontdevila, Jordi; Pallarès, Maria Dolors (1993), "An electropalatographic study of alveolar and palatal consonants in Catalan and Italian", Language and Speech 36: 213–234
- Skjekkeland, Martin (1997), Dei norske dialektane: Tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla (in Norwegian), Høyskoleforlaget (Norwegian Academic Press)
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language (Linguistic Society of America) 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
