Palliser Expedition

The British North American Exploring Expedition, commonly called the Palliser Expedition, explored and surveyed the open prairies and rugged wilderness of western Canada from 1857 to 1860. The purpose was to explore possible routes for the Canadian Pacific Railway and discover new species of plants. The expedition was led by John Palliser.

Participants

The party consisted of:

• John Palliser, geographer
• James Hector, geologist, naturalist, and surgeon
• Eugène Bourgeau, botanist
• Thomas Blakiston, magnetic observer
• John W. Sullivan, mathematician and sextant observer

• 

  Captain John Palliser and James Hector

• 

  Eugène Bourgeau

• 

  Thomas Wright Blakiston

Expedition routes

Palliser, Hector, Bourgeau, and Sullivan sailed for New York on 16 May 1857.

1857

They sailed from Sault Ste Marie by steamship across Lake Superior. On June 12, they continued in canoes from Isle Royale, Michigan to Lower Fort Garry in Manitoba. The expedition continued with horses and carts, with supplies provided by the Hudson's Bay Company. They continued via the Red River and across the prairies and they met Charles W. Iddings, an American surveyor, along the United States border. The expedition continued through Turtle Mountain, Fort Ellice, Roche Percée, along the South Saskatchewan River to Fort Carlton, then along the North Saskatchewan River, where they spent the winter of 1857/1858.

1858

In the spring they marched west, and searched for mountain crossings west of modern day Irricana. Palliser and Sullivan mapped the North Kananaskis Pass and North Kootenay Pass before returning to Fort Edmonton for the winter. Hector crossed the Vermilion Pass and the Kicking Horse Pass. During the winter, Palliser, Captain Arthur Brisco and William Roland Mitchell went south to Rocky Mountain House to meet the Blackfoot and Northern Peigan Indians.

1859

In 1859, the expedition mapped the confluence of the Red Deer River and South Saskatchewan River, as well as the Cypress Hills, before turning again west. Hector crossed the Rockies through the Howse Pass, and tried unsuccessfully to push through to the Pacific Coast. Palliser and Sullivan crossed the mountains through the North Kootenay Pass and continued down the Kootenay River to Fort Colvile. Sullivan then explored the Columbia River, while Palliser crossed over land to Midway. They reunited with Hector in Fort Colvile, and travelled on the Columbia River to the Pacific Coast in Victoria, then returned by ship through San Francisco and Panama, then to Montreal and back to Liverpool.

Conclusions

After three more years of publishing the details of the expedition, Palliser presented his report to the British Parliament in 1863. A comprehensive map of the surveyed areas was published in 1865. Palliser's Triangle was first explored by this expedition and they reported back that this region was too arid for agriculture, a finding that was overruled by later officials much to the detriment of those who have tried to farm there.

The expedition collected and filed astronomical, meteorological, geological and magnetic data, described the fauna and flora of the lands crossed, as well as considerations regarding settlement and transportation. They concluded that transport through American territory was more feasible. While they found several passes suitable for crossing the Rocky Mountains, they were set back by mountains further west.