Panaeolus cinctulus
| Panaeolus cinctulus | |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Psathyrellaceae |
| Genus: | Panaeolus |
| Species: | P. cinctulus |
| Binomial name | |
| Panaeolus cinctulus (Bolton) Saccardo (1887) |
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| Approximate Panaeolus cinctulus range | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Agaricus cinctulus Bolton (1791) |
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| Panaeolus cinctulus | |
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gills on hymenium |
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cap is campanulate or convex |
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hymenium is adnate or adnexed |
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stipe is bare |
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spore print is black |
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ecology is saprotrophic |
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edibility: psychoactive |
Panaeolus cinctulus, commonly known as the banded mottlegill, is a very common, widely-distributed psilocybin mushroom. According to David Arora, Panaeolus cinctulus is the most common psilocybin mushroom in California.
Some common names include "weed Panaeolus," "girdled Panaeolus," "banded mottlegill" and "red caps." Its name was recently changed from Panaeolus subbalteatus.[citation needed]
During the early part of the 20th century this species was often referred to as the "weed Panaeolus" because it was a common occurrence in beds of the commercially grown grocery store mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Because of its intoxicating properties the mushroom farmers had to weed it out from the edible mushrooms.[2]
Although not specifically scheduled in the United States, psilocybin containing mushrooms are considered "containers" of a scheduled substance, and their usage and possession is illegal in most states.
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[edit] Description
- Cap: (1.5)2 — 5(5.5) cm, hemispherical to convex when young to broadly umbonate or plane in age, smooth, hygrophanous, dark dull red-brown when moist, whitish when dry. Often with a darker band along the margin (zonate) which disappears as the mushroom completely dries out. The flesh is red-brown to cream-colored and thin.
- Gills: Close, adnate to adnexed, cream-colored when young, later mottled dingy brown to soot-black. Gill edges white and slightly fringed.
- Spore Print: Jet Black
- Spores: 12 x 8 µm, smooth, ellipitic-citriform, thick-walled.
- Stipe: (2)3.5 — 8(10) cm long, (2)3 — 7(9) mm thick, equal or tapered at the ends, reddish brown to whitish, pruinose, hollow, no veil remnants, longitudinally white-fibrillose and white-powdered, striate at the apex or twisting vertically down the entire length of the stipe, Stem base and mycelium occasionally staining blue.
- Taste: Farinaceous when fresh, saliferous (salty) when dried.
- Odor: Slightly farinaceous.
- Microscopic features:
[edit] Habitat and formation
Panaeolus cinctulus is a cosmopolitan species that grows solitary to gregarious to cespitose on compost piles, well-fertilized lawns and gardens, and rarely directly on horse dung.[3] Spring - Fall . It grows abundantly after rain. It can be found in countries including Africa[4] (South Africa),[4] Austria,[4][5] Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, Ontario, Quebec)[4] Denmark,[5] Finland,[6] France,[4] Germany,[4][5] Great Britain,[4] Guadeloupe,[5] Iceland,[4] India,[4] Ireland,[4] Italy,[4] Japan[4] Mexico,[6] New Guinea,[4] New Zealand,[4] Norway,[5] Philippines,[4] Russia,[4] Slovenia,[5] South America[4] (Argentina, Chile, Brazil, )[4] the United states (it is common in Oregon, Alaska, Washington, and both Northern and Southern California, but is also known to occur in all 50 states).
It has also been sighted in Melbourne, Australia and Belgium.[7]
[edit] Gallery
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Panaeolus cinctulus
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Panaeolus cinctulus
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Panaeolus cinctulus
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Panaeolus cinctulus
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Panaeolus cinctulus
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Panaeolus cinctulus
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Panaeolus cinctulus
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Panaeolus cinctulus
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Panaeolus cinctulus
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Panaeolus cinctulus spore prints
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Panaeolus cinctulus spores
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Panaeolus cinctulus |
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ "Panaeolus cinctulus (Bolton) Sacc. 1887". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=170056. Retrieved 2011-05-11.
- ^ Singer and Smith (1958)
- ^ Stamets P. (1996). Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 82. ISBN 0-9610798-0-0.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Worldwide Distribution of Neurotropic Fungi, Guzman (www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it)
- ^ a b c d e f [1] Panaeolus Specimens in Various Countries (data.gbif.org)
- ^ a b Panaeolus cinctulus Musroom Observer (mushroomobserver.org)
- ^ [2], See Funbel database: http://www.kamk.be/soorten_2007.mdb
[edit] External links
- Subbedhunter's Guide to Hunting and Identifying Panaeolus subbalteatus [3]
- Indoor and Outdoor cultivation of Panaeolus subbalteatus [4]
- A Worldwide Geographical Distribution of the Neurotropic Fungi
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Panaeolus cinctulus |
