Pankararú language

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Pankararú
Pankararé
Native toBrazil
RegionPernambuco, Alagoas
Extinctca. early 20th century
unclassified
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
paz – Pankararú
pax – Pankararé
Glottologpank1250  Pankararu
pank1235  Pankarare

Pankararú (Pancaré, Pankaré, Pancaru, Pankaruru, Pankarará, Pankaravu, Pankaroru, Pankarú, Brancararu) is an extinct language of eastern Brazil. There are 6,000 ethnic Pankararú, but they all speak Portuguese. In 1961, only two elders could remember anything of the language. Today, they live in Brejo dos Padres and other villages of Tacaratu, Pernambuco State. The language was originally spoken between the Moxotó River and the Pajeú River.[1]

In the 19th century the people split into two ethnic groups, the Pankararú and the Pankararé. One quarter of the Parkararé retain their traditional religion. Their language, however, is unattested,[2] and can only be assumed to be a dialect of Pankararu.

Classification[edit]

Pankararú has no proven relatives and remains unclassified. There are similarities with Tukano and Tupian. Meader (1976) found that of 80 known lexical items, one third (26) are clearly cognate with Tupian languages. He speculates that the last speakers of Pankararú may therefore have been bilingual in Tupi. The identity of the rest of the vocabulary has not been identified, and Pankararú may be a language isolate.

The Atikum language was spoken nearby, but it is a language isolate and is not related to Pankararú.

Loukotka (1968) also lists these languages as being formerly spoken in Tacaratu, Pernambuco State. It is not known whether or not they were related to Pankararú:[1]

  • Jeriticó or Jiripancó – village of Pindaé near Brejo dos Padres in Tacaratu, Pernambuco. Survivors now speak only Portuguese.
  • Macarú – village of Brejo dos Padres, Tacaratu. A few survivors now speak only Portuguese.

Koiupanká[3] and Karuazu[4] may have been related.

Kalankó (Cacalancó), with descendants now living in Água Branca, Alagoas, may have also been related to Pankararú.[5]

Vocabulary[edit]

Loukotka (1968)[edit]

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[1]

gloss Pankarurú
man porkiá
sun panyé
earth zyobazyí
tobacco azyó

Pompeu (1958)[edit]

Language variety from Pompeu (1958), originally collected by Carlos Estêvam:[6]

Portuguese gloss
(original)
English gloss
(translated)
"Brejo dos Padres"
fogo fire obaí
água water jinikací; jatateruá; jai, já
brejo swamp ibiji, arôto
lagoa pond joo
terra earth jobají
pedra stone tóitú; ipá
sal salt tuká
cachimbo smoking pipe kuna kuní
cachimbo cerimonial ceremonial pipe matrinadô; matrigó
maracá maraca káma, kabá eyá
pinheiro pine burúti
menino boy jorã, óibo
parente relative gôyáji
irmã e prima sister and cousin dakatái
onça preta black jaguar tupé
maracajá margay Gwariatã
porco pig tarací
mocó rock cavy
(Kerodon rupestris)
kewí
tatu-peba six-banded armadillo
(Euphractus sexcinctus)
kuriépe
boi ox kanarí
vaca cow
ovelha sheep pusharé; sumui íra
passarinho small bird iushií
pena feather tik
ovo egg aji
papagaio parrot umaiatá
periquito parakeet glyglilin
peixe fish kamijo
abelha bee axxaó
madeira, pau wood, tree dáka
flor flower barkíra
milho corn ta, mõni
tabaco, fumo tobacco, smoke põi; ajó
bonito beautiful limin

Meader (1978)[edit]

Below is a 1961 word list of Pankarú (Pankararú) recorded in Brejo dos Padres by Wilbur Pickering from his informant João Moreno. The list is published in Meader (1978).[7]

Portuguese gloss
(original)
English gloss
(translated)
Pankarú (Pankararú)
amarelo yellow ˈžúbʌ̀
pedra amarela yellow stone itapurʌŋga
boca mouth ūːřú kàˈtiŋ̄
minha boca my mouth sε̄ ūˈřú
bom good kátù
ele é bom He is good. ayε katu
o olho é bom The eye is good. sảːkàtú kyả̀
vocês são bons You (plural) are good. pε̄ñékātù / pε̃ñékátù
branco white ˈtíŋgʌ́
buraco hole kwàřà
cabeça head uukà
a cabeça é redonda The head is round. muukὶ(ː)
cabelo hair uŋkyò
o cabelo é preto The hair is black. uŋkyò àlóːkià
cachorro dog ítōˈlókyà
caminho road
carne meat sóːō
casa house ókhà
céu sky tšιakι / aʌ̨nsε
cobra snake fítš̭ˈàká / fítš̭iākà
coração heart (úpíˈá) ūpia kàtú asu
corda rope ˈmúsúřʌ̨̀nʌ̨̀
dedo grande big finger kų̀ʌ̨́ kàtέ gàsú
dente tooth (tʌ̨̄ˈíŋkàtī)
dia day ˈářà
ele / ela he / she àyέ
eles, elas they āìˈtá
este, esta this kwa
eu I šεʔ
faca knife kisε
fogo fire ˈpo
fumo (tabaco) smoke (tobacco) pɔi
pedra furada pierced stone ítákwàřà
ele furou a orelha He pierced his ear. oː màlί ásò
homem man aba
homem velho old man ábá ùmʌ̨̀
joelho knee àˈlų́
o joelho está mau The knee is bad. sātkālί ˈʔų́ː
língua tongue (mε̄āŋˈgā)
lua moon ˈžasì
lua cheia full moon kaiřε
lua nova new moon katiti
mãe mother sέʔžàʔ
mandioca cassava mʌ̨̀nˈdī
mão hand pɔ̄pitέkàí
mar sea pəřəˈnà
mau bad pùší
menina girl mítákų̄įˈʌ̨̀ / íādε̄doŋ̄kīˈà
menino boy íādε̄dùˈà
milho maize ávātì
moça girl kų̀įʌ̨̀ mùkú
moça velha older girl kų̀įʌ̨̀ fìlìwà
mulher woman kų̀įʌ̨̄
não no ų́hų̄
nariz nose tákwí
meu nariz my nose séˈtį̀
nossos narizes (meu e seu) our noses (inclusive) iānέʔtį̀
seu nariz (de você) your nose šέˈtį́
seu nariz (dele) his nose sέˈtį́ àyὲ
noite night pīˈtų̀
nós, nosso we, our ìànέʔ
olho (pavεořukya) eye (pavεořukya) / sả̀ː
onça jaguar žáˈgwà
orelha ear mōːkìhkyà
pai (meu pai) father (my father) sέʔpāià
pedra stone ítà
pedra branca white stone itatiŋga
pedra preta black stone ítáʔų̀na
perna leg kóškì
preto black ʔų́nʌ̨̄
redondo round púʌ̨̄
sol sun kwářásí
velho old ùmʌ̨̄
homem velho old man ábá úmʌ̨̀
moça velha older girl kų̀iʌ̨̀ fìlìwà
vós (vocês) you pὲˈñε̄
açúcar sugar dódəsākà
cabra goat kářkíá
camaleão chameleon fìˈkíˈá
canela cinnamon (kālε̄ˈʔί̨ʌ) kia
coxo lame kóš
dedo finger kų̄nˈkàtέ
farinha flour kítshià
feijão bean nátsākā
garganta throat gāε̄òˈŋkyà
grosso thick sábóó
lagarto lizard šōá
macaxeira cassava aipį́
moreno dark-skinned pìˈtùnà
queixo chin tʔíŋkwˈí
sim yes ʌ̨̅hʌ̨́
? ? (pʌ̨̅ŋkārὲː)

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  2. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020). "Pankararé". Glottolog 4.3.
  3. ^ "Koiupanká". Povos Indígenas no Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  4. ^ "Karuazu". Povos Indígenas no Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  5. ^ "Kalankó". Povos Indígenas no Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  6. ^ Pompeu Sobrinho, Thomaz. 1958. Línguas Tapuias desconhecidas do Nordeste: Alguns vocabulários inéditos. Boletim de Antropologia (Fortaleza-Ceará) 2. 3-19.
  7. ^ Meader, Robert E. (1978). Indios do Nordeste: Levantamento sobre os remanescentes tribais do nordeste brasileiro (in Portuguese). Brasilia: SIL International.