Panchayati raj
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The panchayat raj is a South Asian political system mainly in India, Pakistan, and Nepal. "Panchayaat" literally means assembly (ayat) of five (panch) wise and respected elders chosen and accepted by the local community. Traditionally, these assemblies settled disputes between individuals and villages. Modern Indian government has decentralized several administrative functions to the local level, empowering elected gram panchayats. Gram panchayats are not to be confused with the unelected khap panchayats (or caste panchayats) found in some parts of India.[1]
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[edit] Panchayat raj
Panchayat Raj is a system of governance in which gram panchayats are the basic units of administration. It has 3 levels: village, block and district.
The term ‘panchayat raj’ is relatively new, having originated during the British administration. 'Raj' literally means governance or government. Mahatma Gandhi advocated Panchayati Raj, a decentralized form of Government where each village is responsible for its own affairs, as the foundation of India's political system. The term for such a vision was "Gram Swaraj" (Village Self-governance).
It was adopted by state governments during the 1950s and 60s as laws were passed to establish Panchayats in various states. It also found backing in the Indian Constitution, with the 73rd amendment in 1992 to accommodate the idea. The Amendment Act of 1992 contains provision for devolution of powers and responsibilities to the panchayats to both for preparation of plans for economic development and social justice and for implementation in relation to twenty-nine subjects listed in the eleventh schedule of the constitution.[2]
The panchayats receive funds from three sources – (i) local body grants, as recommended by the Central Finance Commission, (ii) funds for implementation of centrally-sponsored schemes, and (iii) funds released by the state governments on the recommendations of the State Finance Commissions.[2]
In the history of Panchayati Raj in India, on 24 April 1993, the Constitutional (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992 came into force to provide constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions. This Act was extended to Panchayats in the tribal areas of eight States, namely Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan from 24 December 1996. Currently, Panchayati raj system exists in all the states except Nagaland, Meghalaya and Mizoram, and in all Union Territories except Delhi.[3]
The Act aims to provide a 3-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all States having population of over 2 million, to hold Panchayat elections regularly every 5 years, to provide reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Women, to appoint a State Finance Commission to make recommendations as regards the financial powers of the Panchayats and to constitute District Planning Committee to prepare draft development plan for the district.The 3-tier system of Panchayati Raj consists of a) village level panchayat b) block level panchayat c) district level panchayat.
Powers and responsibilities are delegated to Panchayats at the appropriate level -
- Preparation of plan for economic development and social justice.
- Implementation of schemes for economic development and social justice in relation to 29 subjects given in the Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution.
- To levy, collect and appropriate taxes, duties, toll and fees.
[edit] Block panchayat
Block panchayat(panchayat samiti) is a local government body at the tehsil or Taluka level in India. It works for the villages of the Tehsil or Taluka that together are called a Development Block. The Panchayat Samiti is the link between the Gram Panchayat and the district administration. There are a number of variations of this institution in various states. It is known as Mandal Praja Parishad in Andhra Pradesh, Taluka panchayat in Gujarat, Mandal Panchayat in Karnataka, etc.In general it's a kind of Panchayati raj at higher level.
[edit] Constitution
It is composed of ex-officio members (all sarpanchas of the panchayat samiti area, the MPs and MLAs of the area and the SDO of the subdivision), coopted members (representatives of SC/ST and women), associate members (a farmer of the area, a representative of the cooperative societies and one of the marketing services) and some elected members.
The samiti is elected for 5 years and is headed by the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman.
[edit] Departments
The common departments in the Samiti are as follows -
- General administration
- Finance
- Public work
- Agriculture
- Health
- Education
- Social welfare
- Information Technology and others.
There is an officer for every department. A government appointed Block Development Officer (BDO) is the executive officer to the Samiti and the chief of its administration. Shikha Malik is the current cabinet secretary of Rajya Sabha.
[edit] Functions
- Implement schemes for the development of agriculture.
- Establishment of primary health centres and primary schools.
- Supply of drinking water, drainage, construction/repair of roads.
- Development of cottage and small-scale industries and opening of cooperative societies.
- Establishment of youth organisations.'
[edit] Sources of income
The main source of income of the panchayat samiti are grants-in-aid and loans from the State Government.
[edit] District level panchayat
- Functions
1. Provide essential services and facilities to the rural population
2. Supply improved seeds to farmers. Inform them of new techniques of farming
3. Set up and run schools and libraries in the rural areas
4. Start Primary Health Centers and hospitals in villages. Start vaccination drives against epidemics
5. Execute plans for the development of the scheduled castes and tribes. Run ashramshalas for adivasi children. Set up free hostels for them
6. Encourage entrepreneurs to start small-scale industries implement rural employment schemes.
7. Construct bridges,roads & other public facilities and their maintenance
8. Provide employment
- Sources of Income
1. Taxes on water, pilgrimage, markets, etc.
2. Fixed grant from the State Government in proportion with the land revenue and money for works and schemes assigned to the Parishad.
[edit] Reservation for wmen in PRIs in India
The Union Cabinet of Government of India on 27-8-2009, approved 50% reservation for women in PRIs(Panchayati Raj Institutions). The Indian states which have already implemented 50% reservation for women in PRIs are Madhya Pradesh , Bihar, Uttarakhand and Himachal pradesh.[4] As of 25-11-2011 the states of Andhra pradesh, Chhatisgarh, Jharkhand , Kerala, Maharastra, Orissa, Rajasthan and Tripura are also having 50% reservation for women.[5]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Rohit Mullick & Neelam Raaj (9 September 2007). "Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Sunday_Specials/Panchayats_turn_into_kangaroo_courts/rssarticleshow/2351247.cms.
- ^ a b India 2007, p. 696, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India
- ^ panchayat.nic.in
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
[edit] Further reading
- Subrata K. Mitra and V.B. Singh. 1999. Democracy and Social Change in India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Electorate. New Delhi: Sage Publications. ISBN 81-7036-809-X (India HB) ISBN 0-7619-9344-4 (U.S. HB).
- Subrata K. Mitra. 2001. Making local government work: Local elites, panchayati raj and governance in India, in: Atul Kohli (Ed.). The Success of India's Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Subrata K. Mitra. 2003. Politics in India, in Almond, Gabriel/Bingham Powell/Russell Dalton/Kaare Strøm (Eds.), Comparative Politics Today. 8th edition. New York: Addison-Wesley-Longman, pp. 634–684.
