Pangasinan language

Pangasinense
Spoken in	Philippines
Region	Ilocos Region and Central Luzon
Native speakers	1.16 million  (1990 census) 9th most spoken native language in the Philippines
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine Northern Philippine Northern Luzon South–Central Cordilleran Southern Cordilleran Pangasinic Pangasinense
Writing system	Latin (Alibata, Pangasinense or Filipino alphabet); Historically Baybayin
Official status
Official language in	Regional language in the Philippines
Regulated by	Commission on the Filipino Language
Language codes
ISO 639-2	pag
ISO 639-3	pag
Linguasphere	31-CGA-f

The Pangasinan language (Pangasinan: Salitan Pangasinan; Spanish: Idioma pangasinense) or Pangasinense is one of the twelve major languages in the Philippines.

The language which is called "Pangasinese" in the Philippine Islands is spoken by more than one and a half million Pangasinan people (indigenous speakers) in the province of Pangasinan alone. Pangasinense is also spoken in other Pangasinense communities in the Philippines, and by Pangasinan immigrants in the United States. Pangasinense is the primary language in the province of Pangasinan, located on the west central area of the island of Luzon along the Lingayen Gulf. It is the official regional language in the province of Pangasinan, with a total population of the province of 2,434,086 (National Statistics Office: 2000 Census). The word "Pangasinense ought not be confused with the name "Pangasinan" which is the name of its place of origin.

Classification

The Pangasinan language belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian languages branch of the Austronesian languages family. Pangasinan is similar to the Tagalog and Ilocano languages that are spoken in the Philippines, Indonesian in Indonesia, Malay in Malaysia, and Malagasy in Madagascar. The Pangasinan language is very closely related to the Ibaloi language spoken in the neighboring province of Benguet and Baguio City, located north of Pangasinan. Pangasinense is classified under the Pangasinic group of languages. The Pangasinic languages are:

• Pangasinan
• Ibaloi
• Karao
• I-wak
• Kalanguya
• Keley-I
• Kallahan
• Kayapa
• Tinoc

Pangasinense is spoken primarily in the provinces of Pangasinan and Benguet, and in some areas of the neighboring provinces of Zambales, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, and Ifugao.

Pangasinense is an agglutinative language.

Distribution

Pangasinense is the primary language of the province of Pangasinan, located on the west central area of the island of Luzon along Lingayen Gulf. The people of Pangasinan are also referred to as Pangasinenses. The province has a total population of 2,343,086 (2000), of which 1.5 million speak Pangasinan. Speakers of the language are concentrated mostly in central Pangasinan. Pangasinan is spoken in other Pangasinan communities in the Philippines, mostly in the neighboring provinces of Benguet, La Union, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Tarlac, and Zambales.

History

Austronesian-language speakers settled in Maritime Southeast Asia during prehistoric times, perhaps more than 5,000 years ago. The indigenous speakers of Pangasinense are descendants of these prehistoric settlers, who were probably part of the prehistoric human migration that is widely believed to have originated from Southern China via Taiwan about 100 to 200 thousand years ago.

The word Pangasinan, means “land of salt” or “place of salt-making”; it is derived from the root word asin, the word for "salt" in Pangasinense. Pangasinan could also refer to a “container of salt or salted-products”; it refers to the ceramic jar for storage of salt or salted-products or its contents.

Grammar

Sentence Structure

Like other Malayo-Polynesian languages, Pangasinense has a verb–subject–object word order. Pangasinan language is agglutinative language.

Pronouns

Personal

	Absolutive Independent	Absolutive Enclitic	Ergative	Oblique
1st person singular	siák	ak	-k(o)	ed siak
1st person dual	sikatá	ita, ta	-ta	ed sikata
2nd person singular	siká	ka	-m(o)	ed sika
3rd person singular	sikató	-, -a	to	ed sikato
1st person plural inclusive	sikatayó	itayo, tayo	-tayo	ed sikatayo
1st person plural exclusive	sikamí	kamí	mi	ed sikami
2nd person plural	sikayó	kayó	yo	ed sikayo
3rd person plural	sikara	ira, ra	da	ed sikara

Affixes

a:-UM-

MAKAN-, AKAN-

PINAGKA-

INKA-

KA

KA-AN

-AN

SAN-

SANKA-

SANKA-AN

MA-

MAY-

MAY-EN

MANKA-, ANKA-, MANGA-

KI-AN

INKI-

KI-

NA-AN, A-AN

NI-AN

EN-

-IN-

I-

I-AN

IN-

INY-

IN-AN

Numbers

List of numbers from one to ten in English, Tagalog, Ilokano and Pangasinan.

English	Tagalog	Ilokano	Pangasinan
one	isa	maysa	sakey, isa
two	dalawa	dua	duara, dua
three	tatlo	tallo	talora, talo
four	apat	uppat	apatira, apat
five	lima	lima	limara, lima
six	anim	innem	anemira, anem
seven	pito	pito	pitora, pito
eight	walo	walo	walora, walo
nine	siyam	siam	siamira, siam
ten	sampu	sangapulo	samplora, samplo,sangapolo

Cardinal Numbers:

Pangasinan	English
isa, sakey, san-	one
dua, dua'ra (dua ira)	two
talo, -tlo, talo'ra (talo ira)	three
apat, -pat, apatira (apat ira)	four
lima, lima'ra (lima ira)	five
anem, -nem, anemira (anem ira)	six
pito, pito'ra (pito ira)	seven
walo, walo'ra (walo ira)	eight
siam, siamira (siam ira)	nine
polo, samplo (isa'n polo), samplo'ra (isa'n polo ira)	tens, ten
lasus, sanlasus (isa'n lasus)	hundreds, one hundred
libo, sakey libo	thousands, one thousand
laksa, sanlaksa (isa'n laksa), sakey a laksa	ten thousands, ten thousand

Ordinal Numbers:

Ordinal numbers are formed with prefix KUMA- (KA- plus infix -UM). Example: kumadua, second.

Associative Numbers:

Associative numbers are formed with prefix KA-. Example: katlo, third of a group of three.

Fractions:

Fraction numbers are formed with prefix KA- and an associative number. Example: kakatlo, third part.

Multiplicatives:

Multiplicative ordinal numbers are formed with prefix PI- and a cardinal number from two to four or PIN- for other numbers except for number one. Example: kaisa, first time; pidua, second time; pinlima, fifth time.

Multiplicative cardinal numbers are formed with prefix MAN- (MAMI- or MAMIN- for present or future tense, and AMI- or AMIN- for the past tense) to the corresponding multiplicative ordinal number. Example: aminsan, once; amidua, twice; mamitlo, thrice.

Distributives:

Distributive cardinal numbers are formed with prefixes SAN-, TAG-, or TUNGGAL and a cardinal number. Example: sansakey, one each; sanderua, two each.

Distributive multiplicative numbers are formed with prefix MAGSI-, TUNGGAL, or BALANGSAKEY and a multiplicative cardinal number. Example: tunggal pamidua, twice each; magsi-pamidua, each twice.

Phonology

Traditional Pangasinense has fifteen consonants: p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n, ng, s, h, w, l, r and y. There are five vowels: a, e, i, o, and u. This is one of the Philippine languages which is excluded from [ɾ]-[d] allophone. Modern Pangasinense has incorporated from English and Spanish the following seven consonants: c, f, j, q, v, x, and z.

Alphabet

Modern Pangasinense consists of 27 letters, which include the 26 letters of the basic Latin alphabet and the Pangasinense digraph ng:

Majuscule Forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

NG

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

Minuscule Forms (also called lowercase or small letters)

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

l

m

n

ng

o

p

q

r

s

t

u

v

w

x

y

z

Swadesh list in English and Pangasinan

English - Pangasinan

1. I - siak, ak
2. you (singular) - sika, ka
3. he - sikato (he/she), to
4. we - sikami, kami, mi, sikatayo, tayo, sikata, ta
5. you (plural) - sikayo, kayo, yo
6. they - sikara, ra
7. this - aya
8. that - aman, atan
9. here - dia
10. there - diman, ditan
11. who - siopa, opa, si
12. what - anto, a
13. where - iner
14. when - kapigan, pigan
15. how - pano, panon
16. not - ag, andi, aleg, aliwa
17. all - amin
18. many - amayamay, dakel
19. some - pigara (piga ira)
20. few - daiset, melag
21. other - arom
22. one - isa, sakey
23. two - dua, duara
24. three - talo, talora (talo ira)
25. four - apat, apatira (apat ira)
26. five - lima, limara (lima ira)
27. big - baleg
28. long - andokey
29. wide - maawang, malapar
30. thick - makapal
31. heavy - ambelat
32. small - melag, melanting, tingot, daiset
33. short - melag, melanting, tingot, antikey, kulang, abeba
34. narrow - mainget
35. thin - mabeng, maimpis
36. woman - bii
37. man (adult male) - laki, bolog
38. man (human being) - too
39. child - ogaw, anak, ilalak (offspring)
40. wife - asawa, kaamong, akolaw
41. husband - asawa, kaamong, masiken
42. mother - ina
43. father - ama
44. animal - ayep
45. fish - sira
46. bird - billit, (chick) sibong, siwsiw
47. chicken - manok
48. dog - asu
49. louse - kotu
50. nits - yels
51. snake - oleg
52. worm - biges, alumbayar
53. tree - kiew, tanem
54. forest - kakiewan, katakelan
55. stick - bislak, bolawit
56. fruit - bonga
57. seed - bokel
58. leaf - bolong
59. root - lamut
60. skin of a fruit - obak
61. flower - rosas
62. grass - dika
63. rope - singer, lubir, taker
64. skin - baog, katat
65. meat - laman
66. blood - dala
67. bone - pokel
68. fat (n.) - mataba, taba
69. egg - iknol
70. horn - saklor
71. tail - ikol
72. feather - bagu
73. hair - buek
74. head - olu
75. ear - layag
76. eye - mata
77. nose - eleng
78. mouth - sangi
79. tooth - ngipen
80. tongue - dila
81. fingernail - kuku
82. foot - sali
83. leg - bikking, bitking
84. knee - pueg
85. hand - lima
86. wing - payak
87. belly - eges
88. guts - pait
89. neck - beklew
90. back - beneg
91. breast - suso
92. chest - pagew
93. heart - puso
94. liver - altey
95. drink - inom
96. eat - mangan, akan, kamot
97. bite - ketket
98. suck - supsup, suso
99. spit - lutda, lupda
100. vomit - uta
101. blow - sibuk
102. breathe - engas, ingas, dongap, linawa
103. laugh - elek
104. see - nengneng
105. hear - dengel
106. know - amta, kabat
107. think - nonot
108. smell - angob, amoy
109. fear - takot, takut
110. sleep - ogip
111. life - bilay
112. die - onpatey, patey
113. kill - manpatey, pateyen
114. fight - laban, kolkol, bakal
115. hunt - managnop, anop, manerel
116. hit - tira, nakna, pekpek
117. cut - tegteg, sugat
118. split - pisag, puter, paldua
119. stab - saksak, doyok, torok
120. scratch - gogo, dapigas, korkor
121. dig - kotkot
122. swim - langoy
123. fly (v.) - tekyab
124. walk - akar
125. come - gala, gali, onsabi, sabi
126. lie - dokol (lie down)
127. prone - tikleb
128. sim's - diking
129. sit - yorong
130. stand - alagey
131. turn - liko, telek
132. fall - pelag
133. give - iter, itdan
134. hold - benben
135. squeeze - pespes
136. rub - kuskos, gorgor
137. wash - oras
138. wipe - punas
139. pull - goyor
140. push - tolak
141. throw - topak
142. tie - singer
143. sew - dait
144. count - bilang
145. say - ibaga
146. sing - kansyon
147. sound - togtog
148. play - galaw
149. float - letaw
150. flow - agos
151. freeze - kigtel
152. swell - larag
153. sun - agew, banua, ugto (noon)
154. moon - bulan
155. star - bitewen
156. water - danum
157. rain - uran
158. river - ilog, kalayan
159. lake - ilog, look
160. sea - dayat
161. salt - asin
162. stone - bato
163. sand - buer
164. dust - dabuk
165. earth - dalin
166. cloud - lurem
167. fog - kelpa
168. sky - tawen
169. wind - dagem
170. snow - linew
171. ice - pakigtel
172. hard - tukel
173. smoke - asiwek, asewek
174. fire - apuy, pool, dalang, sinit
175. ashes - dapol
176. burn - pool
177. road - dalan,(other dialects) basbas, polong
178. mountain - palandey
179. stink - ampaseng, ambanget
180. red - ambalanga
181. green - ampasiseng, pasiseng, maeta, eta
182. yellow - duyaw
183. white - amputi, puti
184. black - andeket, deket
185. night - labi
186. day - agew
187. year - taon
188. warm - ampetang, petang
189. cold - ambetel, betel
190. full - naksel, napno
191. new - balo
192. old - daan
193. good - duga, maong, abig
194. bad - aliwa, mauges
195. rotten - abolok, bolok
196. dirty - maringot, dingot, marutak, dutak
197. straight - maptek, petek
198. round - malimpek, limpek, tibokel
199. sharp - matdem, tarem
200. dull - epel, purel
201. smooth - patad
202. wet - ambasa, basa
203. dry - amaga, maga
204. correct - duga, tua
205. wrong - aliwa
206. near - asinger, abay
207. far - arawi, biek (other side)
208. right - kawanan
209. left - kawigi
210. at - ed
211. in - ed
212. with - iba
213. and - tan
214. if - no
215. because - ta, lapu ed
216. name - ngaran
217. none - anggapo
218. there is - wa, wala
219. what - anto
220. which - dinan
221. wherever - iner man
222. Season - panaon
223. rainy days - mama-oran
224. summer - tiagew
225. kneel - talimukor
226. i don't know - agku anta
227. i love you - inaro taka
228. i don't like you - ag taka labay
229. i like you - labay taka
230. deaf- telek
231. lame - piley
232. dumb - emel
233. sit - yurong
234. stand - alagey
235. eyelash - kurimatmat
236. teeth - ngipen
237. fetch - asol, man-asol
238. beautiful - magana
239. handsome- matalindeg
240. ugly- aliw-diwa
241. lier - matila
242. lie - tila
243. cry - akis
244. thief - matakew
245. steal - takew
246. shout - iyag
247. flirt - sayet, manjalteng, mantalingayet
248. whore - patakkok
249. use - usar

Orthography

See also: Filipino alphabet and Filipino orthography

The ancient people of Pangasinan used an indigenous writing system. The ancient Pangasinense script, which is related to the Tagalog Baybayin script, was derived from the Javanese Kawi script of Indonesia and the Vatteluttu or Pallava script of South India.

The Latin script was introduced during the Spanish colonial period. Pangasinan literature, using the indigenous syllabary and the Latin alphabet, continued to flourish during the Spanish and American colonial period. Pangasinense acquired many Spanish and English words, and some indigenous words were Hispanicized or Anglicized. However, use of the ancient syllabary has declined, and not much literature written in it has survived.

Pangasinan Literature

Pangasinense was preserved and kept alive despite the propagation of the Spanish and English languages. Pangasinense written and oral literature flourished during the Spanish and American period. Writers like Juan Saingan, Felipe Quintos, Narciso Corpus, Antonio Solis, Juan Villamil, Juan Mejía, and María C. Magsano continued to write and publish in Pangasinan. Felipe Quintos, a Pangasinense officer of the Katipunan, wrote Sipi Awaray: Gelew Diad Pilipinas (Revolución Filipina), a history of the Katipunan revolutionary struggle in Pangasinan and surrounding provinces. Narciso Corpus and Antonio Solis co-wrote Impanbilay na Manoc a Tortola, a short love story. Juan Villamil translated José Rizal's Mi Ultimo Adiós in Pangasinan. Pablo Mejia edited Tunong, a news magazine, in the 1920s. He also wrote Bilay tan Kalkalar nen Rizal, a biography of Rizal. Magsano published Silew, a literary magazine. Magsano also wrote Samban Agnabenegan, a romance novel. Pangasinan Courier published articles and literary works in Pangasinan. Pioneer Herald published Sinag, a literary supplement in Pangasinan. Many Christian publications in Pangasinense are widely available.

Many Pangasinenses are multilingual and proficient in English, Tagalog, and Ilokano, a neighboring language. However, the spread and influence of the other languages is contributing to the decline of the Pangasinense. Some Pangasinenses are promoting the use of Pangasinense in the print and broadcast media, Internet, local governments, courts, and schools in Pangasinan. In April 2006, the creation of Pangasinense Wikipedia was proposed, which the Wikimedia Foundation approved for publication in the Internet.

Malinac ya Labi (Original Version)

This Pangasinense folk love song was composed by Julian Velasco.

Malinac ya Labi
Oras ya mareen
Mapalpalnay dagem
Katekep to’y linaew
Samit day koguip ko
Binangonan kon tampol
Ta pilit na pusok ya sika'y amamayoen
(Repeat)

Refrain:
Lalo la no bilay
No sikalay nanengneng
Napunas ya ami'y
Ermen ya akbibiten
No nodnonoten ko ra'y samit na ogalim
Agtaka nalingwanan
Anggad kaayos na bilay
(Repeat Refrain)

Pangasinan Folk Song: Malinak lay Labi

Malinak lay Labi
A night of calm
Oras la’y mareen
An hour of peace

Mapalpalna’y dagem
A gentle breeze
Katekep to’y linaew
Along with it is the dew

Samit da’y kugip ko
So sweet is my dream
Binangonan kon tampol
Suddenly I awake

Lapu’d say limgas mo
Because of your beauty
Sikan sika’y amamayoen
You are the only one I will love

Lalo la bilay
Best of all, my life
No sika la’y nanengne'ng
When it's you that I see

Napunas lan amin
All are wiped away
So ermen ya akbibiten
The sorrows that I bear

No nanonotan
When I remember
Ko la'y samit day ugalim
Of your sweet kindness

Ag ta ka nalingwanan
I will not forget you
Angga’d kauyos na bilay
Until life is gone

Our Father in Pangasinan

Ama mi a wala kad tawen Nagalang so ngaran Mo Onsabid sikami panarian Mo Onorey linawam diad dalin onung ed tawen. Say kanen min inagew-agew Iter mod sikami ed agew aya Tan paandian Mo ray utang mi Onung na panamaandi miy kasalanan day akapankasalanan ed sikami Tan ag Mo kami iter ed tukso Ilaban Mo kami ed mauges. Ama mi.

List of foreign words

Most of the loan words in Pangasinan are Spanish, as the Philippines was ruled by Spain for more than 300 years. Examples are lugar (place), podir (power, care), kontra (from contra, against), birdi (verde, green), ispiritu ("espíritu", spirit), and santo (holy, saint).

Dictionaries and further reading

The following is a list of some dictionaries and references:

• Lorenzo Fernández Cosgaya. Diccionario pangasinán-español and Vocabulario hispano-pangasinán (Colegio de Santo Tomás, 1865). This is available in the Internet at the University of Michigan's Humanities Text Initiative.
• Anastacio Austria Macaraeg. Vocabulario castellano-pangasinán (1898).
• Mariano Pellicer. Arte de la lengua pangasinán o caboloan (1904).
• Felixberto B. Viray. The Sounds and Sound Symbols of the Pangasinan Language (1927).
• Corporación de PP. Dominicos. Pasion Na Cataoan Tin JesuChristo (U.S.T. Press, 1951).
• Paciencia E. Versoza. Stress and Intonation Difficulties of Pangasinan Learners of English (1961).
• Paul Morris Schachter. A Contrastive Analysis of English and Pangasinan (1968).
• Richard A. Benton. Pangasinan Dictionary (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
• Richard A. Benton. Pangasinan Reference Grammar (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
• Richard A. Benton. Spoken Pangasinan (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
• Richard A. Benton. Phonotactics of Pangasinan (1972).
• Ernesto Constantino. English-Pangasinan Dictionary (1975).
• Julio F. Silverio. New English-Pilipino-Pangasinan Dictionary (1976).
• Alta Grace Q. Garcia. Morphological Analysis of English and Pangasinan Verbs (1981).
• Philippine Bible Society. Say Santa Biblia (Philippine Bible Society, 1982).
• Philippine Bible Society. Maung A Balita Para Sayan Panaon Tayo (Philippine Bible Society and United Bible Societies, 1983).
• Mario "Guese" Tungol. Modern English-Filipino Dictionary (Merriam Webster, 1993).
• Church of Christ. Say Cancanta (Church of Christ, n.d.). Includes translations of English songs like "Joy to the World," and "What A Friend We Have in Jesus."
• Emiliano Jovellanos. Pangasinan-English English-Pangasinan Dictionary (2002). The compilation has 20,000 entries.
• Mel V. Jovellanos. Pangasinan-English English-Pangasinan Language Dictionary (Corpuz Press, Calasiao, Pangasinan, March 2007).
• Traditional Folk Song. Malinak Lay Labi (Calm is the Night).

See also

• Languages of the Philippines
• Malayo-Polynesian
• Pangasinan
• Pangasinan literature
• Pangasinan people
• Swadesh list

External links

• Ethnologue Report for Pangasinan
• Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
• Sunday Punch
• Sun Star Pangasinan
• Pangasinan Star
• Pangasinan: Preservation and Revitalization of the Pangasinan Language and Literature
• Globalization killing Pangasinan language
• Pangasinan language is alive and kicking (Philippine Daily Inquirer, June 8, 2007)
• Dying languages
• Pangasinan-Spanish Dictionary, by Lorenzo Fernandez Cosgata, published in 1865.