Pará

For other uses, see Para.

State of Pará
—  State  —
Flag Coat of arms
Location of State of Pará in Brazil
Coordinates: 5°40′S 52°44′W
Country	Brazil
Capital and Largest City	Belém
Government
• Governor	Simão Jatene
• Vice Governor	Helenilson Pontes
Area
• Total	1,247,689.5 km2 (481,735.6 sq mi)
Area rank	2nd
Population (2012)
• Total	7,792,561
• Rank	9th
• Density	Bad rounding here6.2/km2 (Bad rounding here16/sq mi)
• Density rank	21st
Demonym	Paraense
GDP
• Year	2006 estimate
• Total	R$ 44,376,000,000 (13th)
• Per capita	R$ 6,241 (22nd)
HDI
• Year	2005
• Category	0.755 – medium (16th)
Time zone	BRT (UTC-3)
Postal Code	66000-000 to 68890-000
ISO 3166 code	BR-PA
Website	pa.gov.br

Pará (Portuguese pronunciation: [paˈɾa]) is a state in the north of Brazil. It borders the Brazilian states of (clockwise from north) Amapá, Maranhão, Tocantins, Mato Grosso, Amazonas and Roraima. To the northwest it also borders Guyana and Suriname, and to the northeast it borders the Atlantic Ocean. The capital and largest city is Belém, the 11th most populous city in the country.

Pará is the most populous state of the northern region with a population of over 7.5 million. It is the second largest state of Brazil in area, with 1,247,689.515 km², second only to Amazonas (it was the third until Mato Grosso do Sul broke away from Mato Grosso in 1977). Its most famous icons are the Amazon River and the Amazon Rainforest. Pará produces rubber (extracted from natural rubber tree groves), tropical hardwoods such as mahogany, and minerals such as iron ore and bauxite.

Every October, Belém receives tens of thousands of tourists for the year's most important religious celebration, the procession of the Círio de Nazaré. Another important attraction of the capital is the marajó-style ceramics, based on pottery from the extinct Marajó indigenous culture, whose designs have gained considerable international fame.

History

The Portuguese colonization in Pará State first occurred in 1616, with the foundation of Presépio Fortress – today, Castle Fortress – at Guajará bay, which originated the city of Belém. Before that, the region had been invaded many times by the Dutch and the English, seeking pepper; guaraná, a tree from which a powder is produced and used as a stimulant; and annato seeds, a fruit used for cooking, as a sunscreen and also for the extraction of dye.

Geography

Climate

Amazon River in Amazon Rainforest.

An equatorial climate is a type of tropical climate in which there is no dry season – all months have mean precipitation values of at least 60 millimetres (2.4 in). It is usually found at latitudes within five degrees of the equator – which are dominated by the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The equatorial climate is denoted Af in the Köppen climate classification. Tropical rainforest is the natural vegetation in equatorial regions.

Vegetation

Vitória Régia, in Paraense Emílio Goeldi Museum in Belém.

The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests and comprises the largest and most species-rich tracts of tropical rainforest in the world. Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome, and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species rich than the wet forests in Africa and Asia. As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled biodiversity. More than one-third of all species in the world live in the Amazon Rainforest The largest biodiversity of the planet is present across the state of Amazonas.

Large tracts of Pará state suffer from illegal deforestation and land occupation, mostly due to cattle ranching and soya farming. There have been conflicts between government, indigenous tribes and ranchers over land rights and the situation is unlikely to be resolved soon, particularly due to the demand for beef from Europe and soya from China. The controversial Belo Monte Dam is a proposed hydroelectric dam complex on the Xingu River which threatens a relatively undisturbed area of Pará's rainforest, including several endemic fish species. It also is likely to attract further development and migration to the state, to the detriment of the state's rainforest.

Political subdivisions

Main article: List of municipalities in Pará

Demographics

Assurini Indians lived in isolation until 1971.

Pará has a high number of immigrant Portuguese, Spanish and Japanese. These people have told their trajectories in a permanent space, the "Room Vicente Salles" of the "Memorial of the People", located in Belém. The Lusitanian were followed by Spaniards who arrived in the capital almost exclusively by political issues, thanks to disputes over the Iberian Peninsula. Then came the Italian explorer and his power at sea. After leaving their contribution to the emergence of the city of Belém, the Japanese established themselves within agrarian, settling in towns such as Tomé-Açu. The majority of the population is mixed, due to the large indigenous gene pool and to a lesser amount, Africa.

According to the IBGE of 2007, there were 7,136,000 people residing in the state. The population density was 5.7 inhabitants per square kilometre (15 /sq mi). Urbanization: 75.2% (2006); Population growth: 2.5% (1991–2000); Houses: 1,754,000 (2006).

The last PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) census revealed the following numbers: 4,988,000 Brown (Multiracial) people (69.9%), 1,641,000 White people (23.0%), 470,000 Black people (6.6%), 35,000 Asian or Amerindian people (0.5%).

Immigrants

Portuguese

The presence of the Portuguese state, occurred in the seventeenth century. In January 1616, the Portuguese captain, Francisco Caldeira Castelo Branco began the occupation of the land, founding the Fort of the Nativity, nucleus of the future state capital. Fixation was achieved with Portuguese religious missions and banners, linking the crib to the Fort St. Louis of Maranhão, by land and sailed up the Amazon River. The Portuguese were the first to arrive at Para, leaving contributions ranging from cuisine to architecture.

Japanese

The first Japanese immigrants who settled in the Amazon left the Port of Kobe in Japan, on July 24, 1926, and reached the city of Tomé-Açu, on 22 September of that year, with stops in Rio de January and Belém. The Japanese were responsible for the introduction of crops such as jute and black pepper in the 1930s; and Hawaiian papaya and melon in the 1970s. The third largest Japanese community in Brazil 's is located in Pará, with about 13,000 inhabitants, surpassed only by the states of São Paulo and Paraná. They live mainly in the cities of Tome-Acu, Santa Izabel do Pará and Castanhal. Tome-Acu was the first place in Northern Brazil to receive Japanese immigrants, circa 1929.

Italian

The emigrant Italians who have come to the Para are predominantly in the South of Italy, originating in Calabria, Campania and Basilicata. They were all settlers, but here is devoted to trade. The first Italian trade that we know of is 1888 which was in Santarem. They planted family roots in Belém, Breves, Abaetetuba, Óbidos, Oriximiná, Santarém and Alenquer. The presence in western Pará was so pronounced that there was a representation of the Consulate of Italy in Óbidos, considered the largest city of the Italian State. The consulate was in Recife, Pernambuco.

In Belém, the Italians were divided between commercial activity and retail services. While they worked, were important at the beginning of the industrialization process of the capital (1895). According to the 1920 census, there were about a thousand in Para Italians. At the end of World War II, there was a flow caused by the persecution of Germans, Japanese and Italian. The Italians, like the French, did not remain in the territory of Pará.

Lebanese

The emigration of Lebanese took to Para in the mid-nineteenth century, at the time of Rubber Cycle until 1914 and arrived in Bethlehem between 15 000 and 25 000 immigrants Syrian-Lebanese, of whom one-third went to Acre . In Pará, besides the state capital, the Lebanese have moved to the cities of Cametá, Marabá, Altamira, Breves, Monte Alegre, Alenquer, Santarém, Óbidos, Soure, Maracanã, Abaetetuba, among others.

French

The first French immigrants arrived in Brazil in the second half of the nineteenth century, went to the colony of Benevides, the metropolitan region of Belém do Pará. The French were attracted to the region because of the Rubber Cycle, eventually settling in Belém, becoming known as the Paris N'América.

Economy

The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 40.9%, followed by the industrial sector at 36.3%. Agriculture represents 22.8% of GDP (2004). Pará exports: iron ore 31.1%, aluminium 22.2%, wood 13.5%, ores of aluminium 8.3%, others ores 7.9% (2002), representing 1.8% of the Brazilian economy (2005).

The mining sector represents 14% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the State, originated mainly from the extraction of iron, bauxite, manganese, limestone and tin, as well as gold, until recently extracted from one of the largest mines of recent history: Serra Pelada. The economy of Pará is based also on the extraction of vegetation, on agriculture and cattle raising; thanks to the rich soil and the important hydrographic basin – boats are the main means of transport in the region. Guaraná, a tree from which a powder is produced and used as a stimulant; and annato seeds, a fruit used for cooking, as a sunscreen and also for dye extraction. Marajó – the biggest fluvial-maritime island in the world, with an area of 50,000 km² (19,000 sq mi). Its territory has one of the largest mining areas in the country, located in the Carajás Mountains, a mining province where the Ferro Carajás Project is based, from Companhia Vale do Rio Doce. The complex produced 296 million metric tons of iron ore in 2007, exporting the product to many countries, among them Japan, Germany, Italy, France and Spain.

According to the website for the state's investment promotion agency; Invest Para, the state of Para is expecting US $50 billion in public and private investments into the local economy from 2010-2014. With agribusiness, cosmetics, mining, and tourism as the sectors with highest investment potential as they receive special benefits from the state government.

Education

Belém is the most important educational centre of the state.

Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. English and Spanish are also part of the official high school curriculum.

Educational institutions

• Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) (Federal University of Pará);
• Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (UFOPA) (Federal University of Western Pará)
• Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA) (Rural Federal University of Amazon);
• Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA) (State University of Pará);
• Universidade da Amazônia (UNAMA) (University of Amazon);
• Instituto Federal do Pará (IFPA) (Federal Institute of Technical Education of Pará);
• Centro Universitário do Pará (CESUPA) (University Center of Pará);
• and many others.

Culture

Theatre

• Theatre of Peace;
• Experimental Waldemar Henrique theatre;
• Gabriel Hermes theatre;
• Theatre of SESC;
• Theatre of Emílio Goeldi Museum;
• Margarida Schiwazzapa theatre;
• Maria Sylvia Nunes theatre;
• Gasômetro station theatre.

Círio de Nazaré

Cathedral of Sé in Belém.

The biggest festival in the state of Pará happens there, Círio de Nazaré (Nazareth Taper). This event is known to be the biggest religious event of the Western Hemisphere. The procession starts on the second Sunday of October and pays homage to Our Lady of Nazareth, patron saint of the State. Organised since 1793, at present it gathers around 2.3 million of followers, who go on a procession through the city on a huge suite to the Nazaré Basilica, where the image is worshiped.

Indigenous communities

Besides all the natural wealth, the State of Pará also shelters a valuable cultural treasure, about 40 indigenous groups, scattered through an area of over 23 million hectares (57×10^⁶ acres). Of these, more than eight million have been delimited by FUNAI (National Foundation of Indians), ensuring security and preservation of that space. Among the biggest indigenous communities there are the Andira Marau, Munduruku and the Kayapó.

Infrastructure

International Airport

Belém International Airport.

Since 2001, Belém International Airport has been an example of the standard Infraero implements at its airports. Standing out in the midst of the Amazon vastness, the building design uses plane curves on its roof to permit light to enter its entire large terminal hall. The architect Sérgio Parada used his creativity to adopt multiple-use totems integrated with light projectors, a sound system, air conditioning and public telephones. Currently Belém International Airport serves demand of 2.7 million passengers a year, in a constructed area of 33,255.17 square meters (357,955.7 sq ft). Traditionally called Val-de-Cans Airport, it is responsible for increasing tourism in the region, as well as for the outflow of products and attracting new investments. The passenger terminal is fully air conditioned on two levels and has futuristic architecture, designed to take advantage of natural lighting. People with special needs have individualized service with own equipment at specific locations to facilitate their circulation. The terminal's interior is decorated with plants native to the Amazon region and is enclosed by a source able to imitate the sound of the rains that fall every day in the region.

Port

Port of Belém has restaurants, art galleries, a small beer factory, ice-cream shops, artisan stands, regional food kiosks, coffee houses, a space for fairs and events, a theatre for 400 spectators and a touristic harbour.

Sports

Belém provides visitors and residents with various sport activities. The Mangueirão stadium architectural project is from August 1969. In 2002, 24 years after its inauguration, Mangueirão was reinaugurated as an Olympic stadium of Pará. The visiting capacity of the stadium is at around 45,000.

Belém was one of the 18 candidates to host games of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, but was not selected. Instead, Manaus was chosen as the Amazon city where matches would happen.

• Stadiums
• Olympic stadium of Pará;
• Evandro Almeida stadium;
• Jader Barbalho stadium;
• Leônidas Castro stadium;
• and many others.

Flag

The white stripe in the Flag of Pará represents the zodiac, the Equator and the Amazon River. The blue star is Spica in the constellation Virgo, which is also depicted on the Flag of Brazil representing the state. The two red areas symbolize the vigor of the local people.

See also

• (English) Brazil
• (Portuguese) Official Website
• (English) Brazilian Tourism Portal
• (English) Brazilian Embassy in London
• (Portuguese) Portal Paraense
• (English) Invest Para
• (Turkish) Para yarışması

• Belo Monte Dam
• Deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest
• Deforestation in Brazil