Party switching in the United States

In the United States politics, party switching is any change in party affiliation of a partisan public figure, usually one who is currently holding elected office. Use of the term "party switch" can also connote a transfer of held power in an elected governmental body from one party to another.

Motivations

There are a number of reasons why an elected official, or someone seeking office, might choose to switch parties. One reason is ethical obligation—the person feels their views are no longer aligned with those of their current party.

A second reason is to gain power and influence. The incumbent may be a member of the minority party in a legislature and would like to gain the advantages of being in the majority party, such as the potential to chair a committee.

Another reason is simply to get elected. This may be the primary reason when the opposing party's base in a constituency is reaching a size that threatens the safe reelection of the incumbent.

History

The 19th century

The shifting of allegiance between political parties was much more common during the 19th century than it is today. It took several years for political parties as we know them today to coalesce after the founding of the United States, and many parties formed and fell apart rapidly.

A massive party switch occurred in the 19th century and 1810s when many members of the United States Federalist Party joined the United States Democratic-Republican Party. When this party fell apart in the 1820s, its members all switched to various political parties, including the United States Whig Party, as well as the Democratic, National Republican, Anti-Jackson and Anti-Mason Parties. The Republican Party was also formed by a massive party switch in 1854 when northern members of the Whig, American and Free Soil parties, along with a few northern Democrats, formed the Republican Party, and many Southern Whigs became Democrats. Following the United States Civil War the Republican Party faced several massive party switches. As Reconstruction ended, many Southern Republicans became Democrats. In 1872 Republicans dissatisfied with President Ulysses S. Grant formed the Liberal Republican Party and had a joint presidential campaign with the Democrats. Most Liberal Republicans soon returned to the main Republican Party, however. A similar situation occurred in 1884 when the mugwumps left the Republican Party and supported the Democratic presidential candidate, later rejoining the Republican party. The next major conflict in the Republican Party occurred in 1896 when Republican supporters of Free silver left the party to form the Silver Republicans, though again most of these politicians later rejoined the Republican Party. By the late 19th century, as the Democratic and Republican parties became more established, however, party switching became less frequent.

The 20th century

The shifts in American voter demographics beginning in the second half of the 20th century - the southern states from Democratic to Republican, and New England and the west coastal states from Republican to Democratic - have prompted several incumbent federal legislators and many state legislators to switch parties. In addition, as changes in state laws made it harder and harder for members of third parties to be elected or re-elected, many former members of these parties became members of the two dominant parties.

Notable party switchers

Notable party switchers of the modern era include:

Democratic to Republican

1800s

• 1855 – Reuben Fenton, Congressman who was opposed the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 lost election that year. In 1856 switched to Republican to run for old seat won election, . Switched to Liberal Republican Party in 1872 while Governor of New York. Once again became a Democrat when party fused with the Democratic Party.
• 1856 – Hannibal Hamlin, before running for governor of Maine, later Vice President of the United States
• 1856 – Simon Cameron, before running for U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania
• 1856 – Galusha A. Grow, while U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania, later Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
• 1856 - Glenni William Scofield, , while U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania
• 1860s – Benjamin Franklin Butler
• 1860s – James M. Hinds
• mid 1860s – Thompson Campbell
• mid 1860s – John A. Logan Illinois U.S. Representative resigned to volunteer to fight in American Civil War after war elected as Republican U.S Rep.
• mid 1860s – John Adams Dix
• 1869 – David P. Lewis, before running for Governor of Alabama
• 1870 – James Lawrence Orr, judge of the Eighth Circuit in South Carolina and former governor of South Carolina
• 1893 – James A. Walker, Lieutenant Governor of Virginia, turned Republican before running for Congress

1900–1949

• 1911 – Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo of New Mexico, switched to Republican after the State Convention denied his request that half of all statewide nominees be Hispanic (request not granted as Republican either)
• 1921 – Theodore A. Bell of California, following successful political career switched parties a year before his death
• 1933 – Raymond Moley, due to anger over the New Deal
• 1939 – Wendell Willkie of Indiana, before running for President in the 1940 election
• 1942 - Max Galasinski, former member of Wisconsin State Senate and 1938 Democratic nominee for Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin, unseated in the Democratic primary for his Senate seat, ran as a Republican in 1942 to oppose the Democrat who'd taken his seat
• 1949 – Joseph A. McArdle of Pennsylvania switched parties following successful political career as a Pennsylvania state Representative, U.S. Representative, and member of the Pittsburgh city council
• 1949 – Rush D. Holt, Sr. of West Virginia after unsuccessful candidate for the 1948 Democratic nomination for United States Senator [42]

1950s

• 1952 - Henry Hyde, later became U.S. Representative for Illinois (1975-2007)
• 1956 – Cora Brown of Michigan, State Senator left Democratic Party because she believed it was too heavily influenced by the Congress of Industrial Organizations
• 1958 - Odell Pollard, an attorney from Searcy, Arkansas, voted in his last Democratic primary in 1958 before switching allegiance to the GOP; he was the Arkansas State Republican Chairman under Governor Winthrop Rockefeller from 1966-1970.
• 1959 – Francis Grevemberg of Louisiana, before running for Governor of Louisiana in 1960
• 1959 – Dud Lastrapes of Louisiana, as a television anchorman long before he was elected mayor of Lafayette, Louisiana in 1980

1960s

• early 1960s – Arthur Ravenel, Jr. of South Carolina, before running for the South Carolina Senate
• 1960s – James F. Byrnes of South Carolina, after endorsing many Republicans in the 1950s and 1960s
• 1961 – Charlton Lyons to run for Louisiana's 4th congressional district seat
• 1961 - Billy J. Guin of Shreveport, to support Charlton Lyons for Congress
• 1962 - Dave Treen, later became U.S. Representative for Louisiana (1973-1980) and Governor of Louisiana (1980-1984)
• 1962 – Jack M. Cox, to run for Governor of Texas; losing to later Republican convert John B. Connally, Jr.
• 1962 – James D. Martin, to run for the U.S. Senate from Alabama
• 1962 – Ronald Reagan of California, while an actor and former Screen Actors Guild president [43]
• 1962 – Floyd Spence, while a South Carolina state Representative; ran for the House of Representatives as a Republican and lost, later elected to the state senate before making a successful run for the House
• 1964 – Strom Thurmond, while U.S. senator from South Carolina switched to the Republican party on September 16, 1964.
• 1965 – Albert Watson, while U.S. Representative from South Carolina (resigned before switching parties and re-won his seat in a special election)
• 1965 – Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania, while running for Philadelphia District Attorney; in 2009, he switched back to Democrat [44].
• 1965 – Roderick Miller (LA) after unsuccessfully run for judgeship in 1964
• 1966 – Thomas A. Wofford, before write-in campaign for State Senator from South Carolina
• 1966 – Len E. Blaylock, to support Winthrop Rockefeller for Governor of Arkansas
• 1966 – Jerry Thomasson of Arkansas, switched from Democrat to Republican while an state Representative to run for Attorney General of Arkansas
• 1966 – Henry Grover of Texas, switched from Democrat to Republican while a state Representative before successfully running for Texas Senate.
• 1967 – William E. Dannemeyer, while serving as a superior court judge before returning to the California State Assembly
• 1967 – Allison Kolb of Louisiana, while seeking a political comeback running unsuccessfully for state Treasurer, lost 1956 Democratic primary for state auditor
• 1968 – William Reynolds Archer, Jr., while a member of the Texas House of Representatives
• 1968 – Will Wilson, former Texas Attorney General switched to support Richard M. Nixon in the 1968 presidential election
• 1968 - Comptroller General of Georgia James L. Bentley switched to Republican.

1970s

• 1970 – Jesse Helms, two years before running for the U.S. Senate from North Carolina
• 1970 – A. C. Clemons, while serving in the Louisiana Senate
• 1970 – William Oswald Mills, before running for U.S. Representative from Maryland
• 1970 - Bob Barr, who later became U.S. Representative from Georgia (1995-2003).
• 1971 – Tillie K. Fowler
• 1972 – Robert R. Neall, before serving in the Maryland House of Delegates. He switched back to Democrat in 1999
• 1972 – Trent Lott, prior to running for the House of Representatives from Mississippi. He was administrative assistant to Rules Committee chairman William Colmer, who endorsed Lott as his successor despite Lott's party switch.
• 1973 – Mills E. Godwin Jr., Democratic governor of Virginia from 1966 to 1970, moved to the Republican Party and was reelected, serving as governor again from 1974 to 1978.
• 1973 – Samuel I. Hayakawa, three years before running for the U.S. Senate from California
• 1973 – John Connally, not then in office; six years before he sought the Republican presidential nomination
• 1975 – Elizabeth Dole, while employed by the Federal Trade Commission
• 1975 – John Jarman, while U.S. Representative from Oklahoma. He had served for 24 years in the House and said he was fed up with the Democratic party, which had been "taken over by liberals". He retired in 1976.
• 1977 – A. J. McNamara, while serving in the Louisiana House
• 1977 – Lane Carson while serving in the Louisiana House
• 1978 – Robert G. Jones, after leaving the Louisiana Senate
• 1978 – Chris Smith, managed the unsuccessful 1976 New Jersey Senate primary campaign of Democrat, Steve Foley, switch parties to run for U.S. Rep. in 1978 (lost)/ran again 1980 (Won) still holds office [45].
• late 1970s – Thomas Bliley, after being Mayor of Richmond, Virginia, and before election to U.S. House of Representatives
• late 1970s – Michael F. "Mike" Thompson, while serving in the Louisiana House
• 1979 – Charles Grisbaum, Jr., member of the Louisiana House from Jefferson Parish
• 1979 – Ed Scogin, member of the Louisiana House from St. Tammany Parish

1980s

• 1980s – S. S. DeWitt, after having left the Louisiana House of Representatives
• 1980 – Sam Yorty, While trying to make political comeback bid for the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate
• 1980 – Mac Collins, while county commissioner
• 1980 – Jim Donelon, to run for Congress in a special election
• 1980 – Jesse Monroe Knowles, while serving near the end of his term in the Louisiana Senate
• 1980 – Frank D. White, to run for governor of Arkansas
• 1980s – J.C. "Sonny" Gilbert, after having left office as a member of both houses of the Louisiana legislature
• 1981 – Bob Stump, while U.S. Representative from Arizona
• 1981 – Eugene Atkinson, while U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania
• 1982 – Condoleezza Rice, changed to Republican cites influence of her father, who switched from Democrat to Republican after being denied voting registration by the Democratic registrar (Al) 1952.
• 1983 – Jimmy Fitzmorris, to attempt to regain the office of Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana
• 1983 – Phil Gramm, while U.S. Representative from Texas (resigned before switching parties and re-won his seat in a special election)
• 1983 – Bob Martinez, while mayor of Tampa, Florida
• 1984 - Herman Cain, after becoming CEO and reaching the top tax bracket
• 1984 – V.J. Bella, while serving in the Louisiana House of Representatives
• 1984 – Andy Ireland, while U.S. Representative from Florida
• 1984 – H. Edward Knox; became an independent in 2005
• 1985 – Jeane Kirkpatrick, while U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations [46]
• 1985 – Edward J. King, former governor of Massachusetts
• 1985 – Dexter Lehtinen, while serving in the Florida House of Representatives
• 1985 – Kent Hance, former U.S. Representative, after losing the Democratic U.S. Senate nomination in Texas
• 1985 – Jock Scott, near the end of his tenure in the Louisiana House of Representatives
• 1985 – Carole Keeton Strayhorn, former Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts (she ran for Texas Governor as an independent in 2006)
• 1986 – William Bennett, while U.S. Secretary of Education
• 1986 – Richard Baker, While in Louisiana House of Representatives later in the year elected to U.S. House seat which opened up shortly after party switch.
• 1986 – Charles T. Canady, while serving in the Florida House of Representatives
• 1986 – Frank Rizzo, before running for Mayor of Philadelphia in 1987
• 1986 – James David Santini, before running for U.S. Senator from Nevada
• 1987 – Paul Hardy, before running for Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana
• 1987 – Roy Moore, prior to being appointed to an Alabama circuit judgeship
• 1988 – Jim McCrery, while running for U.S. Representative from Louisiana. He had been a staff member for Buddy Roemer, but switched parties before the special election after Roemer was elected governor.
• 1988 – David Duke, prior for running for a seat in the lower house of the Louisiana state legislature
• Mike Johanns, was The Governor of Nebraska (1999-2005), United States Secretary of Agriculture (2005-2007) and in 2009 became the United Staes Senator for Nebraska.
• 1989 – Edward Vrdolyak, After running for Mayor of Chicago as Solidarity Party candidate earlier in the year switched to Republican on September 16, 1987 [47]
• 1989 – Bill Grant, while U.S. Representative from Florida
• 1989 – Tommy F. Robinson, while U.S. Representative from Arkansas
• 1989 – Rick Perry, before running for Agriculture Commissioner of Texas
• 1989 – W. Fox McKeithen, while Louisiana Secretary of State

1990s

• early 1990s – Eli Bebout, while serving in the Wyoming House of Representatives
• 1990s – Herman Badillo, before running for Mayor of New York City
• c. 1990 – Tom Vandergriff, while running for county judge of Tarrant County, Texas (had served as mayor of Arlington, a nonpartisan position, and in Congress as a Democrat)
• 1990 – Joseph F. Toomy, member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from Republican-leaning Jefferson Parish, served 1984–2008
• 1990 – Vito Fossella, U.S. Representative from New York from 1997 to 2009.
• 1990 – Lauch Faircloth, to run for the U.S. Senate in 1992
• 1991 – Bret Schundler, before running for the New Jersey Senate
• 1991 – David Beasley, South Carolina state representative switched in 1991. Three years later became Governor of South Carolina (1995-1999)
• 1991 – Buddy Roemer, Governor of Louisiana switched parties shortly before the beginning of his unsuccessful reelection campaign
• 1992 – Byron Looper, before running for State Representative in Tennessee
• 1993 – Edward H. Krebs, Pennsylvania State Representative became a Republican in December 1993.
• 1993 – Don W. Williamson, former Louisiana state senator who opposed the Clinton administration
• 1994 – Ron Gomez, former member of the Louisiana House
• 1994 – Walter B. Jones, while running for U.S. Representative from North Carolina
• 1994 – Ed Whitfield, the day before filing as a candidate for the U.S. House in Kentucky
• 1994 – Ron Gomez, former member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from Lafayette switched to Republican after unsuccessful campaign for Mayor of Lafayette in 1992
• 1994 – Mike Bowers, while Attorney General of Georgia
• 1994 – Fob James, while running for Governor of Alabama
• 1994 – Richard Shelby, while U.S. Senator from Alabama switched on November 9, 1994
• 1994 – Woody Jenkins, while Louisiana state House member
• 1994 – Dan Richey, former Louisiana Democratic state legislator switched from Independent to Republican when the Republicans won control of the U.S. Congress
• 1994 – Ed Austin, while Mayor of Jacksonville
• 1995 - Donald Ray Kennard, as a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives, where he continued to serve until 2008
• 1995 – Jimmy Hayes, while U.S. Representative from Louisiana
• 1995 – Greg Laughlin, while U.S. Representative from Texas
• 1995 – Ben Nighthorse Campbell, while U.S. Senator from Colorado, switch March 3, 1995
• 1995 – Billy Tauzin, while U.S. Representative from Louisiana
• 1995 – Nathan Deal, while U.S. Representative from Georgia [48]
• 1995 – Mike Parker, while U.S. Representative from Mississippi
• 1995 - Susana Martinez, who in 2011 became the 31st and current Governor of New Mexico
• 1995 – Mike Foster, while running successfully for Governor of Louisiana
• 1995 – Rusty Crowe, Tennessee state senator
• 1995 – Milton H. Hamilton, Jr, Tennessee state senator
• 1996 - Former U.S. Representative for Oklahoma (1977-1991) Wes Watkins joined the Republicans and was elected as U.S. Representative for Oklahoma (1997-2003)
• 1996 – Ronnie Culbreth, while Georgia State Rep.
• 1996 – Norm Coleman, while mayor of St. Paul, Minnesota
• 1996 – Jay Blossman, to run successfully for the office of Louisiana Public Service Commission
• 1997 – Kevin Mannix, after losing Democratic nomination for Oregon Attorney General in 1996
• 1997 – Michael J. Michot, while serving in the Louisiana House
• 1998 – George Wallace, Jr., before running for Alabama Public Service Commissioner
• 1998 – Herman Badillo
• 1998 – David G. Boschert
• 1998 – Sonny Perdue, while a Georgia State Senator
• 1999 – Nancy Larraine Hoffmann, while New York State Senator; defeated in 2006
• 1999 – Joel Giambra, before running for County Executive in Erie County, New York

2000s

• 2000 – Robert J. Barham, while serving in the Louisiana State Senate
• 2000 – Matthew G. Martinez, while U.S. Representative from California
• 2000 – John Hoeven to run successfully for Governor of North Dakota and in 2011 became the United States Senator for North Dakota.
• 2000 - Tom McVea, a Democratic state representative from Louisiana from 1980 to 1984, switched parties and ran successfully for the first of three terms as a Republican in the Louisiana House from a Baton Rouge-area district.
• 2001 – Clinton LeSueur, before running for U.S. Representative from Mississippi
• 2001 – Michael Bloomberg, before running for mayor of New York City, but later became an Independent
• 2001 – Hunt Downer, before running for Governor of Louisiana
• 2002 – Amy Tuck, while Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi
• 2002 – Olga A. Méndez, while New York State Senator
• 2002 – Don Cheeks, while a Georgia State Senator
• 2002 – Dan Lee, while a Georgia State Senator
• 2002 – Rooney Bowen, while a Georgia State Senator
• 2002 – Jack Hill, while a Georgia State Senator
• 2002 – Virgil Goode, while U.S. Representative from Virginia, first became an Independent in 2000, then joined the Republican Party in 2002.
• 2003 – James David Cain, prior to his final election to the Louisiana Senate
• 2003 – Melinda Schwegmann, while State House member in Louisiana
• 2003 – Rick Sheehy, while mayor of Hastings, Nebraska
• 2003 – Gabriel Vasquez, Houston City Councilmember (council seat is nonpartisan)
• 2003 – Johnny Ford, Alabama Democratic state Rep., became first black Republican in the state legislature in over 100 years
• 2004 – Ralph Hall, while U.S. Representative from Texas
• 2004 – Rodney Alexander, while U.S. Representative from Louisiana (his switch just before the filing deadline prevented the Democrats from fielding a viable replacement candidate)
• 2004 – Steve Beren, before running for U.S. Representative from Washington
• 2005 – Michael Diven, while in Pennsylvania state House, defeated in 2006 elections
• 2005 – Dan Morrish, Louisiana state representative switched parties in third term; elected to state Senate in 2007 as a Republican
• 2006 – Sheri McInvale, Florida State Representative, defeated in 2006 elections
• 2006 – Don McLeary, Tennessee state senator, defeated in 2006
• 2006 – John Giannetti, Maryland State Senator, defeated in 2006
• 2006 – Mickey Channell, while a Georgia State Representative
• 2006 – Will Kendrick, Florida State Representative, after being reelected as a Democrat
• 2006 – Billy Montgomery, while serving in the Louisiana House
• 2006 – Henry Burns, while serving on the Bossier Parish School Board; to run for the state legislature as a Republican
• 2007 – James Walley, Mississippi State Senator. Walley was originally elected as a Democrat after defeating Tommy Dickerson, who had switched from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party. However, Walley was then defeated in the 2007 legislative elections by Tommy Dickerson, now running as a Democrat once more.
• 2007 – Tommy Gollott, current Mississippi State Senator from Biloxi
• 2007 – Dawn Pettengill, member of the Iowa House of Representatives
• 2007 - Frank A. Howard, a former Democratic sheriff of Vernon Parish, Louisiana, became a Republican to win the District 24 seat in the Louisiana House of Representatives.
• 2007 – Mike Jacobs, while a Georgia State Representative [49]
• 2007 – John Neely Kennedy, while State Treasurer of Louisiana, to run in 2008 as the Republican choice for U.S. Senate against Mary Landrieu
• 2007 – Robert Adley, while a member of the Louisiana State Senate (re-elected for his current term as a Democrat)
• 2008 – Nolan Mettetal, member of the Mississippi State Senate
• 2008 – Gil Pinac, former member of both houses of the Louisiana legislature from Crowley, a week before his announcement that he will run as a Republican in a special election for the Louisiana Public Service Commission
• 2008 – Billy Nicholson, Mississippi state Rep. switched parties in February, becoming a Republican
• 2009 – Paul Vallas, school superintendent of the Recovery School District of New Orleans, Louisiana
• 2009 – Tom Salmon, state auditor of Vermont
• 2009 – Chuck Hopson, member of the Texas House of Representatives
• 2009 – Parker Griffith, congressman from Alabama switched to Republican in the middle of his first term in congress

2010s

• 2010 – Steve Levy, County Executive of Suffolk County, New York, in order to run for Governor of New York.
• 2010 – Sheriff John C. Andrews, Pepin County Wisconsin. Was a Democrat for many years, but is running for re-election in 2010 as a Republican.
• 2010 – Scott Angelle, interim Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana
• 2010 – Alabama Circuit Clerk from Madison County, Jane C. Smith, switches to the Republican Party.
• 2010 – Alabama State House Reps. Alan Boothe, Steve Hurst, Mike Millican, and Lesley Vance switch to the Republican Party.
• 2010 – Georgia Hall County Commissioner Ashley Bell switches to the Republican Party.
• 2010 – Georgia State House Reps. Ellis Black, Amy Carter , Mike Cheokas, Bubber Epps, Gerald Greene, Bob Hanner, Doug McKillip, and Alan Powell switch to the Republican Party.
• 2010 – Georgia State Sen. Tim Golden switches to the Republican Party.
• 2010 – Kansas State Sen. Chris Steineger switches to the Republican Party.
• 2010 – Louisiana State House Reps. Simone B. Champagne, Noble Ellington, Walker Hines, and Fred Mills, switch to the Republican Party.
• 2010 – Louisiana State Sens. John Alario of Jefferson Parish, and John Smith of Leesville, switch to the Republican Party.
• 2010 – Maine State House Rep. Mike Willette switches to the Republican Party.
• 2010 - Mississippi State House Rep. Bobby Shows switches to the Republican Party.
• 2010 - Mississippi State Sen. Cindy Hyde-Smith switches to the Republican Party.
• 2010 - Simpson County (Mississippi) Superintendent of Education Joe Welch switches to the Republican Party.
• 2010 – Mississippi Public Service Commissioner for the Central District Lynn Posey switches to the Republican Party.
• 2010 – New Jersey Mayor of Clinton, Christine Schaumburg, switches to the Republican Party.
• 2010 – South Dakota State Sen. Eldon Nygaard switches to the Republican Party.
• 2010 – Texas State House Reps. Aaron Pena, and Allan Ritter of Nederland switch to the Republican Party.
• 2011 - Louisiana Attorney General Buddy Caldwell switches to the Republican Party.
• 2011 - Mississippi State House Reps. Russ Nowell, and Margaret Rogers switches to the Republican Party.
• 2011 - Mississippi State Sen. Ezell Lee switches to the Republican Party.
• 2011 - Louisiana State House Reps. Charles "Bubba" Chaney and Billy Chandler switch to the Republican Party.
• 2011 - Mike "Pete" Huval switches parties to win election to the Louisiana House of Representatives from St. Martin Parish.
• 2011 - Bob Hensgens, the Democratic mayor of Gueydan, Louisiana, switches parties to be elected state representative from Vermilion and Cameron parishes.
• 2011 – Louisiana State Sens. Jody Amedee, and Norby Chabert switches to the Republican Party.
• 2011 - Jefferson County (Alabama) Treasurer Jennifer Champion switches to the Republican Party.
• 2011 - Lamar County District Attorney Gary Young; Pct. 1 County Commissioner Lawrence Mallone; Pct. 1 Justice of the Peace (JP) Don Denison; Pct. 3 JP Tim Risinger; Pct. 4 JP Ken Ruthart; Pct. 5, Place 1 JP Cindy Ruthart; Pct. 1 Constable Madaline Chance; Pct. 3 Constable Larry Cope; and Pct. 5 Constable Gene Hobbs, all switch to the Republicans.
• 2011 - Former Chairman of the Mobile County Democratic Party Brad Warren switches to Republican.
• 2011 - Former Asheville North Carolina General Assembly Rep. D. Bruce Goforth joins the Republican Party after losing the Democratic nomination for a fifth term in 2010.
• 2011 - Arkansas State Rep. Linda Collins-Smith switches to the Republican Party.
• 2011 - Louisiana State Rep. Taylor Barras switches to the Republican Party.
• 2011 - Louisiana State Rep. Joel Robideaux switches to the Republican Party.
• 2011 - North Carolina State Rep. Bert Jones switches to the Republican Party.
• 2011 - Former Michigan State Rep. Jim Slezak switches to the Republican Party in order to run for congress.
• 2011 - Mississipi State Sen. Gray Tollison and Rep. Donnie Bell switch to the Republican Party.
• 2011 – Former Shreveport Mayoral candidate Parker Ward switches to the Republican Party from the Libertarian Party to run for Caddo Parish Commissioner in District 11.

Democratic to third party/independent or third party to Democratic

• 1848 – The anti-slavery "Barnburner" faction of the Democratic Party, along with members of the Liberty Party, splintered into creating the Free Soil Party in 1848 including former Democratic President Martin Van Buren who was the party's presidential nominee the same year. Most returned to the Democratic Party after it dissolved.
• 1878 – Hendrick Bradley Wright, congressman from Pennsylvania, ran for reelection on the Greenback Party and sought the party's presidential nomination in 1880.
• 1880s – Absolom M. West, joined the Greenback Party before being selected as a running mate on that party's presidential campaign in 1884
• 1890 – Thomas E. Watson switched to the Populist Party to run for Congress. He was also the party's vice presidential candidate in 1896 and presidential candidate in 1904 and 1908. He switched back to the Democratic Party and the Populist Party dissolved.
• 1946–48 – Henry A. Wallace left the Democratic Party after being fired as Secretary of Commerce by Harry S. Truman. He ran for President as the Progressive and American Labor Party candidate in 1948. Later supported Dwight D. Eisenhower and Richard M. Nixon for President.
• 1948 – The States' Rights Democratic Party splintered from the Democratic Party. Most of its members returned to the Democratic Party after the 1948 election.
• 1955 – Wayne Morse US Senator from Oregon changed from an Independent to a Democrat on February 17, 1955
• 1964 – The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party was founded.
• 1970 – Harry F. Byrd, Jr., While US senator from Virginia, became an independent.
• 1974 – D. French Slaughter, Jr., while serving in the Virginia House of Delegates. Later elected to Congress as a Republican.
• 1980 - Lyndon LaRouche campaigned for U.S. President on his own U.S. Labor Party ticket in 1976, but sought the Democratic Party nomination in the next seven elections.
• 1994 – Wes Watkins, while running for governor of Oklahoma. He lost, but was elected as a Republican two years later to the House seat he held as a Democrat from 1977 to 1991.
• 1998 – Jerry Brown, former Governor of California and 1976, 1980 and 1992 candidate for Democratic presidential nomination. Left Democratic Party and registered as Decline to State (unaffiliated voter in California). Then he was elected to nonpartisan post of Mayor of Oakland, California. He re-entered his old party shortly thereafter, became Attorney General of California, and is again Governor of California.
• 2000 – Virgil Goode, congressman from Virginia became an independent. He joined the Republican Party in 2002.
• 2000 – Matt Gonzalez, to the Green Party, during his campaign for the San Francisco Board of Supervisors
• 2000 – Audie Bock, after being elected to the California State Assembly in 1999, as a Green ran as an Independent in 2000. After losing the November 2000 election Bock re-registered as a Democrat.
• 2002 – Tim Penny, a member of congress from Minnesota (1983–1995) to Independence Party of Minnesota to run for governor
• 2003 – Matt Ahearn, to the Green Party, while a New Jersey state legislator
• 2004 – Peter Clavelle switched to Democrat from Progressive in order to run for Governor of Vermont, State law required change in order to run in Democratic primary.
• 2005 – Jim Lendall, Four term Arkansas state legislator, to Green Party, ran on Green ballot Line for Governor in 2006.
• 2006 – Joe Lieberman, to run as an independent (on the Connecticut for Lieberman ticket) for US Senate in Connecticut, after losing to challenger Ned Lamont in the Democratic Primary. Lieberman won the election, and currently caucuses with the Democrats.
• 2006 – David Segal, Providence, Rhode Island, City Council Minority Leader, switched from the Green Party to Democrat, prior to successful campaign for the Rhode Island General Assembly.
• 2006 – Avel Gordly, while in Oregon Senate
• 2006 – William M. Paparian, former Mayor Pasadena, California to Green Party, to run for Congress California 29th
• 2006 – Barbara Becnel,to the Green Party following unsuccessful run for Democratic Party's nomination for Governor of California
• 2006 – Ben Westlund, after his aborted candidacy for Governor of Oregon. In December 2006, Westlund, (a former Republican turned Independent), switched again this time to Democrat, prior to successful campaign for State Treasurer of Oregon.
• 2007 – Eric Eidsness, switched from Republican to Reform Party to the Democratic Party.
• 2007 – Cynthia McKinney, former US Congresswoman. Switched from Democrat to Green in October, and was the Green Party's presidential nominee the following year. in the 2008 presidential election.
• 2008 – Chris Lugo, 2006 Green Party US Senate candidate switched to Democratic Party to run for the Democratic nomination for that year's U.S. Senate race.
• 2008 – Mike Gravel, former US Senator and 2008 presidential candidate switched from Democrat to Libertarian.
• 2008 – Rick Singleton, a state legislator from Rhode Island who had already switched from Republican to Independent, switched to Democratic registration and announced that he would be heading "Democrats for McCain" in 2008
• 2009 – Juan Arambula, California State Assemblyman switched from Democrat to Independent.
• 2009 – Timothy P. Cahill, Massachusetts State Treasurer, switched to Independent.
• 2009 – Richard Carroll, Arkansas House of Representatives. The only Green Party state legislator in the U.S., switched to the Democratic Party.
• 2010 – Bob Ziegelbauer, Wisconsin State Assembly announced that he run for re-election in November 2010 as an Independent.
• 2011 - Andrew Nunez, New Mexico House of Representatives

Republican to Democratic

• 1860s – Henry George
• late 1860s – Andrew Gregg Curtin, after leaving office as Governor of Pennsylvania, elected to Congress as a Democrat.
• late 1860s – Alonzo Garcelon
• 1872 – Edmund G. Ross, after leaving office as U.S. Senator from Kansas
• early 1930s – Arthur W. Mitchell
• 1933 – Henry A. Wallace switched to Democratic Party, but left after being fired as Secretary of Commerce by Harry S. Truman. He ran for President as the Progressive and American Labor Party candidate in 1948. Later supported Dwight D. Eisenhower and Richard M. Nixon for President.
• 1952 – Wayne Morse while in US senate from Oregon.
• mid 1960s – Pete Stark, now U.S. Representative from California
• 1960s – Howard Dean, while in college
• 1960s – Archibald Carey, Jr, after serving as a Chicago alderman and before being elected as a circuit court judge in Cook County, Illinois
• 1962 – Calhoun Allen, to run for the Shreveport, Louisiana, City Council
• 1970s – Ralph Neas
• 1971 – John Lindsay, while mayor of New York City
• 1971 – Leon Panetta, switched parties while not in or running for public office. He later became a U.S. representative from California (1976–93) and White House Chief of Staff (1994–1997).
• 1972 – Ogden R. Reid, while U.S. representative from New York
• 1973 – Joan Finney, before being elected Kansas State Treasurer, and later Governor of Kansas
• 1973 – Don Riegle, while U.S. representative from Michigan
• 1977 – Peter Peyser, after three terms in the House as a New York Republican, vacated his seat to run for nomination for the Senate in 1976. After his unsuccessful attempt, he switched to the Democratic party and regained his House seat in 1978.
• 1985 – John Yarmuth, now U.S. Representative from Kentucky
• 1991 – Mike Doyle, now U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania
• 1991 – Markos Moulitsas, while in the Army
• 1992 – Loretta Sanchez, now U.S. Representative from California
• 1994 – Bernard Erickson, Texas State Representative
• 1996 – Carolyn McCarthy, now U.S. Representative from New York, to challenge incumbent Dan Frisa (McCarthy was still a registered Republican at the time, but changed her registration to Democratic in 2002)
• 1997 – Betsy McCaughey Ross, during her term as Lieutenant Governor of New York, after falling out of favour with Governor George Pataki
• 1997 – Debra J. Mazzarelli, New York State Assemblywoman
• 1998 – Russell W. Peterson, Governor of Delaware 1969–1973
• 1999 – Michael Forbes, while U.S. representative from New York(lost the primary election in 2000)
• 1999 – Robert R. Neall, Maryland State Senator
• first decade of the 21st century – Scott Heidepriem, before reentering the South Dakota Senate
• 2000 – Dean Johnson, former GOP State Senate Minority Leader and future DFL State Senate Majority Leader, while State Senator from Minnesota
• 2000 - Mark DeSaulnier, at the time Contra Costa County Supervisor, Future California State Assemblyman and State Senator.
• 2000 – Judi Dutcher, while State Auditor from Minnesota
• 2000 – Margaret Gamble, South Carolina State Representative
• 2000 – Mickey Whatley, South Carolina State Representative
• 2000 – Randy Sauder, Georgia State Representative
• 2001 – John A. Lawless, Pennsylvania House of Representatives.
• 2001 – Kathy Ashe, Georgia State Representative
• 2002 – D. G. Anderson, before filing for the Democratic gubernatorial primary in Hawaii
• 2002 – Charles R. Larson, before running for Lieutenant Governor of Maryland
• 2002 – Ray Nagin, days before filing for the mayoral race in New Orleans
• 2002 – Douglas Stalnaker, member of West Virginia House of Delegates
• 2003 – Michael Decker, North Carolina State Representative
• 2003 – Teresa Heinz Kerry, in protest of the campaign tactics used by Saxby Chambliss in the Georgia U.S. Senate race of 2002^{[citation needed]}
• 2003 – Barbara Hafer, while State Treasurer of Pennsylvania
• 2003 – Corey Corbin, New Hampshire State Representative
• 2003 – Stan Moody, Maine State Representative
• 2004 – Arthur Mayo, Maine State Senator
• 2004 – Scott Dix, Georgia State Representative
• 2005 – Andy Warren, former Bucks County, Pennsylvania Commissioner and well-known local politician; lost Congressional bid in 2006 to Patrick Murphy
• 2005 – Paul J. Morrison, (Kansas) Johnson County District Attorney, to run successfully for attorney general in 2006
• 2005 – Robert McCabe, Sheriff of Norfolk, Virginia
• 2005 – Steve Lukert, Kansas State Representative
• 2006 – James Webb, US Senator from the Commonwealth of Virginia, Secretary of the Navy under President Reagan, prior to running for U.S. Senate in Virginia
• 2006 – Mark Parkinson, former Kansas Republican Party Chairman, prior to running for Lieutenant Governor of Kansas
• 2006 – Charles Barkley, former NBA basketball player, in anticipation of running for Governor of Alabama in 2014
• 2006 – Nancy Riley, GOP whip for the Oklahoma State Senate, as reported by the Daily Oklahoman.
• 2006 – Kate Witek, while serving as Auditor of Nebraska
• 2006 – Montana State Senator Sam Kitzenberg switched from Republican to Democrat with the reported motivation being to break a 25 to 25 tie (the new ratio will be 26 Democrats to 24 Republicans).
• 2006 – Rodney Tom, switched parties while serving in the Washington State House of Representatives after the 2006 legislative session ended, announced he would run as a Democrat for State Senate in his district, in November 2006 defeated Republican incumbent state Senator Luke Esser.
• 2006 – Diana Urban, Connecticut State Representative.
• 2006 – Cindy Neighbor, Kansas State Representative; served as moderate Republican from 2002 to 2004 before losing renomination in 2004 to a more conservative Republican; sought rematch and won as a Democrat in 2006
• 2006 – Judy Leyerzapf, Abilene, Kansas City Council member
• 2006 – Barney Giese, County Prosecutor of Richland County, South Carolina
• 2007 – Pete McCloskey, former congressman from California
• 2007 – Walter Boasso, Louisiana state senator from Arabi to run for governor against Republican front-runner U.S. Representative Bobby Jindal.
• 2007 – Paul D. Froehlich, Illinois State Representative. According to the Chicago Tribune, Froehlich is cited as saying that the Republican Party "future prospects are not that good".
• 2007 – Mike Spano, New York State Assemblyman. His brother, Nicholas Spano, was defeated for re-election by Andrea Stewart-Cousins on November 7, 2006.
• 2007 – Janet DiFiore, Westchester County NY District Attorney
• 2007 – Chris Koster, In the middle of term in Missouri State Senate.
• 2007 – Milward Dedman, Kentucky State Representative
• 2007 – Melvin B. Henley, Kentucky State Representative
• 2007 – Kirk England, Texas State Representative
• 2007 – James Hovland, while Mayor of Edina, Minnesota
• 2007 – Francis Bodine, New Jersey State Representative
• 2007 – Debbie Stafford, Colorado State Representative
• 2007 – Entire Town Council in Lyndhurst, New Jersey
• 2007 – Fred Jarrett, Washington State Representative
• 2007 – Karen Awana, Hawaii State Representative
• 2007 – Mike Gabbard, Hawaii State Senator
• 2008 - Scott Haggerty, Alameda County Supervisor
• 2008 – Rich White, Eau Claire County, WI, District Attorney
• 2008 – Lou Thieblemont, Mayor of Camp Hill, Penn. switched his party registration to Democrat to vote for Obama in the Pennsylvania primary
• 2008 – Dorsey Miller, Florida, serves on Gov. Charlie Crist's African American Council, major Florida Republican fund raiser.
• 2009 – Dale Swenson, Kansas State Representative from Wichita switched January 12, 2009 moments after being sworn into office as Republican for eighth term In 2010, Swenson's Democratic opponent in 2008, Leslie (Les) Osterman, switched to Republican and defeated Swenson</ref>[ Wichita Eagle, October 16, 2010; Sedgwick County Election Commissioner, November 8, 2010]
• 2009 – Arlen Specter, United States Senator from Pennsylvania, switched April 27, 2009, after five terms in the GOP.
• 2010 – Lora Rae Anderson, Former Chair of the Wisconsin Federation of College Republicans, switched May 21, 2010, two weeks after her term as Chair ended with the Republicans.
• 2011 - Alabama State Rep. Daniel Boman (Sulligent) switches to Democratic Party
• 2011 - Kentucky State Rep. Wade Hurt (Louisville) switches to Democratic Party
• 2012 - New York City Councilman Peter Koo

Republican to third party/independent or third party to Republican

• 1872 – Republicans in frustration with the Grant administration formed the Liberal Republican Party and joined the Democratic Party. Most returned to the Republican Party after the 1872 election.
• mid 1870s – James Weaver, left the Republican Party over disenchantment with Ulysses S. Grant, elected to Congress on the Greenback Party ticket and was the party's presidential nominee in 1880. Later switched to the Populist Party and ran for President on that party's ticket in 1892.
• 1890s – Republicans who had agreed with the Free Silver movement of the 1890s formed the Silver Republican Party. After the party faded, members either switched to the Democratic Party or returned to the Republican Party.
• 1893 – William M. Stewart, While US Senator from Nevada switched to the Silver Party returned to Republican party in 1901.
• 1895 – John P. Jones, While US Senator from Nevada switched to Silver Party returned in 1901.
• 1896 – Wharton Barker switched to the Populist Party.
• 1896 – Lee Mantle, While US Senator from Montana switched to Silver Republican Party.
• 1896 – Richard F. Pettigrew, While US Senator from South Dakota switched to Silver Republican Party.
• 1896 – Frank J. Cannon, While US Senator from Utah switched to Silver Republican Party.
• 1897 – Henry M. Teller, While US Senator from Colorado switched to Silver Republican Party later switched to Democrat (1901).
• 1897 – Fred T. Dubois, While US Senator from Idaho switched to Silver Republican Party.
• 1912 – Theodore Roosevelt, former President of the United States, left the Republican Party after a failed attempt to be nominated for President again. He ran as the candidate of the newly formed Progressive Party, better known as the Bull Moose Party, and received second place, doing better than the Republican candidate but being defeated by the Democratic candidate.
• 1913 – Miles Poindexter, While US Senator from Washington switched to the Progressive Party returned to in 1915.
• 1924 – Robert M. La Follette, Sr., While US Senator from Wisconsin ran as Progressive Party presidential candidate in 1924, After the election, in November 1924, the Senate Republican Conference demoted La Follette from the chairmanship of the Committee on Manufactures to the next to last place on that committee.
• 1926 – Herman Roethel, former Socialist member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, was nominated and elected as a Republican from the same district.
• 1934 – Robert M. La Follette, Jr., while U.S. Senator from Wisconsin, switched from the Republican Party to the Progressive Party.
• 1936 – George William Norris, U.S. senator from Nebraska became an independent and was reelected to the Senate once more, but was defeated in 1942 by a Republican in a race which also involved a Democrat.
• 1937 or 1938 – Vito Marcantonio, a liberal Republican congressman from New York left the party after being defeated for reelection, and joined the American Labor Party. He was then reelected to Congress.
• 1946 – U.S. Senator Robert M. La Follette, Jr. and his fellow members of the Wisconsin Progressive Party dissolved the party; La Follette and many others became Republicans once more, while a few joined the Democrats.
• 1952 – Wayne Morse, while U.S. senator from Oregon. He then switched from independent to Democrat in 1955.
• 1972 – Roger MacBride, went from Republican to Libertarian and back to Republican
• 1980 – John Anderson, Republican congressman from Illinois, left the Republican presidential primary race for an independent centrist campaign in the 1980 presidential election.
• 1988 – Ron Paul, a former Republican congressman, ran for President as a Libertarian. He later returned to Congress as a Republican.
• 1990s? – Arianna Huffington, wife of one-term U.S. Rep. Michael Huffington (R-California). She is now a frequent commentator with a large base of progressive and liberal fans. She even mounted an Independent bid for Governor of California in the 2003 recall election.
• 1990 – Walter Hickel, former Nixon Interior Secretary left Republican Party before his successful bid for Governor of Alaska, as nominee of the Alaskan Independence Party. He rejoined the Republican party in 1994.
• 1990 – Lowell P. Weicker, Jr., before founding and running as the first candidate of A Connecticut Party with successful campaign for governor of Connecticut [50]
• 1990 – Eunice Groark, switched to A Connecticut Party to run for Connecticut Lieutenant Governor on successful Weicker for governor ticket.
• 1991 – Calvin "Cal" Warburton, (July 16) sitting state representative in New Hampshire (7th term) to Libertarian Party was elected in 1992 as a Libertarian.
• 1999 – Pat Buchanan, a conservative commentator who attempted to secure the 1996 Republican presidential nomination, left the Republican Party and gathered his supporters to take over the Reform Party, which made him their 2000 presidential nominee.
• 1999 – Donald Trump, real-estate billionaire left Republican Party and registered as a member of the Independence Party of New York the Reform Party's New York affiliate, in exploratory bid for the parties presidential nomination.
• 1999 – Robert C. Smith US Senator from New Hampshire, left the Republican Party on July 13, 1999 while running for the parties Presidential nomination, becoming an independent and declared himself a candidate for the U.S. Taxpayer's Party presidential nomination and an independent candidate. on November 1, 1999, He returned when a Senate committee chairmanship became open.
• 2000 – Rick Jore, three terms Republican Montana State Representative, to U.S. Constitution Party, became party's highest elected official when elected to the Montana House in 2006 and appointed chairman of the House Education Committee
• 2001 – James M. Jeffords, while U.S. senator from Vermont. This move changed the balance of power in the Senate from 50-50, with Republican Vice President Richard B. Cheney casting the tie-breaking vote and thus providing a "51" majority, to 50-49-1, giving the Democrats majority control of the Senate until the GOP regained control in 2003, following the 2002 midterm elections. Jeffords was given the nickname "Jumpin' Jim Jeffords". He was given a committee chairmanship by the Democratic leadership, and caucused with the Democrats until he chose not to run for re-election and left the Senate.
• 2002 – Former Minnesota Governor Arne Carlson announces he no longer considers himself a Republican due to the Republican Party of Minnesota's shift to the right on social issues. Carlson has not held elected office since 1999.
• 2006 – Carole Keeton Strayhorn, while Comptroller of Texas. Disenchanted with Gov. Rick Perry's leadership of the state. Strayhorn decided to run against him in the 2006 state elections as an independent.
• 2006 – Ben Westlund, before his aborted candidacy for Governor of Oregon. In December 2006, Westlund took the switch a step further by becoming a Democrat.
• 2006 – Bob Barr, former congressman from Georgia, joined the Libertarian Party.
• 2007 – Micheal R. Williams, while a Tennessee State Senator, became an independent.
• 2007 – Michael Bloomberg, While Mayor of New York City, became an independent.
• 2007 – Lincoln Chafee, former U.S. Senator from Rhode Island, switched to unaffiliated.
• 2007 – Rick Singleton, Member of Rhode Island House of Representatives upset with “the President of the United States and the Republicans in Washington” switched to Independent
• 2008 – Jeff Wood, Wisconsin State Assemblyman
• 2008 – Ron Erhardt, nine term Minnesota State Rep., running for 10th term as independent.
• 2008 – Alan Keyes, switched to the Constitution Party after losing the Republican Nomination for President.Then lost the Constitution Party's nomination for president and switched to the newly found America's Independent Party.
• 2008 – Richard Weldon, two term delegate in the Maryland House of Delegates switched to independent In September
• 2009 – Ed Coleman, Indianapolis City-County Councilman, switched to the Libertarian Party by becoming a dues-paying member (No registration by party in Indiana)
• 2009 – Jim Campbell, Member of Maine House of Representatives switched to Independent
• 2009 – Ed Thompson, Libertarian Mayor of Tomah, Wisconsin switched to Republican to run for the 31st State Senate district
• 2010 – Charlie Crist, Governor of Florida, switched to independent in order to stay in that state's 2010 U.S. Senate race after polls showed him unlikely to win the Republican nomination
• 2010 – Tom Tancredo, former Congressman from Colorado, switched to the Constitution Party in his run for Governor

Democratic to Republican to Democratic

• 2010 – Arlen Specter.
• 2010 – Jim Bradford, South Dakota State Representative switched to Republican after losing the Democratic Nomination for State Senate, he then ran on the Republican Line for the State Senate, won in 2009 in what was a Heavily Democratic District, then switched back to the Democratic Party in 2010

Other

• 1891 – James Weaver, Republican turned Greenbacker, later was a founder of the Populist Party and ran for President on that party's ticket in 1892.
• 1941 – Henrik Shipstead, while U.S. Senator from Minnesota, switched from the Farmer-Labor Party to the Republican Party.
• 1980 – Thomas M. Foglietta, while running for U.S. representative from Pennsylvania as an independent, having previously been a Republican councilman and mayoral candidate, switched to the Democratic party.
• 2000 – Jesse Ventura, while governor of Minnesota, left the Reform Party, along with most of his supporters, to refound the Independence Party of Minnesota.
• 2007 – Elaine Brown, left Green Party became independent after withdrawing from Green Party presidential race.
• 2008 – Bill Scheurer, Two time candidate for the U.S. House, and Chair of the Illinois Moderate Party, switched to the Green Party.
• 2008 – Iain Abernathy, Illinois Moderate Party 2008 Candidate for U.S. House, Switched to Green Party.

There have been several instances of politicians continuing to be a member of a political party while running other campaigns as an independent. The most prominent examples include southern Democratic segregationists Strom Thurmond in 1948 and George Wallace in 1968, who remained in the Democratic Party for statewide campaigns but mounted national presidential campaigns as independents. Wallace later ran in the 1972 Democratic primaries. Earlier, liberal Republican Robert La Follette, Sr. ran for President as the candidate of the Progressive Party in 1924, while still remaining a Republican in the Senate.

Former U.S. Representative Jim Leach, a Republican, speaks during the first night of the 2008 Democratic National Convention.

Other political figures, such as Ed Koch, Jim Leach, Zell Miller, Colin Powell, did not formally leave their parties, but supported a candidate from another party. Miller and Koch, though Democrats, supported Republican George W. Bush's 2004 reelection campaign, while Powell and Leach supported Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign. This received much media attention in 2004, when Democrats for Bush and Republicans for Kerry groups were formed. In New Hampshire, former Republican Governor Walter Peterson has expressly supported Democrat John Lynch in his bids for governor. Similarly, in 1860, former Democratic President Martin Van Buren ended up supporting Abraham Lincoln due to his disagreements with Democratic policies on secession. Other examples include former Republican Senator from Minnesota David Durenberger supporting John Kerry in 2004 and former Democratic Attorney General Griffin Bell supporting George W. Bush in 2004.

See also

• Crossover voting
• List of United States Senators who changed parties
• List of United States Congressmen who switch parties
• Republican In Name Only, Democrat In Name Only
• Red state-blue state divide
• U.S. states, with map
• Crossing the floor for the same concept in the Westminster system
• Reagan Democrat
• McCain Democrat
• Obama Republican
• People United Means Action

External links

• Senators Who Changed Parties During Senate Service (Since 1890)
• A list of party switchers (compiled in 2001)
• An overview of party switching in recent years.
• "Party switching comes with political risks"
• Oklahoma State Senator Nancy Riley switches from Republican to Democrat
• Montana State Senator switches from Republican to Democrat to break a 25 to 25 tie
• Mayor Michael Bloomberg's official homepage
• Speaker confirms Rep. Dedman's party switch
• Wave of Party Switchers Hits Republicans
• Specter Among Few Party Switchers to Lose Seat