Paul Kagame

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Paul Kagame
President of Rwanda
Incumbent
Assumed office  24 March 2000
Prime Minister	Bernard Makuza
Preceded by	Pasteur Bizimungu
Born	23 October 1957 (1957-10-23) (age 51) Ruhango, South Province, Rwanda
Political party	Rwandan Patriotic Front
Spouse	Jeannette Mootingwe
Religion	Roman Catholic[1]

Paul Kagame (born October 23, 1957) is the current President of the Republic of Rwanda. He rose to prominence as the leader of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), whose victory over the incumbent government in July 1994 effectively ended the Rwandan genocide. In recent years, he has come under increasing criticism for his role in various civilian massacres in Rwanda prior to, during, and after the 1994 genocide, as well as large-scale plundering and killing in the resource-rich eastern portion of the Democratic Republic of Congo during the Second Congo War.

Contents 1 Early life 2 Military service 3 Rwandan invasions and genocide 4 The Second Congo War 5 President Kagame 5.1 Human rights 6 Quotes 7 Honors and accolades 8 References 9 See also 10 External links 11 See also

[edit] Early life

Kagame was born to a Tutsi family in Ruhango, Rwanda in October 1957 to Deogratius and Asteria Rutagambwa.^[2] In November 1959, an increasingly restive Hutu population, encouraged by the Belgian Military, sparked a revolt, eventually resulting in the overthrow of Mwami Kigeri V Ndahindurwa in 1961.^[3] During the 1959 revolt and its aftermath, more than 150,000 people were killed in the fighting, with the Tutsis suffering the greatest losses. Several thousand moved to neighbouring countries including Burundi and Uganda.^[3] In all, some 20,000 Tutsis were killed. In 1960 Kagame left with his family at the age of two^[4] and moved to Uganda with many other Tutsis. In 1962 they settled in the Gahunge refugee camp, Toro, where Kagame spent the rest of his childhood years.^[5] He attended Ntare Secondary School in Uganda.^[6] During this time Kagame was an "angry student" and bore an early fascination with revolutionaries like Che Guevara.^[7]

[edit] Military service

His military career started in 1979, when he joined Yoweri Museveni's National Resistance Army (NRA) and spent years fighting as a guerrilla against the government of Milton Obote in what is commonly known in Uganda as the bush war.^[2]

On July 27, 1985, Milton Obote was ousted in a military coup led by Tito Okello. In 1986 the NRA succeeded in overthrowing Okello and the NRA leader Yoweri Museveni became President of Uganda.

This same year, Kagame was instrumental in forming, along with his close friend Fred Rwigema, the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF), which was composed mainly of expatriate Rwandan Tutsi soldiers that had also fought with the NRA; the RPF was also based in Uganda.^[8]

In 1986, Kagame became the head of military intelligence in the NRA, and was regarded as one of Museveni's closest allies.^[8] He also joined the official Ugandan military.^[8]

During 1990, Kagame went to Fort Leavenworth where the U.S. Army gave him military training. Broadening this connection, the U.S. and U.K. military provided further training and active logistical support to the RPF, which it used to take over power in Rwanda after 1994. After coming to power, Kagame arranged for the RPF to receive further counterinsurgency and combat training from U.S. Special Forces, which was put to use in the 1996-1997 Rwandan-backed military campaign to overthrow the government of neighboring Zaire.^[9]

[edit] Rwandan invasions and genocide

In October 1990, while Kagame was undergoing military training in the U.S., the RPF invaded Rwanda in the struggle for the liberation of Rwanda's Tutsi minority ethnic group . Only two days into the invasion, Rwigema was killed, making Kagame the military commander of the RPF.^[8] Despite initial successes, a force of French, Belgian, Rwandan, and Zairean soldiers forced the RPF to retreat. A renewed invasion was attempted in late 1991, but also had limited success.^{[citation needed]}

The invasion increased ethnic tension throughout the region, including in neighbouring Burundi where similar tensions existed. Peace talks between the RPF and the Rwandese government resulted in the Arusha accords, including political participation of the RPF in Rwanda. Despite the agreement, ethnic tensions still flared dangerously.^{[citation needed]}

On 6 April 1994, a plane carrying both the Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana and Burundian President Cyprien Ntaryamira was shot down by a surface-to-air missile as it approached Kigali airport. All on board were killed. The deaths immediately sparked the Rwandan Genocide and an estimated 800,000 to 1,000,000 Rwandans were killed. Under the Arusha accords, the RPF had a small contingent of troops present in Kigali at the time. The outbreak of genocide ended what vestiges remained of the cease fire. The RPF, under the leadership of Kagame, proceeded to take control of the whole country. Kigali was captured July 4, 1994, bringing the downfall of the government of Jean Kambanda.^[10]

Because three French citizens, crew members of the aircraft, died during the crash, an investigation was carried out by French judge Jean-Louis Bruguière, who controversially concluded that the shooting of the plane was ordered by Kagame. In November 2006 Judge Bruguière signed international indictments against nine of President Kagame's senior aides, and accused Kagame of ordering the assassination of the two African presidents. Kagame could not be indicted under French law, since as a head-of-state he had immunity from prosecution. The indictments have failed to produce any arrests, due to non-cooperation from the Rwandan government, which accused the judge of partiality. The Kagame government countered that the indictment was based upon declarations by fugitives and disgruntled former lower rank RPF members who testified that the RPF was the only organization with the type of missiles that were used in the assassination. It also pointed out that at the time of the shooting of the plane, the French military was in control of Kigali Airport;^[11] although that point, and the possible attempt to imply that the French shot down the plane, is irrelevant as the plane was shot down on approach to the airport and not from the zone controlled by French forces. The former chief prosecutor for Yugoslavia and Rwanda, Judge Richard Goldstone, argued in the interview that political motivations were at play in the indictment, though this did not negate the potential veracity of the accusations leveled by Judge Bruguière. Judge Goldstone stated that: "Well I don't think that case has been made at all. It's a very political judgement and I don't believe that it's borne out by the evidence. Certainly the witnesses who spoke to Bruguiere allege that those were statements made by President Kagame himself. Whether he did or not obviously is a matter in dispute, in hot dispute, but the political judgement it seems to me is another matter."^[12]

The accusations against Kagame were corroborated by several witnesses including former intelligence RPF members, the most publicly known being Commando Lieutenant Abdul Ruzibiza.^[13] Ruzibiza published a book (Rwanda: L'histoire secrete) and released testimony pertaining to Kagame and the RPF's involvement in the plane downing and massacres;^{[14] [15]} however, Ruzibiza subsequently retracted part of his testimony, especially as pertains to Kagame senior aide Rose Kabuye after she was arrested in Germany and extradited to France.^[16] The Association des Avocats de la Defence released a statement backing Judge Bruguière's allegations.^[17][18] Paul Rusesabagina, a Rwandan of mixed Hutu and Tutsi origin whose feat saving 1,268 civilians has been the basis of the Academy Award nominated film Hotel Rwanda (2004), has supported the allegation that Kagame and the RPF were behind the plane downing, and stated that:^[19]

It defies logic why the UN Security Council has never mandated an investigation of this airplane missile attack to establish who was responsible, especially since everyone agrees it was the one incident that touched off the mass killings commonly referred to as the “Rwandan genocide of 1994”.

Furthermore, the French accusations were not the only ones, and parties not involved in the 1994 events have supported the French accusations. In summer 2003, Carla del Ponte, then the Chief Prosecutor for the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), publicly announced that she would soon begin prosecuting members of Kagame’s Government for the same kinds of crimes charged by Judge Bruguière. However, under U.S. and U.K. pressure, she was replaced soon thereafter as ICTR prosecutor by Abubacar Jallow who pledged not to prosecute Kagame or anyone on his side, no matter what the processes initiated by del Ponte and Bruguière yielded.^[20] In February 2008, a Spanish judge issued 40 international warrants for current and former members of Kagame’s government, including senior staff at Rwanda ’s Washington Embassy, in connection with war crimes and crimes against humanity.^[20]

In a 2007 interview with the BBC, Mr Kagame said he would co-operate with an impartial inquiry. The BBC concluded that "Whether any judge would want to take on such a task is quite another matter."^[12]

In a political countereffort, Kagame broke diplomatic relations with France in November 2006 and ordered the formation of a commission of loyal Rwandans that was officially "charged with assembling proof of the involvement of France in the genocide".^[21] The political character of that investigation was further averred when the commission issued its report solely to Kagame in November 2007 and its head, Jean de Dieu Mucyo, stated that the commission would now "wait for President Kagame to declare whether the inquiry was valid."^[21]

[edit] The Second Congo War

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Kagame was part of the cabinet of President Pasteur Bizimungu, who came to power in the aftermath of the genocide. Kagame was made Vice President of Rwanda and Defense Minister. Bizimungu was also a member of the RPF, and as its military leader, Kagame was viewed as the power behind the throne, and eventually became President when Bizimungu was deposed in March 2000.^{[citation needed]}

In 1998, Rwanda got heavily involved in the Second Congo War, supporting a well-armed rebel group in Congo, the Congolese Rally for Democracy. Together with Uganda, Rwandan forces invaded the mineral-rich north and east of Democratic Republic of Congo, citing Congolese anti-Tutsi policies and historical Rwandan heritage in the area. The government of Congo soon found itself supported by several other African nations, and mounted a counter attack, with limited success.

An April 2001 United Nations report alleged "mass scale looting" of Congolese mineral resources. The report claimed that senior members of the Rwandan government had made hundreds of millions of dollars from illegal mineral trading, and that:

“

Presidents Kagame and [Uganda's President] Museveni are on the verge of becoming the godfathers of the illegal exploitation of natural resources and the continuation of the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

”

A June 2001 Amnesty International report implicated Rwandan and Rwandan-backed forces (amongst others) in the deliberate killing of thousands of Congolese civilians.

Although the Rwandan and Ugandan governments claim to have withdrawn their forces from Congo, there are consistent reports of ongoing Rwandan involvement in support of rebel fighters trying to protect local Tutsi minorities against remnants of the Interahamwe, the militia involved in the 1994 Rwanda Genocide. However, in September 2007, the Rwanda government has strongly denied any involvement in the current Congo fighting.

Critics allege that the Rwandan occupation of the Eastern Congo has been motivated chiefly by a desire to exploit Congolese mineral resources. Paul Kagame has, in turn, claimed that these criticisms are based on Hutu-extremist propaganda, and that Rwanda's sole reason for occupying the Congo has been to defeat the remnants of the Hutu-extremist militia who fled there from Rwanda after the 1994 genocide.

A 2002 United Nations report elaborated on the allegations of illegal profiteering by Rwandan and Ugandan forces in Congo:^[22]

“

The claims of Rwanda concerning its security have justified the continuing presence of its armed forces, whose real long-term purpose is, to use the term employed by the Congo Desk of the Rwandan Patriotic Army, to "secure property". Rwanda's leaders have succeeded in persuading the international community that their military presence in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo protects the country against hostile groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, who, they claim, are actively mounting an invasion against them. The Panel has extensive evidence to the contrary. For example, the Panel is in possession of a letter, dated 26 May 2000, from Jean-Pierre Ondekane, First Vice-President and Chief of the Military High Command for [the Rwandan-backed rebel group] RCD-Goma, urging all army units to maintain good relations "with our Interahamwe and Mayi-Mayi brothers", and further, "if necessary to let them exploit the sub-soil for their survival"... A 30-year-old Interahamwe combatant living in the area of Bukavu described the situation in a taped interview with a United Nations officer in early 2002: We haven't fought much with the RPA in the last two years. We think they are tired of this war, like we are. In any case, they aren't here in the Congo to chase us, like they pretend. I have seen the gold and coltan mining they do here, we see how they rob the population. These are the reasons for their being here. The RPA come and shoot in the air and raid the villagers' houses but they don't attack us any more.

”

[edit] President Kagame

Paul Kagame became President of Rwanda in March 2000,^[23] after Bizimungu was deposed. Three and a half years later, on August 25, 2003, he won a landslide victory in the first national elections since his government took power in 1994 winning 95.5% of the votes.^[23]

Kagame is highly critical of the United Nations and its role in the 1994 genocide. In March 2004, his public criticism of France for its role in the genocide and its lack of preventative actions caused a diplomatic row.^[24] In November 2006, Rwanda severed all diplomatic ties with France and ordered all its diplomatic staff out of Rwanda within 24 hours following Judge Bruguiere issuing warrants accusing nine high ranking Rwandans of plotting the downing of President Juvenal Habyarimana's airplane in 1994 and also accusing Kagame of ordering the plane shot down.^[24]

The Spanish judge has passed a resolution on 06/02/2008 which issues international arrest warrants against 40 people who belonged or continue to belong to the highest ranking political-military helm of the Rwandan Patriotic Army/Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPA/RPF) which has held power in Rwanda since 1994. The arrest warrants charge them with the crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and terrorism, among others. Paul Kagame Charged as the alleged main responsible for following crimes: A) Genocide; B) Crimes against humanity; C) War crimes: against protected people and property in the event of armed conflict (abuses, prohibited combat weapons, indiscriminate attacks, violation of health centers/sanitary units, attacks to property; acts against statutes of international Treaties; E) Membership in terrorist organization; F) Terrorist acts.

The Spanish Judge has obtained numerous pieces of testimonial and documentary evidence, as well as evidence from expert witnesses, regarding the afore-mentioned crimes allegedly perpetrated by the RPA/RPF in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo in the period 1990-2000, primarily. This investigation has allowed to reveal that the RPA/RPF’s rigid, hierarchical chain of command, headed by President Paul Kagame, is responsible for three major and closely interrelated blocks of crime: a) crimes perpetrated against 9 Spanish victims - missionaries and aid workers- whose first priority was helping the local population and by so doing, were all inconvenient observers of the killings of Hutu inhabitants in both countries; b) crimes against Rwandans and Congolese, either perpetrated pointedly against various specific leaders, or systematically carried out as mass murders of hundreds of thousands of civilians; and c) crimes of war pillage- the systematic, large-scale plundering of natural resources, especially strategically valuable minerals. The investigation has shown that large-scale crimes took place in Central Africa at all different stages: prior to, during and after the mass killings of the Tutsi population that took place in the period April-June 1994 –all of them classified as genocide by the UN Security Council in its ad hoc resolution. The official version that has managed to prevail in international public opinion, however, only points to the killings occurred in the above-mentioned period. The judicial decision brings to light an array of facts: first, that six RPA/RPF army units and 2,400 military men – backed by military, logistical and political support from Uganda – had already, as early as October 1, 1990, invaded northern Rwanda, causing the death of countless Hutu civilians. Secondly, that from 1991 to 1993, the RPA/RPF had carried out a great number of open and carefully targeted military operations against civilians through its two executor agents - the RPA’s regular army and the Directorate Military Intelligence or DMI’s secret services- , creating likewise special death squads such as the “Network Commando”. Thirdly, that in 1994 the RPA buried and hid in Uganda large amounts of weapons (to be smuggled later into Rwanda) before planning the attack against J. Habyarimana, Rwandan president at the time, which was the event that triggered the entire chaos. Further to that action in 1994, as well as in 1995, the RPA and DMI perpetrated mass and targeted crimes against civilians, mostly Hutu, following Paul Kagame’s explicit instructions to eliminate the population indiscriminately (albeit using the term “screening”). The RPA and DMI also organized collective burials in mass graves and mass incinerations of corpses in Akagera or Nyungwe Parks. The investigation has also revealed that in 1996 and 1997, the RPA/RPF set out to systematically attack Hutu refugee camps in former Zaire, killing hundreds of thousands of Rwandans and Congolese. It also organized the plundering of mineral resources such as diamonds, coltan and gold, thereby creating the intricate web of corruption led by the “Congo Desk”, the DMI and Rwandan companies –among them, Tristar Investment- all of whom were backed by multinational corporations and Western powers. During its second military invasion which started in 1998, it continued to engage in these activities setting forth its trail of killing and plundering which continues to date in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

The Spanish Court’s decision marks a key turning point in the efforts to stop the scenario of impunity which continues to date. Based on evidence brought forth which complies with all legal requirements, the decision spells out some of the fundamental truths that had been concealed about this conflict.This important ruling is expected to contribute to peacemaking among the people and ethnic groups in this greatly battered Central African region^{[citation needed]}.

The most flagrant criminal acts which are object of this judicial ruling dated 06/02/2008:

• October 1, 1990-1991-1992: Massacres of civilians in the municipalities of northern Rwanda; targeted attacks, among others.

• 1993: Massacres of civilians in northern Rwanda, especially in Byumba and Ruhengeri (February); attack against Emmanuel Gapyisi (May 8).

• 1994: Attack against Felicien Gatabazi (February 21); massacres of civilians in Rwanda, especially in Byumba (April) and in its soccer stadium (April 23), as well as violent death of Spanish priest Joaquín Vallmajó and other Rwandan clergy in Byumba (April 26);^[25] massacre of civilians in Muhura led by Paul Kagame himself (12 mayo); violent death of Rwandan bishops, priests and nuns in Gakurazo (June 5), among others.

• 1995: Massacres of civilians in Rwanda; massacres in Centers of Internally Displaced People (IDP) as well as massacres and incineration of corpses in Nyungwe Forest and in Akagera National Park.

• 1996: Massacres of civilians in northwestern Rwanda (December); attacks on Rwandan refugee camps in Zaire, systematic killings of Rwandan and Zairean civilian population (October-December), as well as violent deaths of Spanish clergymen Servando Mayor García, Julio Rodríguez Jorge, Miguel Ángel Isla Lucio;^[26] and Fernando de la Fuente in yamirangwe/Bukavu, Zaire (October 31); pillage of natural resources – especially minerals such as diamonds, coltan and gold – and plunder of money of banks in eastern Zaire.

• 1997: Massacres of civilians in northwestern Rwanda, especially in Ruhengeri, Gisenyi and Cyangugu^[27] (Jan.-March), as well as violent death of Spanish volunteers Flors Sirera, Manuel Madrazo and Luis Valtueña (Jan. 18) among other expatriates and UN personnel (Jan. and Feb.); massacres of Rwandan civilians in Kami Prison/Nyungwe Forest; massacres of clergy in Kalima, Zaire (Feb 25), systematic killings of Rwandan refugees and Zairean civilians in Zaire (Jan-May), particularly the axis Bukavu/Goma/Lubutu/Ubundu-Kisangani/Ikela/Boende/Wendji-Secli and Mbandaka (Zaire); pillage of diamonds in Lubumbashi; pillage of natural resources in eastern Zaire, especially precious minerals, timber, cattle.

• 1998-1999: Massacres of civilians in northwestern Rwanda, especially in Ruhengeri, Gisenyi and Cyangugu^[27] systematic killings of Rwandan refugees and Congolese civilians in the Democratic Republic of the Congo;

• 2000: Systematic killings of Congolese civilians in Democratic Republic of Congo; violent death of Rwandan civilians in Rwanda, and violent death of Spanish priest Isidro Uzcudún in Mugina/Gitarama, Rwanda (June 10),^[28] among others.

Main people responsible for these crimes, and members of the RPA/RPF political and military helm (not exhaustive list): PAUL KAGAME, Major General; JAMES KABAREBE, Major General; KAYUMBA NYAMWASA, Major General; KARENZI KARAKE, Brigadier General; FRED IBINGIRA, Major General; RWAHAMA JACKSON MUTABAZI, Colonel; JACK NZIZA, Brigadier General; RUGUMYA GACINYA, Lieutenant-Colonel; DAN MUNYUZA, Colonel; CHARLES KAYONGA, Lieutenant-General

In recent years, Kagame has stated that it is Rwanda's role to play a part in the prevention of Genocide in Africa and elsewhere. As such, the Rwanda Defense Forces have become one of the major contributors of African peace keeping in Darfur,^[29] as well as the newly created hybrid AU-UN force. In June 2008, Kagame criticized the authoritarian regime of President Mugabe in Zimbabwe.^[30]

[edit] Human rights

Regarding human rights under the current government of President Paul Kagame, Human Rights Watch has accused Rwandan police of several instances of extra-judicial killings and deaths in custody.^[31][32] In June 2006, the International Federation of Human Rights and Human Rights Watch described what they called "serious violations of international humanitarian law committed by the Rwanda Patriotic Army".^[33]

According to The Economist, Kagame "allows less political space and press freedom at home than Robert Mugabe does in Zimbabwe", and "[a]nyone who poses the slightest political threat to the regime is dealt with ruthlessly".^[34]

The United States' government in 2006 described the human rights record of the Kagame government as "mediocre", citing the "disappearances" of political dissidents, as well as arbitrary arrests and acts of violence, torture and murders committed by police. US authorities listed human rights problems including the existence of political prisoners and limited freedom of the press, freedom of assembly and freedom of religion.^[35]

Reporters Without Borders listed Rwanda in 147th place out of 169 for freedom of the press in 2007,^[36] and reported that "Rwandan journalists suffer permanent hostility from their government and surveillance by the security services". It cited cases of journalists being threatened, harassed and arrested for criticising the government. According to Reporters Without Borders, "President Paul Kagame and his government have never accepted that the press should be guaranteed genuine freedom."^[37]

[edit] Quotes

• We cannot turn the clock back nor can we undo the harm caused, but we have the power to determine the future and to ensure that what happened never happens again. ^[8]

• You kept quiet... When these victims wanted your help to survive, you kept quiet. ^[38]

• It is the first time in the history of Rwanda that political change in the highest leadership of the country has taken place in peace and security. ^[38]

• Such problems are not solved in one day but there is a great step toward peace and security in the region. ^[38]

• There are some who are scared by unity and by building a country on the basis of ideas.^[12]

• In Africa today, we recognise that trade and investment, and not aid, are pillars of development. ^[12]

[edit] Honors and accolades

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Kagame was in March 2003 awarded the 2003 Global Leadership Award by the Young Presidents' Organization (YPO). He received the award in recognition of his "commitment and tireless work to address crises, to foster understanding, unity, and peace to benefit all people. YPO regard his role in reconciling the Tutsi and the Hutu differences in Rwanda and in developing a peaceful solution to the conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo as a benchmark of great leadership, uncommon inspiration and remarkable achievement.

In April 2005, Kagame was awarded an Honorary Degree of Doctor Laws by the University of the Pacific in the United States.

In September 2005, Kagame was awarded the Andrew Young Medal for Capitalism and Social Progress by Georgia State University in the United States.

In September 2005, Kagame was awarded the African National Achievement Award by the Africa America Institute in the USA.

In April 2006, Kagame was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by Oklahoma Christian University in the USA.

In May 2006, Kagame was given the 2006 ICT Africa Award, an award that is designed to recognize and reward organizations and individuals that have demonstrated excellence in promoting the use of ICTs for the overall development of the African continent.

In September 2006, Rwanda was listed as a Top-10 reformer on the Ease of doing business index by the World Bank.

In August 2007, Kagame was given the Hands Off Cain Award for his role in ending the death penalty in his country.

In November 2007, Kagame was awarded an Honorary Degree of Doctor in Law by the University of Glasgow in Scotland.

In December 2007, Kagame was given the African Gender Award in Dakar, Senegal for his role in promoting gender equality in Rwanda.

In June 2009, Kagame was awarded the Children's Champion Award by the US Fund for UNICEF for Promoting Children's Rights

Political offices
Preceded by Augustin Bizimana	Minister of Defence of Rwanda 1994 – 2000	Succeeded by Emmanuel Habyarimana
Preceded by Office created	Vice President of Rwanda 1994 – 2000	Succeeded by Office abolished
Preceded by Pasteur Bizimungu	President of Rwanda 2000 – present	Incumbent

v • d • e Presidents of Rwanda Dominique Mbonyumutwa • Grégoire Kayibanda • Juvénal Habyarimana • Théodore Sindikubwabo • Pasteur Bizimungu • Paul Kagame

[edit] References

Paul Kagame holds the hopes and wishes of an entire generation in Africa. He reminds Africans of the great leaders that never were. He has lived the challenge and excelled. He will without a doubt go down in history as one of the greatest African Leaders EVER.

[edit] See also

• Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD-IV), 2008.

[edit] External links

• BBC Biography of Paul Kagame
• Paul Kagame - a Biography
• A PBS Timeline of the Genocide
• The 1994 Genocide
• BBC News, October 2003 - Rwandan ruling party wins election
• United Nations, April 2001: Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
• Amnesty International, June 2001: Democratic Republic of Congo - Rwandese-Controlled East - Devastating Human Death Toll
• BBC News, UN boosts DR Congo border force
• Gendercide Watch, Case Study: Genocide in Rwanda, 1994
• George Monbiot, The Guardian, April 2004: "The Victim's License"
• Freedom House entry on Rwanda, 2005
• Rwanda: Kagame Addresses Japanese Senate
• Official biography
• BBC News, Rwanda leader defiant on killing claim, January 30, 2007
• International Forum for Truth and Justice in Africa of the Great Lakes region, SPANISH COURTS ISSUE 40 INTERNATIONAL ARREST WARRANTS AGAINST HIGHESTRANKING OFFICIALS OF RWANDA’S POLITICAL-MILITARY HELM February 6, 2008
• The Taylor Report, Cynthia McKinney Celebrates: Kagame charged in Spain February 6, 2008
• USA TODAY, Spanish judge charges Rwanda's military with genocide February 6, 2008

[edit] See also

• Military of Rwanda
• History of Rwanda