Paul I Šubić of Bribir
| Paul I Šubić of Bribir | |
|---|---|
| Ban of Croatia Lord of all of Bosnia |
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| Paul from the 14th century Chest of Saint Simeon | |
| Reign | 1299 - 1312 |
| Coronation | ? |
| Predecessor | Stephen II |
| Successor | Mladen II. |
| House | House of Šubić |
| Father | Stephen II |
| Mother | Unnamed Arpad woman |
| Born | c. 1245 Croatia |
| Died | 1 May 1312 |
| Burial | Church of St. Mary, Bribir, Croatia |
Paul I Šubić of Bribir (Croatian: Pavao I Šubić Bribirski) (c. 1245 – 1 May 1312) was a Croatian leader and most outstanding member of the Šubić noble family from Bribir, was a Ban of Croatia and Lord of all of Bosnia. He ruled from his seat in the fortified town of Bribir, where he erected, along with his castle, the three-aisled basilica of St. Mary inside the Franciscan convent.[1]
Paul I Šubić was the most powerful Croatian noble at the end of 13th century and beginning of the 14th century. He reigned during the Arpad and Anjou struggle which secured him power over the whole central part of Croatia. He issued his own money and secured de facto independence.
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[edit] Biography
[edit] Background
The exact date of his birth is unknown, but the year is estimated around 1245. He was the oldest son of the Bribirian noble Stephen II and his wife, who was probably a descendant of the Arpad noble dynasty. Paul was also a brother of Mladen I Šubić of Bribir and Juraj.
The first mention of his name occurs in 1272, when he held the title of Count of Bribir, from which he took his name. Paul became ban of Croatia and was already Duke of Split in 1273 and ruled until his death. At the time of his death, he ruled over most of Dalmatia, Slavonia and Bosnia,[2] lands once ruled by the early Croatian kings.
The first action he undertook to establish his goals, was against the city of Trogir in 1273. He ignored the kings' warning and had his followers attack the royal residence of Klis during winter. The siege failed, as the soldiers of Trogir successfully repelled the attack. Despite these initial failures, Paul subjugated Trogir in spring the following year. These events caused the temporary deposition of Paul as a Ban of Croatia, but was re-established in summer of 1275.[3]
During a civil war between the Árpád and Anjou dynasties for the crown of Hungary and Croatia, he supported Charles I. Charles I in 1292 named him master of the lands between the Gvozd and Neretva rivers. In Dalmatia, he appointed his brothers as commissars of Dalmatian cities. He gave Split to his brother Mladen I, and Šibenik, Nin, Trogir and Omiš to his brother Juraj I. He united large parts of Dalmatia and Slavonia. The following year, king Andrew III gave him and his family jurisdiction over the whole Banovina. However, the king also asked to recognize his mother, Tomasina Morosini as the duchess of Slavonia, which Paul rejected and in 1293., proclaimed himself as "ban of the Croats" (lat. banus Croatorum).
[edit] Reign
In 1299 he conquered Bosnia, and ruled from the Adriatic sea to the Drava river on the north, and to the Drina river to the east. After conquering Bosnia, Paul I Šubić declared himself as "Dominus of Bosnia" in 1299,[4] and gave his brother Mladen I Šubić the title of Bosnian Ban. Although he did not have himself crowned, he was the de facto sovereign ruler of these territories.
The death of his brother Mladen I in June 1304, who had been reportedly murdered by the supporters of Stephen Kotroman (who Paul had expelled from his lands), compelled Paul I Šubić to lead an army in Bosnia again to crush the resistance and reaffirm his authority. After this he took the title of Lord of all of Bosnia (totius Bosniae dominus) and passed the title to his eldest son Mladen II Šubić, who ruled over Bosnia as a Ban under his father. However, after Paul I Šubić's death in 1312, Mladen II tried to maintain his hold over Bosnia and the other Croatian clans, but wasn't successful like his father, so in 1322 he lost control over Bosnia. During 1304. Paul also invaded Serbia to take advantage of the civil war, conquering the area of Hum and reaching as far as today's Montenegro. He appointed his son, Mladen as a governor of these lands as well. However during these conflicts, Mladen was captured and imprisoned by the opposing army. The Serb ruler sent envoys to Paul in Skradin in order to negotiate a meeting. The subject and the briefing of these negotiations are dubious, but it is known that they met in Vrulja[5], which resulted in concluding peace and securing Mladen's freedom. The details of the agreement between Paul and the Serb king remain unknown.[6]
Paul eventually sided with the Anjou dynasty and sends his brother George I. to Naples so he can safely transport Charles I over the Adriatic to Hungary. At the death of king Andrew III, Charles I was taken to Zagreb, and from there he went to Esztergom so he could be crowned as the new king. Despite the coronation, Charles wasn't fully recognized for another 10 years and his power in Croatia was only nominal.
[edit] Later years and death
He made several diplomatic interventions and maintained close connection with the nobility of Zadar and Venice as a preliminary move to his expansion over the city. Paul started to assemble an army in the vicinity of Zadar during 1310, and remained stationary until his followers in the city instigated a coup d'état against the Venetian Doge in March, 1311. This event triggered the army of Šubić to capture and occupy the city during which Mladen II was named governor of Zadar and whole Dalmatia. The Doge responded by sending a large fleet to recover the city. The siege lasted through two battles that ended favorably for the defender (the land armies also suffered defeat), and diplomatic actions began in March 1312. The negotiations were handled by the second son of Paul, Juraj II , and it dragged on after Paul's death.[3]
He died on 1 May 1312 and was buried in the franciscan church of St. Mary in Bribir. Ban Paul was a nearly sovereign monarch, who reigned over most of territories that were originally under former Croatian kings and also issued his own coin.[7] He was succeeded by his son Mladen II during which the power of the Šubić family starts to fade.
[edit] Marriage and children
Paul Šubić had five sons:
- Mladen II. (c. 1275 - c. 1341) - Ban of Croatia and Bosnia (1312–1322), Lord of Hum, Duke of Dalmatia and Zadar (1311–1313), Duke of Split (1294)
- Juraj II. (III.) (c. 1290 - 1328) - Duke of Split (1300), Duke of Tropolje (1301), Duke of the Dalmatian cities (1303)
- Pavao II. (c. 1295 - 1346) - Duke of Trogir (1305–1315) i Duke of Ostrovica (1333–1346)
- Grgur IV. - Duke of Šibenik (1320.) i Duke of Ostrovica (1346–1347)
- Marko IV. - Duke of Bribir (1322–1345)
[edit] Legacy
An important avenue in Zagreb, the Pavao Šubić Avenue is named after him.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ http://hakave.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2525&Itemid=151
- ^ http://www.camo.ch/grbovibhvlastele.htm
- ^ a b http://www.scribd.com/doc/32884339/%C5%A0ubi%C4%87i-Bribirski-do-gubitka-nasljedne-banske-%C4%8Dasti-1322
- ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. p. 276. ISBN 0472082604, 0472100793.
- ^ Vladimir Ćorović, „Istorija srpskog naroda“ (rukopis iz 1941) Beograd 1989. ISBN 86-13-00389-8
- ^ Željko Fajfrić, „Sveta loza Stefana Nemanje“, Šid 1998.
- ^ http://numizmatika.antikviteti.net/pojma/s1.html
[edit] External links
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Butko |
Ban of Croatia 1273–1312 |
Succeeded by Mladen II Šubić |
| Preceded by Stjepan I Kotroman |
Ban of Bosnia 1299 |
Succeeded by Mladen I Šubić |
| Preceded by Paul I Šubić of Birbir |
Lord of all of Bosnia 1305–1312 |
Succeeded by Mladen II Šubić |
