Pawnee language

Pawnee
Spoken in	United States
Region	North-central Oklahoma
Native speakers	4  (date missing)
Language family	Caddoan languages Northern Pawnee–Kitsai Pawnee languages Pawnee
Language codes
ISO 639-3	paw
Pre-contact distribution of Pawnee

The Pawnee language is a Caddoan language spoken by some Pawnee Native Americans now located in north central Oklahoma. Their traditional historic lands were along the Platte River in what is now Nebraska. Once the language of thousands of Pawnees, today Pawnee is spoken by a shrinking number of elderly speakers. As more young people learn English as their first language, the status of Pawnee declines towards extinction.

Dialects

Two important dialect divisions are evident in Pawnee: South Band and Skiri. The distinction between the two dialects rests on differences in their respective phonetic inventory and lexicon.

Sounds

The sounds described in this section belong to the South Band dialect of Pawnee.

Consonants

Pawnee has eight consonant phonemes, and according to one analysis of medial- and final-position glottal stops, one may posit a ninth consonant phoneme.

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Stop	p	t	k	(ʔ)
Affricate		ts
Rhotic		r
Fricative		s		h
Approximant			w

• /ʔ/ is predictable when it occurs in the middle of words. However, since /ʔ/ is not completely predictable at the ends of words, it may also need to be considered as a (phonemic) consonant.

Vowels

Pawnee has four short vowel phonemes and four long counterparts (also phonemic).

	Front	Back
High	i/iː	u/uː
Mid-low	e/eː	a/aː

Alphabet

The Pawnee alphabet consists of 9 consonants and 8 vowels. The letters are relatively similar in pronunciation to their English counterparts.

Consonants

Spelling	Sound (IPA)	English equivalents
p	p	poke, cup
t	t	top, cat
k	k	cool, stuck
c	ʃ ~ ts	shell, push ~ pants
s	s	silly, face
h	h	heart, ahead
r	r	car, ferry
w	w	wacky, away
′	ʔ	The "-" in uh-oh

Vowels

Spelling	Sound (IPA)	English equivalents
i	ɪ	sit
ii	i	feed
e	ɛ	red
ee	eɪ	paid
a	ʌ	nut
aa	ɑ	father
u	u	shoot
uu	u	rude

Grammar

Pawnee is a polysynthetic language and displays ergativity between nouns and verbs.

References

• American Indian Studies Research Institute. (2008). Dictionary Database: Pawnee (Skidi and Southband dialects). http://zia.aisri.indiana.edu/~dictsearch/
• American Indian Studies Research Institute. (2001). Pawnee Alphabet Book. http://www.indiana.edu/~aisri/projects/pawnee/alphabet_book.html
• Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
• Parks, Douglas R. (1976). A grammar of Pawnee. New York: Garland.
• Taylor, Allan R. (1978). [Review of A grammar of Pawnee by D. Parks]. Language, 54 (4), 969-972.

External links

• Ethnologue report for Language
• Rosetta Project Archive