Pedometer

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An old mechanical pedometer
A digital Omron HJ-112 pedometer

A pedometer (also known as a Tomish-meter, perhaps after the alleged inventor of a successful device, Thomas Jefferson ) or step counter is a device, in modern times usually portable and electronic or electromechanical, that counts each step a person takes by detecting the motion of their hips. Because the distance of each person's step varies, an informal calibration performed by the user is required if a standardized distance (such as in kilometres or miles) is desired.

Used originally by sports and physical fitness enthusiasts, pedometers are now becoming popular as an everyday exercise measurer and motivator. Often worn on the belt and kept on all day, it can record how many steps the wearer has walked that day, and thus the kilometres/miles (distance = number of steps x step length). Some pedometers will also erroneously record movements other than walking, such as bending to tie one's shoes, or road bumps incurred while riding a vehicle, though the most advanced devices record fewer of these 'false steps'. Step counters can give encouragement to compete with oneself in getting fit and losing weight. A total of 10,000 steps per day, equivalent to 5 miles (8.0 km), is recommended by some to be the benchmark for an active lifestyle, although this point is debated among experts[1][2]. Step counters are being integrated into an increasing number of portable consumer electronic devices such as music players and mobile phones.

Recently, exercise enthusiasts have observed that an advanced Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver (GPS) with an odometer mode serves as a very accurate pedometer for outdoor activities. While not truly counting steps (no pendulum is involved) an advanced GPSr odometer can reveal the accurate distance traveled to within 1/100th of a mile (depending on the model, perhaps 1/1000th of a mile). 1/1000th of a mile is approximately the distance of a single pace or 2 steps.

The modern definition of the international mile traces back to the Roman military method of keeping track of how far a soldier had traveled on foot. The Latin "mille passus" is literally "a thousand paces" where 1 pace = 2 steps. The international mile (5,280 US feet) is somewhat longer than the original Roman mile (4,854 US feet). As with the mile, the definition of "foot" has changed many times.

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[edit] Usage

Pedometers can be a motivation tool for people wanting to increase their physical activity. Various websites exist to allow people to track their progress, however, many will also find entering their daily step count and a heart comter onto a calendar to be motivational as well. Pedometers have been shown in clinical studies to increase physical activity, and reduce blood pressure levels and Body Mass Index. A study published in the Journal of The Australian Medical Association Nov. 2007[3] concluded, “The results suggest that the use of a pedometer is associated with significant increases in physical activity and significant decreases in body mass index and blood pressure.”

A daily target of 10,000 steps was first proposed.[4] The rationale behind the 10,000 figure is that this is the approximate number of steps taken by an adult human when walking briskly for 30 minutes at a pace of 4 km/h.[4] The target has been recommended by the US Surgeon General and by the UK Department of Health.[5][6] The main criticisms of setting a universal target are that it is not achievable for older persons with mobility problems or people with chronic diseases, but on the other hand, the target is too low for children.[5]

One criticism of the pedometer is that it does not record intensity, but this can be done by making step goals time limited (for example, 1000 steps in 10 minutes counts as moderate exercise).[7]

[edit] History

The Romans used an odometer calibrated to steps to measure distances for military and civil purposes, although technically this is not a step counter.[citation needed] Leonardo Da Vinci envisioned a mechanical pedometer as a device with military applications.[8][9] The modern all-mechanical pedometer was introduced later to the Americans by Thomas Jefferson.[10] Jefferson obtained a unit from France, but it is not known if he modified the design, or introduced it to the US as is. Although this pedometer is widely attributed to Mr. Jefferson,[11][12] proof is difficult to obtain as he never applied for any patents on any of his inventions.[13]

In 1965, a pedometer called a manpo-kei (meaning "10,000 steps meter" 万歩計) was marketed in Japan by Y. Hatano.[14]

[edit] Technology

The technology for a pedometer includes a mechanical sensor and software to count steps. Early forms used a mechanical switch to detect steps together with a simple counter. If one shakes these devices, one hears a lead ball sliding back and forth, or a pendulum striking stops as it swings. Today advanced step counters rely on MEMS inertial sensors and sophisticated software to detect steps. These MEMS sensors have either 1-, 2- or 3-axis detection of acceleration. The use of MEMS inertial sensors permits more accurate detection of steps and fewer false positives. The software technology used to interpret the output of the inertial sensor and "make sense of accurate steps" varies widely. The problem is compounded by the fact that in modern day-to-day life, such step-counters are expected to count accurately on locations where users frequently carry their devices (attached to the belt, shirt/pants pocket, hand bag, backpack).

[edit] Accuracy

The accuracy of step counters varies widely between devices. Typically, step counters are reasonably accurate at a walking pace on a flat surface if the device is placed in its optimal position (usually vertically on the belt clip). Although traditional step counters get affected dramatically when placed at different angles and locations, recent advances have made them more robust to those non-ideal placements. Still, most step counters falsely count steps when a user is driving a car or makes other habitual motions that the device encounters throughout the day. This error accumulates for users with moderate commutes to work.[15] Accuracy also depends on the step-length the user enters.

Best pedometers are accurate to within ± 5% error.[16][17]

[edit] Integration in Personal Electronic Devices

Nike+iPod Sports Kit

[edit] Nike&iPod

Apple and Nike, Inc. offer the Nike+iPod Sports Kit which uses a shoe sensor that communicates with a wireless MP3 Player receiver to transmit workout information such as elapsed time, distance traveled, and calories burned.

[edit] NTT DoCoMo Fujitsu Pedometer Phone

This is the first integrated phone with a pedometer that works 24 by 7 and counts step like an Omron pedometer. The sensor is made by ADI. This handset was introduced in Japan in 2004 and has sold over 3 million units.

Nokia 5500 Sports Phone

[edit] Nokia 5500 Sports Phone

The Nokia 5500 Sports Phone uses an embedded 3 axis MEMS inertial sensor to detect the steps a user takes. The pedometer application tracks steps taken, time elapsed and distance traveled. However the application cannot run continuously as it drains the phone's battery and is therefore of limited use.

[edit] Nokia Sports Tracker

Nokia Sports Tracker features pedometer for Nokia Symbian phones with a Accelerometer. Accelerometers are included in phones to save correct orientation on photos and to improve gps positioning feature.

[edit] Nokia Step Counter

Nokia Step Counter is a free application available at Nokia Beta Labs which works on a wide range of N-Series Nokia phones. The pedometer application tracks steps taken, time elapsed and distance traveled. This application can be left running all day as it is not a huge drain on the battery.

Sony Ericsson w710i walkman phone

[edit] Sony Ericsson W710 walkman phone, W580 walkman phone

The Sony Ericsson W710 and W580 walkman phones use embedded 2 axis MEMS inertial sensors to detect the steps a user takes. The W710 is a clamshell phone and displays the user's steps on the external display. The W710 must be closed in order for it to count steps. When the step counter is activated, it counts detected steps during the day, and at midnight it stores the counter in a day-by-day history and resets it to zero.

[edit] Nintendo DS & Personal Trainer: Walking

On May 26, 2009, nintendo released Personal Trainer: Walking, which included 2 pedometers. It connects via infrared connection and all you have to do is carry the pedometer instead of carrying the Nintendo DS. A day on the "game" is from 3AM to 2AM.

[edit] Future Solution

The latest podometers incorporate 3-axes accelerometers so they work in different positions (horizontally, vertically, or flat). Furthermore, these advanced pedometers work more accurately in the pocket and in a bag as compared to traditional mechanical pendulum based solutions.

[edit] References

  1. ^ 10,000 steps
  2. ^ Tudor-Locke, Catrine (June 2002). "Taking Steps toward Increased Physical Activity: Using Pedometers To Measure and Motivate". President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Research Digest, Washington, DC. http://www.fitness.gov/pcpfsdigestjune2002.pdf. 
  3. ^ Dena M. Bravata, MD, MS (Vol. 298 No. 19, November 21, 2007). "Using Pedometers to Increase Physical Activity and Improve Health". The Journal of the American Medical Association 298: 2296. doi:10.1001/jama.298.19.2296. PMID 18029834. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/298/19/2296. 
  4. ^ a b "What is 10,000 Steps?". AccuStep10000. http://www.accustep10000.org/what.htm. Retrieved on 16 March 2009. 
  5. ^ a b Tudor-Locke C, Bassett DR Jr (2004). "How many steps/day are enough? Preliminary pedometer indices for public health". Sports Med 34 (1): 1–8. PMID 14715035. 
  6. ^ "The 10,000 steps challenge". National Health Service. 11 December 2007. http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/loseweight/Pages/10000stepschallenge.aspx. Retrieved on 16 March 2009. 
  7. ^ Marshall SJ, Levy SS, Tudor-Locke CE, et al. (2009). "Translating physical activity recommendations into a pedometer-based step goal". Am J Prev Med. http://www.ajpm-online.net/webfiles/images/journals/amepre/AMEPRE2453.PDF. 
  8. ^ Leonardo Da Vinci (1938). Edward MacCurdy. ed. The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock. p. 166. 
  9. ^ Gibbs-Smith (1978). 
  10. ^ Wolf ML (1995). "Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, Louis Brandeis and the Mystery of the Universe". Boston University Journal of Science & Technology Law 1. http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/scitech/volume1/WOLF.pdf. 
  11. ^ "Pedometers: Your mileage may vary". Interesting Thing of the Day. alt concepts. 14 November 2004. http://itotd.com/articles/368/pedometers/. Retrieved on 16 March 2009. 
  12. ^ Wilson DL, Stanton LCJ (1996). Thomas Jefferson Abroad. New York: Modern Library. ISBN 0679601864. 
  13. ^ Diersen SE & Fransworth S. "Jefferson's Inventions". University of Virginia. http://cti.itc.virginia.edu/~meg3c/classes/tcc313/200Rprojs/jefferson_invent/invent.html. Retrieved on 16 March 2009. 
  14. ^ Catrine Tudor-Locke (2003). Manpo-Kei: The Art and Science of Step Counting. Victoria, Canada: Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-55395-481-5. 
  15. ^ M. Karabulut, S. Crouter, D. Bassett (2005). "Comparison of two waist-mounted and two ankle-mounted electronic pedometers". European Journal of Applied Physiology 95: 335. doi:10.1007/s00421-005-0018-3. 
  16. ^ Susan D. Vincent, Cara L. Sidman (2003). "Determining Measurement Error in Digital Pedometers". Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science 7 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1207/S15327841MPEE0701_2. 
  17. ^ C G Ryan, P M Grant, W W Tigbe, M H Granat (2006). "The validity and reliability of a novel activity monitor as a measure of walking". British Journal of Sports Medicine 40 (40): 779–784. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.027276. PMID 16825270. 

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