Philippine languages
| Philippine | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution: |
Philippines Northern Sulawesi, Indonesia |
| Linguistic classification: | Austronesian
|
| Subdivisions: |
—
|
| ISO 639-2 and 639-5: | phi |
The Philippine languages are a 1991 proposal by Robert Blust that all the languages of the Philippines and northern Sulawesi—except Sama–Bajaw (languages of the "Sea Gypsies") and a few languages of Palawan—form a subfamily of Austronesian languages. Although the Philippines is near the center of Austronesian expansion from Formosa, there is little linguistic diversity among the approximately 150 Philippine languages, suggesting that earlier diversity has been erased by the spread of the ancestor of the modern Philippine languages (Adelaar & Himmelmann 2005).
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[edit] Classification
[edit] Adelaar and Himmelmann (2005)
From approximately north to south, Adelaar and Himmelmann (2005) divide the Philippine languages into the following groups:
- Northern Philippine languages
- Batanic languages (4 languages between Luzon and Formosa)
- Northern Luzon languages (40 languages, including Ilocano)
- Central Luzon languages (5 languages, including Kapampangan)
- Northern Mindoro languages (or North Mangyan; 3 languages)
- Greater Central Philippine languages
- South Mangyan languages (3 languages of Mindoro)
- Central Philippine languages (40 languages, including Tagalog and Cebuano)
- Palawan languages (6 languages)
- Mindanao languages (20 languages)
- Gorontalo–Mongondow languages (9 languages of Gorontalo (province) and North Sulawesi)
- Kalamian languages (2 languages of northern Palawan)
- South Mindanao languages (5 languages)
- Sangiric languages (4 languages of Sangir and Talaud Islands)
- Minahasan languages (5 languages of North Sulawesi)
[edit] Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database (2008)
A 2008 lexicostatistical analysis of the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database, while confirming the unity of the Philippine languages (excluding the Sangiric and Minahasan languages), found substantial differences in internal structure:
- Philippine–Gorontalo
- Gorontalo–Mongondow languages
- Philippine proper
- Northern Philippine
- Central–Southern Philippine
- Central–Palawanic
- Mindanao languages (including South Mindanao)
[edit] Philippine comparison chart
| English | one | two | three | four | person | house | dog | coconut | day | new | we | what | fire |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tagalog | isa | dalawa | tatlo | apat | tao | bahay | aso | niyog | araw | bago | tayo | ano | apoy |
| Bikol | saro | duwa | tulo | apat | tawo | harong | ayam | niyog | aldaw | ba-go | kita | ano | kalayo |
| Cebuano | usa | duha | tulo | upat | tawo | balay | iro | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | unsa | kalayo |
| Waray | usa | duha | tulo | upat | tawo | balay | ayam | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo |
| Hiligaynon | isa | duha | tatlo | apat | tawo | balay | ido | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo |
| Tausug | hambuuk | duwa | tu | upat | tau | bay | iru' | niyug | adlaw | ba-gu | kitaniyu | unu | kayu |
| Kinaray-a | sara | darwa | tatlo | apat | taho | balay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita, taten | ano | kalayo |
| Akeanon | isa | daywa | tatlo | apat | tawo | baeay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kaeayo |
| Maranao | isa | dowa | t'lo | phat | taw | walay | aso | neyog | gawi'e | bago | tano | tonaa | apoy |
| Pangasinan | sakey | dua, duara | talo, talora | apat, apatira | too | abong | aso | niyog | ageo | balo | sikatayo | anto | pool |
| Ilokano | maysa | dua | tallo | uppat | tao | balay | aso | niog | aldaw | baro | sitayo | ania | apoy |
| Ivatan | asa | dadowa | tatdo | apat | tao | vahay | chito | niyoy | araw | va-yo | yaten | ango | apoy |
| Tao | ása | dóa (raroa) | tílo (tatlo) | apat (ápat) | tao | vahay | chito | niyoy | araw | vayo | yaten | ango | apoy |
| Kapampangan | métung | adwâ | atlû | ápat | táu | balé | ásu | ngúngut | aldô | báyu | íkatamu | nánu | api |
| Ibanag | tadday | dua | tallu | appa' | tolay | balay | kitu | niuk | aggaw | bagu | sittam | anni | afi |
| Gaddang | antet | addwa | tallo | appat | tolay | balay | atu | ayog | aw | bawu | ikkanetam | sanenay | afuy |
| Tboli | sotu | lewu | tlu | fat | tau | gunu | ohu | lefo | kdaw | lomi | tekuy | tedu | ofih |
| Gorontalo | tuwewu | duluwo | totolu | wopato | tawu | bele | 'apula | sekat | dulahu | bohu | 'ito | wolo | tulu |
| Bolaang Mongondow | inta' | dua | tolu | opat | intau | baloi | ungku' | cekut | singgai | mo-bagu | kita | onda | tulu' |
| Chavacano | uno | dos | tres | cuatro | gente | cassa | pero' | coco | dia | nuevo | Zamboangueñ: Nosotros (formal) kita/kame (common), Caviteñ: Nisos, Ternateño: Mijotro, Castellano Abakay: Kita/kame, Cotabateñ: Nosotros, Kita/kame | cosa | fuego |
| Malay | satu | dua | tiga | empat | orang | rumah | anjing | kelapa | hari | baru | kita | apa | api |
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Fay Wouk and Malcolm Ross (ed.), The history and typology of western Austronesian voice systems. Australian National University, 2002.
- K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus Himmelmann, The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge, 2005.
- Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database, 2008.
[edit] External links
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