Philippine languages
| Philippine | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution: |
Philippines Northern Sulawesi, Indonesia |
| Linguistic classification: | Austronesian
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| Subdivisions: |
—
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| Ethnologue code: | 17-1459 |
| ISO 639-2 / 5: | phi |
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The Philippine languages are a 1991 proposal by Robert Blust that all the languages of the Philippines and northern Sulawesi—except Sama–Bajaw (languages of the "Sea Gypsies") and a few languages of Palawan—form a subfamily of Austronesian languages. Although the Philippines is near the center of Austronesian expansion from Formosa, there is little linguistic diversity among the approximately 150 Philippine languages, suggesting that earlier diversity has been erased by the spread of the ancestor of the modern Philippine languages (Adelaar & Himmelmann 2005). Philippine languages make up the oldest non-Formosan branch of the Austronesian language family, with several languages preserving the proto-Austronesian schwa and d–r assonance lost in the Sunda-Sulawesi grouping.
Contents |
Classification [edit]
Adelaar and Himmelmann (2005) [edit]
From approximately north to south, Adelaar and Himmelmann (2005) divide the Philippine languages into the following groups:
- Northern Philippine languages
- Batanic languages (4 languages between Luzon and Formosa)
- Northern Luzon languages (40 languages, including Ilocano)
- Central Luzon languages (5 languages, including Kapampangan)
- Northern Mindoro languages (or North Mangyan; 3 languages)
- Greater Central Philippine languages
- South Mangyan languages (3 languages of Mindoro)
- Central Philippine languages (40 languages, including Tagalog and Cebuano)
- Palawan languages (6 languages)
- Mindanao languages (20 languages)
- Gorontalo–Mongondow languages (9 languages of Gorontalo and North Sulawesi)
- Kalamian languages (2 languages of northern Palawan)
- South Mindanao languages (5 languages)
- Sangiric languages (4 languages of Sangir and Talaud Islands)
- Minahasan languages (5 languages of North Sulawesi)
Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database (2008) [edit]
A 2008 lexicostatistical analysis of the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database, while supporting the unity of the Philippine languages (excluding the Sangiric and Minahasan languages), found substantial differences in internal structure:
- Philippine–Gorontalo
- Gorontalo–Mongondow languages
- Philippine proper
- Northern Philippine
- Central–Southern Philippine
- Central–Palawanic
- Mindanao languages (including South Mindanao)
Philippine Negrito languages [edit]
Philippine Negrito languages are languages that are spoken by the Negrito peoples of the Philippines.
- Lobel (2010)
- [1] lists the following Negrito languages that are spoken on the eastern coast of Luzon Island, listed from north to south.
- Dupaningan Agta (Northern Luzon branch)
- Pahanan Agta
- Casiguran Agta
- Umiray Dumaget
- Remontado Dumagat
- Inagta Alabat
- Manide (unclassified)
- Inagta Partido
- Inagta Rinconada
- Reid (1994)
- lists the following Negrito languages.[2]
- North Agta
- Arta - 12 remaining speakers in Aglipay, Quirino as of 1990
- Alta
- North Alta - spoken in Aurora Province
- South Alta (Kabuluen) - spoken in Nueva Ecija and Bulacan Provinces
- Central Agta - spoken in eastern Luzon; includes Umiray
- South Agta
- Sinauna
- Ayta - 6 different languages spoken in the Zambales Mountains according to Wimbel (1986):[3]
- Other Philippine Negrito languages
- Ata Manobo - spoken in Mansalinao, Davao
- Batak - spoken in Palawan
- Inati
- Mamanwa - spoken in Agusan
Ethnologue adds extinct and unclassified Katabaga of southern Luzon.
Vocabulary comparison [edit]
Comparison chart between several selected Philippine languages and Proto-Austronesian language.
| English | one | two | three | four | person | house | dog | coconut | day | new | we | what | fire |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proto-Austronesian | isa | duSa | telu | Sepat | Cau | ʀumaq | asu | niuR | qalejaw | baqeʀu | i-kita | n-anu | apuy |
| Tagalog | isa | dalawa | tatlo | apat | tao | bahay | aso | niyog | araw | bago | tayo | ano | apoy |
| Bikol | saro | duwa | tulo | apat | tawo | harong | ayam | niyog | aldaw | ba-go | kita | ano | kalayo |
| Cebuano | usa | duha | tulo | upat | tawo | balay | iro | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | unsa | kalayo |
| Waray | usa | duha | tulo | upat | tawo | balay | ayam | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo |
| Romblomanon | isa | duha | tuyo | upat | tawo | bayay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo |
| Bantoanon | usa | ruha | tuyo | upat | tawo | bayay | iro | nidog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ni-o | kayado |
| Onhan | isya | darwa | tatlo | ap-at | tawo | balay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo |
| Hiligaynon | isa | duha | tatlo | apat | tawo | balay | ido | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita, taton | ano | kalayo |
| Tausug | hambuuk | duwa | tu | upat | tau | bay | iru' | niyug | adlaw | ba-gu | kitaniyu | unu | kayu |
| Kinaray-a | sara | darwa | tatlo | apat | taho | balay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita, tatən | ano | kalayo |
| Akeanon | isa | daywa | tatlo | apat | tawo | baeay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kaeayo |
| Maranao | isa | dowa | t'lo | phat | taw | walay | aso | neyog | gawi'e | bago | tano | tonaa | apoy |
| Pangasinan | sakey | dua, duara | talo, talora | apat, apatira | too | abong | aso | niyog | ageo | balo | sikatayo | anto | pool |
| Ilokano | maysa | dua | tallo | uppat | tao | balay | aso | niog | aldaw | baro | sitayo | ania | apoy |
| Ivatan | asa | dadowa | tatdo | apat | tao | vahay | chito | niyoy | araw | va-yo | yaten | ango | apoy |
| Tao | ása | dóa (raroa) | tílo (tatlo) | apat (ápat) | tao | vahay | chito | niyoy | araw | vayo | yaten | ango | apoy |
| Kapampangan | métung | adwâ | atlû | ápat | táu | balé | ásu | ngúngut | aldô | báyu | íkatamu | nánu | api |
| Ibanag | tadday | dua | tallu | appa' | tolay | balay | kitu | niuk | aggaw | bagu | sittam | anni | afi |
| Gaddang | antet | addwa | tallo | appat | tolay | balay | atu | ayog | aw | bawu | ikkanetam | sanenay | afuy |
| Tboli | sotu | lewu | tlu | fat | tau | gunu | ohu | lefo | kdaw | lomi | tekuy | tedu | ofih |
| Gorontalo | tuwewu | duluwo | totolu | wopato | tawu | bele | 'apula | sekat | dulahu | bohu | 'ito | wolo | tulu |
| Bolaang Mongondow | inta' | dua | tolu | opat | intau | baloi | ungku' | cekut | singgai | mo-bagu | kita | onda | tulu' |
See also [edit]
References [edit]
- ^ Lobel, Jason William. 2010. Manide: An Undescribed Philippine Language. Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 49, no. 2.
- ^ Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. Possible Non-Austronesian Lexical Elements in Philippine Negrito Languages. Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Jun. 1994), pp. 37-72.
- ^ Wimbish, John. 1986. The languages of the Zambales mountains: a Philippine lexicostatistic study. In Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session, vol. 30:133-142.
- Fay Wouk and Malcolm Ross (ed.), The history and typology of western Austronesian voice systems. Australian National University, 2002.
- K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus Himmelmann, The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge, 2005.
- Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database, 2008.
External links [edit]
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