Phrygian mode

Modern Phrygian mode on C  Play .

Use of the Phrygian mode on A in Respighi's Trittico Botticelliano (Botticelli Triptych, 1927).(Benward & Saker 2009), p.244)  Play

The Phrygian mode (pronounced /ˈfrɪdʒiən/) can refer to three different musical modes: the ancient Greek tonos or harmonia sometimes called Phrygian, formed on a particular set octave species or scales; the Medieval Phrygian mode, and the modern conception of the Phrygian mode as a diatonic scale, based on the latter.

Ancient Greek Phrygian mode

Diatonic genus of the Phrygian tonos on D  Play .

Enharmonic genus of the Phrygian tonos on E (barlines mark the enharmonic tetrachord)

The Phrygian tonos or harmonia is named after the ancient kingdom of Phrygia in Anatolia. The octave species (scale) underlying the ancient-Greek Phrygian tonos (in its diatonic genus) corresponds to the medieval and modern Dorian mode.

In Greek music theory, the harmonia given this name was based on a tonos, in turn based on a scale or octave species built from a tetrachord which, in its diatonic genus, consisted of a series of rising intervals of a whole tone, followed by a semitone, followed by a whole tone (in the chromatic genus, this was a minor third followed by two semitones, and in the enharmonic, a major third and two quarter tones). An octave species was then built upon two of these tetrachords separated by a whole tone. This is equivalent to playing all the white notes on a piano keyboard from D to D:

D E F G | A B C D

This scale, combined with a set of characteristic melodic behaviours and associated ethoi, constituted the harmonia which was given the ethnic name "Phrygian", after the "unbounded, ecstatic peoples of the wild, mountainous regions of the Anatolian highlands" (Solomon 1984, 249). This ethnic name was also confusingly applied by theorists such as Cleonides to one of thirteen chromatic transposition levels, regardless of the intervallic makup of the scale (Solomon 1984, 244–46).

Medieval Phrygian mode

The early Catholic church developed a system of eight musical modes that medieval music scholars gave names drawn from the ones used to describe the ancient Greek harmoniai. The name "Phrygian" was applied to the third of these eight church modes, the authentic mode on E, described as the diatonic octave extending from E to the E an octave higher and divided at B, therefore beginning with a semitone-tone-tone-tone pentachord, followed by a semitone-tone-tone tetrachord (Powers 2001): E F G A B + B C D E

The ambitus of this mode extended one tone lower, to D. The sixth degree, C, which is the tenor of the corresponding third psalm tone, was regarded by most theorists as the most important note after the final, though the fifteenth-century theorist Johannes Tinctoris implied that the fourth degree, A, could be so regarded instead (Powers 2001).

Placing the two tetrachords together, and the single tone at bottom of the scale produces the Hypophrygian mode (below Phrygian):

G | A B C D | (D) E F G

Modern Phrygian mode

Modern Phrygian modal scale on E  Play .

In modern music (from the 18th century onward), the Phrygian mode is related to the modern natural minor musical mode, also known as the Aeolian mode: the Phrygian scale differs in its second scale degree, which is a semitone lower than that of the Aeolian.

The following is the Phrygian mode starting on E, or E Phrygian, with corresponding tonal scale degrees illustrating how the modern major mode and natural minor mode can be altered to produce the Phrygian mode:

E Phrygian
Mode:  E  F  G  A  B  C  D  E
Major: 1 ♭2  ♭3 4  5 ♭6  ♭7 1
Minor: 1 ♭2  3  4  5  6  7  1

Modern uses of the Phrygian mode

Phrygian dominant

A Phrygian dominant scale is produced by raising the third scale degree of the mode:

E Phrygian dominant
Mode:  E  F G♯  A  B  C  D  E
Major: 1 ♭2  3  4  5 ♭6  ♭7 1
Minor: 1 ♭2 ♯3  4  5  6  7  1

The Phrygian dominant is also known as the Spanish gypsy scale, because it resembles the scales found in flamenco music (see Flamenco mode). Flamenco music uses the Phrygian scale, together with a modified scale resembling the Arab maqām Ḥijāzī (like the Phrygian dominant but with a major sixth scale degree), and a bimodal configuration using both major and minor second and third scale degrees (Katz 2001).

The Phrygian Mode in Jazz

In contemporary jazz the Phrygian mode is used over chords and sonorities built on the mode, such as the sus4(♭9) chord (see Suspended chord), which is sometimes called a phrygian suspended chord. For example a soloist might play an E Phrygian over an Esus4(♭9) chord (E-A-B-D-F).

Examples

Medieval and Renaissance

• The Roman chant variant of the Requiem introit "Rogamus te" is in the (authentic) Phrygian mode, or 3rd tone (Karp, Fitch, and Smallman 2001, §1).
• The following compositions of Josquin are written in the Phrygian mode^{[citation needed]}:

• 4-part setting of Mille Regretz
• Missa Pange lingua
• 6-part motet Praeter Rerum Seriem

• Orlando di Lasso's motet In me transierunt (Pesic 2005, passim).
• Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina's motet Congratulamini mihi (Carver 2005, 77).
• Cipriano de Rore's 7-part Missa Praeter Rerum Seriem^{[citation needed]}

Baroque

• Johann Sebastian Bach's keeps in his cantatas the Phrygian mode of some original chorale melodies, such as Luther's Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir in Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir, BWV 38, and Es woll uns Gott genädig sein on a melody by Matthaeus Greiter (c. 1490-1552), twice in Die Himmel erzählen die Ehre Gottes, BWV 76 (Braatz 2006).
• Heinrich Schütz's St John Passion (1666) is in the Phrygian mode (Rifkin, Linfield, McCulloch, and Baron 2001, §10)
• Dieterich Buxtehude's Prelude in A minor, BuxWV 152 (Snyder 2001), (labeled Phrygisch in the BuxWV catalog) (Karstädt 1985,)

Romantic

• Anton Bruckner:
  • Ave Regina coelorum (1885–88) (Carver 2005, 76–77).
  • Pange lingua (second setting, 1868), WAB 33 (Carver 2005, 79; Partsch 2007, 227).
  • Symphony no. 3, passages in the third (scherzo) and fourth movements (Carver 2005, 89–90).
  • Symphony no. 4 (third version, 1880), Finale (Carver 2005, 90–92).
  • Symphony no. 6, first, third (scherzo), and fourth movements (Carver 2005, 91–98).
  • Symphony no. 7, first movement (Carver 2005, 96–97).
  • Symphony no. 8, first and fourth movements (Carver 2005, 98).
  • Tota pulchra es Maria (1878) (Carver 2005, 79, 81–88).
  • Vexilla regis (1892) (Carver 2005, 79–80).
• Ralph Vaughan Williams' Fantasia on a Theme of Thomas Tallis (Ottaway and Frogley 2001), based on Thomas Tallis's 1567 setting of Psalm 2, "Why fum'th in fight".

Modern

• John Coolidge Adams, Phrygian Gates (J. Adams 2010)
• Samuel Barber:
  • Adagio for Strings, op. 11 (Pollock 2000, 191)
  • "I Hear an Army", from Three Songs, op. 10 (Pollock 2000, 191)
• Philip Glass, the final aria from Satyagraha (Strickland 2001).

Popular

• Howard Shore, "Prologue" accompanying the opening sequence of LOTR: The Fellowship of the Ring film (D. Adams 2010, 54).

Jazz

• "Solea" by Gil Evans (Pelletier-Bacquaert [n.d.]).

See also

• Phrygian dominant scale

References

• Anon. n.d. Free Piano Sheets of Madonna. Sheetzboz: Free Piano Sheet Music Source (Accessed 27 January 2012).
• Adams, Doug. 2010. The Music of the Lord of the Rings Films: A Comprehensive Account of Howard Shore's Scores. Van Nuys, CA: Carpentier/Alfred Music Publishing. ISBN 0739071572.
• Adams, John. 2010. "John Adams | Phrygian Gates." John Adams: Official Web Site. Web. 8 June 2011.
• Benward & Saker (2009). Music in Theory and Practice: Volume II. Eighth Edition. ISBN 978-0-07-310188-0.
• Braatz, Thomas, and Aryeh Oron. 2006. "Chorale Melodies used in Bach's Vocal Works Es woll (or wolle/wollt) uns Gott genädig sein". (April) (accessed 24 October 2009)
• Carver, Anthony F. 2005. "Bruckner and the Phrygian Mode". Music and Letters 86, no. 1:74–99. doi:10.1093/ml/gci004

• Comp, Nate. 2009. "The Moods of the Modes". The Fretlight Guitar Blog (cached) (Accessed 27 January 2012).
• Franklin, Don O. 1996. "Vom alten zum neuen Adam: Phrygischer Kirchenton und moderne Tonalität in J.S.Bachs Kantate 38". In Von Luther zu Bach: Bericht über die Tagung 22.–25. September 1996 in Eisenach, edited by Renate Steiger, 129–44. Internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für theologische Bachforschung (1996): Eisenach. Sinzig: Studio-Verlag. ISBN 3-89564-056-5
• Gombosi, Otto. 1951. "Key, Mode, Species". Journal of the American Musicological Society 4, no. 1:20–26. http://www.jstor.org/stable/830117 (Subscription access) doi:10.1525/jams.1951.4.1.03a00020

• Karp, Theodore, Fabrice Fitch, and Basil Smallman. 2001. "Requiem Mass". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
• Karstädt, G. (ed.). 1985. Thematisch-systematisches Verzeichnis der musikalischen Werke von Dietrich Buxtehude: Buxtehude-Werke-Verzeichnis, second edition. Wiesbaden. French online adaptation, "Dietrich Buxtehude, (c1637 - 1707) Catalogue des oeuvres BuxWV: Oeuvres instrumentales: Musique pour orgue, BuxWV 136–225". Université du Québec website (Accessed 17 May 2011).
• Katz, Israel J. 2001. "Flamenco [cante flamenco]". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
• Novack, Saul. 1977. "The Significance of the Phrygian Mode in the History of Tonality". Miscellanea Musicologica 9:82–177. ISSN 0076-9355 OCLC 1758333
• Ottaway, Hugh, and Alain Frogley. 2001. "Vaughan Williams, Ralph". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
• Partsch, Erich Wolfgang. 2007. "Anton Bruckners phrygisches Pange lingua (WAB 33)". Singende Kirche 54, no. 4:227–29. ISSN 0037-5721
• Pelletier-Bacquaert, Bruno. [n.d.] "Various Thoughts: Sus Chords". http://brunojazz.com/vt-SusChords1.htm, accessed Dec. 10, 2009.
• Pesic, Peter. 2005. "Earthly Music and Cosmic Harmony: Johannes Kepler’s Interest in Practical Music, Especially Orlando di Lasso". Journal of Seventeenth-Century Music 11, no. 1 http://www.sscm-jscm.org/v11/no1/pesic.html
• Pollack, Howard. 2000. "Samuel Barber, Jean Sibelius, and the Making of an American Romantic". The Musical Quarterly 84, no. 2 (Summer) 175–205.
• Powers, Harold S. 2001. "Phrygian", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell, 19:634. 29 vols. London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5 ISBN 978-0-19517-067-2 OCLC 46516598
• Rifkin, Joshua, Eva Linfield, Derek McCulloch, and Stephen Baron. 2001. "Schütz, Heinrich [Henrich] [Sagittarius, Henricus]". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
• Serna, Desi. 2011. "Phrygian Mode Song". Guitar Music Theory.com website blog (Accessed 27 January 2012).
• Solomon, Jon. 1984. "Towards a History of Tonoi". Journal of Musicology 3, no. 3:242–51. http://www.jstor.org/stable/763814 (Subscription access) doi:10.1525/jm.1984.3.3.03a00030

• Snyder, Kerala J. 2001. "Buxtehude, Dieterich". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
• Strickland, Edward. 2001. "Glass, Philip". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.

Further reading

• Tilton, Mary C. 1989. "The Influence of Psalm Tone and Mode on the Structure of the Phrygian Toccatas of Claudio Merulo". Theoria 4:106–22. ISSN 0040-5817