Pioneer 11

Pioneer 11

Pioneer 11
Operator	ARC / NASA
Major contractors	TRW
Mission type	Flyby
Launch date	1973-04-06 02:11:00 UTC (40 years, 1 month, and 15 days ago)
Launch vehicle	Atlas/Centaur/TE364-4
Launch site	Space Launch Complex 36A Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
Mission duration	Apr 6, 1973 - Sep 30, 1995 (22 years, 5 months, 25 days) (lost communication) Jupiter flyby (completed 1975-01-01) Saturn flyby (completed 1979-10-05) Interstellar mission (completed 1995-09-30)
Flyby of	Jupiter, Saturn
COSPAR ID	1973-019A
Homepage	Pioneer Project website(archived) NASA Archive
Mass	259 kg (570 lb)
Power	165.0 W (4 SNAP-19 RTGs)

Pioneer 11 (also known as Pioneer G) is a 259-kilogram (569 lb) robotic space probe launched by NASA on April 6, 1973 to study the asteroid belt, the environment around Jupiter and Saturn, solar wind, cosmic rays, and eventually the far reaches of the solar system and heliosphere. It was the first probe to encounter Saturn and the second to fly through the asteroid belt and by Jupiter. Due to power constraints and the vast distance to the probe, communication has been lost since November 30, 1995.

Mission background

History

Approved in February 1969, Pioneer 11 and twin probe Pioneer 10 were the first to be designed for exploring the outer solar system. Yielding to multiple proposals throughout the 1960s, early mission objectives were defined as:

• Explore the interplanetary medium beyond the orbit of Mars
• Investigate the nature of the asteroid belt from the scientific standpoint and assess the belt's possible hazard to missions to the outer planets.
• Explore the environment of Jupiter.

Subsequent planning for an encounter with Saturn added many more goals:

• Map the magnetic field of Saturn and determine its intensity, direction, and structure.
• Determine how many electrons and protons of various energies are distributed along the trajectory of the spacecraft through the Saturn system.
• Map the interaction of the Saturn system with the solar wind.
• Measure the temperature of Saturn's atmosphere and that of Titan, the large satellite of Saturn.
• Determine the structure of the upper atmosphere of Saturn where molecules are expected to be electrically charged and form an ionosphere.
• Map the thermal structure of Saturn's atmosphere by infrared observations coupled with radio occultation data.
• Obtain spin-scan images of the Saturnian system in two colors during the encounter sequence and polarimetry measurements of the planet.
• Probe the ring system and the atmosphere of Saturn with S-band radio waves at occultation.
• Determine more precisely the masses of Saturn and its larger satellites by accurate observations of the effects of their gravitational fields on the motion of the spacecraft.
• As a precursor to the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn mission, verify the environment of the ring plane to find out where it may be safely crossed by the Mariner spacecraft without serious damage.

Pioneer 11 was built by TRW and managed as part of the Pioneer program by NASA Ames Research Center. A backup unit, Pioneer H, is currently on display in the "Milestones of Flight" exhibit at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.. Many elements of the mission proved to be critical in the planning of the Voyager Program.

Pioneer plaque

Main article: Pioneer plaque

Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 carry a gold-anodized aluminum plaque in the event that either spacecraft is ever found by intelligent life-forms from other planetary systems. The plaques feature the nude figures of a human male and female along with several symbols that are designed to provide information about the origin of the spacecraft.

Spacecraft design

The Pioneer 11 bus measures 36 centimeters deep and with six 76-centimeters-long panels forming the hexagonal structure. The bus houses propellant to control the orientation of the probe and eight of the eleven scientific instruments. The spacecraft had a mass of 260 kilograms.

Attitude control and propulsion

Orientation of the spacecraft was maintained with six 4.5-N, hydrazine monopropellant thrusters: pair one maintained a constant spin-rate of 4.8-rpm, pair two controlled the forward thrust, pair three controlled attitude. Information for the orientation was provided by performing conical scanning maneuvers to track Earth in its orbit, a star sensor able to reference Canopus, and two sun sensors.

Communications

The space probe included a redundant system of transceivers, one attached to the high-gain antenna, the other to an omni-antenna and medium-gain antenna. Each transceiver is 8 watts and transmits data across the S-band using 2110 MHz for the uplink from Earth and 2292 MHz for the downlink to Earth with the Deep Space Network tracking the signal. Prior to transmitting data, the probe used a convolutional encoder to allow correction of errors in the received data on Earth.

Power

Pioneer 11 used 4 SNAP-19 radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG) (see diagram). They were positioned on 2 three-rod trusses, each 3 meters (10 ft) in length and 120 degrees apart. This was expected to be a safe distance from the sensitive scientific experiments carried on board. Combined, the RTGs provided 155 watts at launch, and decayed to 140W in transit to Jupiter. The spacecraft required 100W to power all systems.

Computer

Much of the computation for the mission was performed on Earth and transmitted to the probe, where it was able to retain in memory, up to five commands of the 222 possible entries by ground controllers. The spacecraft included two command decoders and a command distribution unit, a very limited form of processor, to direct operations on the spacecraft. This system required that mission operators prepare commands long in advance of transmitting them to the probe. A data storage unit was included to record up to 6,144 bytes of information gathered by the instruments. The digital telemetry unit would then be used to prepare the collected data in one of the thirteen possible formats before transmitting it back to Earth.

Scientific instruments

Helium Vector Magnetometer (HVM)
	Measures the fine structure of the interplanetary magnetic field, maps the Jovian magnetic field, and provides magnetic field measurements to evaluate solar wind interaction with Jupiter. Principal investigator: Edward Smith / JPL Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive
Quadrispherical Plasma Analyzer
	Peers through a hole in the large dish-shaped antenna to detect particles of the solar wind originating from the Sun. Principal investigator: Aaron Barnes / NASA Ames Research Center (archived website) Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive
Charged Particle Instrument (CPI)
	Detects cosmic rays in the Solar System. Principal investigator: John Simpson / University of Chicago Data: NSSDC data archive
Cosmic Ray Telescope (CRT)
	Collects data on the composition of the cosmic ray particles and their energy ranges. Principal investigator: Frank B. McDonald / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive
Geiger Tube Telescope (GTT)
	Surveys the intensities, energy spectra, and angular distributions of electrons and protons along the spacecraft's path through the radiation belts of Jupiter. Principal investigator: James A. Van Allen / University of Iowa (website) Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive, NSSDC Jupiter data archive
Trapped Radiation Detector (TRD)
	Includes an unfocused Cerenkov counter that detects the light emitted in a particular direction as particles pass through it recording electrons of energy, 0.5 to 12 MeV, an electron scatter detector for electrons of energy, 100 to 400 keV, and a minimum ionizing detector consisting of a solid-state diode that measures minimum ionizing particles (<3 MeV) and protons in the range of 50 to 350 MeV. Principal investigator: R. Fillius / University of California San Diego Data: NSSDC hourly data archive, NSSDC Saturn data archive
Meteoroid Detectors
	Twelve panels of pressurized cell detectors mounted on the back of the main dish antenna record penetrating impacts of small meteoroids. Principal investigator: William Kinard / NASA Langley Research Center Data: NSSDC data archive list
Asteroid/Meteoroid Detector (AMD)
	Meteoroid-asteroid detector looks into space with four non-imaging telescopes to track particles ranging from close-by bits of dust to distant large asteroids. Principal investigator: Robert Soberman / General Electric Company Data: NSSDC data archive list
Ultraviolet Photometer
	Ultraviolet light is sensed to determine the quantities of hydrogen and helium in space and on Jupiter. Principal investigator: Darrell Judge / University of Southern California Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive
Imaging Photopolarimeter (IPP)
	The imaging experiment relies upon the spin of the spacecraft to sweep a small telescope across the planet in narrow strips only 0.03 degrees wide, looking at the planet in red and blue light. These strips were then processed to build up a visual image of the planet. Principal investigator: Tom Gehrels / University of Arizona Data: NSSDC data archive list
Infrared Radiometer
	Provides information on cloud temperature and the output of heat from Jupiter. Principal investigator: Andrew Ingersoll / California Institute of Technology

Mission profile

Timeline of travel

Date Event 1973-04-06 Spacecraft launched at 02:11:00. 1974-04-19 Passage through the asteroid belt. 1974-11-03 Start Jupiter observation phase. Time Event 1974-12-02 Encounter with Jovian system. 08:21:00 Callisto flyby at 786,500 km. 22:09:00 Ganymede flyby at 692,300 km. 1974-12-03 03:11:00 Io flyby at 314,000 km. 04:15:00 Europa flyby at 586,700 km. 05:00:21 Jupiter shadow entry. 05:01:01 Jupiter occultation entry. 05:21:19 Jupiter closest approach at 42,828 km. 05:33:52 Jupiter shadow exit. 05:43:03 Jupiter occultation exit. 22:29:00 Amalthea flyby at 127,500 km. 1975-01-01 Phase stop. 1979-07-31 Start Saturn observation phase. Time Event 1979-08-29 Encounter with Saturnian system. 06:06:10 Iapetus flyby at 1,032,535 km. 11:53:33 Phoebe flyby at 13,713,574 km. 1979-08-31 12:32:33 Hyperion flyby at 666,153 km. 1979-09-01 14:26:56 Descending ring plane crossing. 14:50:55 Epimetheus flyby at 6,676 km. 15:06:32 Atlas flyby at 45,960 km. 15:59:30 Dione flyby at 291,556 km. 16:26:28 Mimas flyby at 104,263 km. 16:29:34 Saturn closest approach at 20,591 km. 16:35:00 Saturn occultation entry. 16:35:57 Saturn shadow entry. 16:51:11 Janus flyby at 228,988 km. 17:53:32 Saturn occultation exit. 17:54:47 Saturn shadow exit. 18:21:59 Ascending ring plane crossing. 18:25:34 Tethys flyby at 329,197 km. 18:30:14 Enceladus flyby at 222,027 km. 20:04:13 Calypso flyby at 109,916 km. 22:15:27 Rhea flyby at 345,303 km. 1979-09-02 18:00:33 Titan flyby at 362,962 km. 1979-10-05 Phase stop. 1979-10-05 Begin Pioneer Interstellar Mission. More 1985-02- Instrument power sharing began due to declining generator power output. 1990-- Passed the orbit of Pluto. 1995-09-30 Routine daily mission operations stopped. Pioneer 11 is 6.5 billion km from Earth. 1995-11-30 Last signal received.

Launch and trajectory

The Pioneer 11 probe was launched on April 6, 1973 at 02:11:00 UTC, by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration from Space Launch Complex 36A at Cape Canaveral, Florida aboard an Atlas/Centaur launch vehicle. Twin probe, Pioneer 10, had launched a year before on March 3, 1972.

Pioneer 11 launching from Space Launch Complex 36A.

Media related to Pioneer 11 at Wikimedia Commons

Encounter with Jupiter

Main article: Exploration of Jupiter

Pioneer 11 flew past Jupiter in November and December 1974. During its closest approach, on December 2, Pioneer 11 passed 42,828 kilometers (26,612 mi) above the cloud tops. The probe obtained detailed images of the Great Red Spot, transmitted the first images of the immense polar regions, and determined the mass of Jupiter's moon Callisto. Using the gravitational pull of Jupiter, a gravity assist was used to alter the trajectory of the probe towards Saturn.

Pioneer 11 Jupiter encounter  Approach on Jupiter  The Great Red Spot imaged by Pioneer 11  The Great Red Spot prior to closest approach

Cloud bands along the edge of Jupiter  Beginning polar gravity assist  Jupiter polar region from 1,079,000 km  Io imaged from 756,000 km

Media related to Pioneer 11 Jupiter encounter at Wikimedia Commons

Saturn encounter

Pioneer 11 and Saturn rings on September 1, 1979 (artist's impression)

Pioneer 11 passed by Saturn on September 1, 1979, at a distance of 21,000 km from Saturn's cloud tops.

By this time Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 had already passed Jupiter and were also en route to Saturn, so it was decided to target Pioneer 11 to pass through the Saturn ring plane at the same position that the soon-to-come Voyager probe would use in order to test the route before Voyager arrived. If there were faint ring particles that could damage a probe in that area, mission planners felt it was better to learn about it via Pioneer. Thus, Pioneer 11 was acting as a "pioneer" in a true sense of the word; if danger was detected, then the Voyager probes could be rerouted further away from the rings, but missing the opportunity to visit Uranus and Neptune in the process.

Pioneer 11 imaged and nearly collided with one of Saturn's small moons, passing at a distance of no more than 4,000 kilometers (2,500 mi). The object was tentatively identified as Epimetheus, a moon discovered the previous day from Pioneer's imaging, and suspected from earlier observations by Earth-based telescopes. After the Voyager flybys, it became known that there are two similarly-sized moons (Epimetheus and Janus) in the same orbit, so there is some uncertainty about which one was the object of Pioneer's near-miss. Pioneer 11 encountered Janus on September 1, 1979 at 14:52 UTC at a distance of 2500 km and Mimas at 16:20 UTC the same day at 103000 km.

Besides Epimetheus, instruments located another previously undiscovered small moon and an additional ring, charted Saturn's magnetosphere and magnetic field and found its planet-size moon, Titan, to be too cold for life. Hurtling underneath the ring plane, Pioneer 11 sent back pictures of Saturn's rings. The rings, which normally seem bright when observed from Earth, appeared dark in the Pioneer pictures, and the dark gaps in the rings seen from Earth appeared as bright rings.

Pioneer 11 image of Saturn taken on 1979/08/26  Pioneer 11 image of Saturn taken on 1979/09/01  Pioneer 11 image of Saturn taken on 1979/09/01  Outgoing Pioneer 11 image of Saturn taken on 1979/09/03  Pioneer 11 image of Saturn's moon Titan

Media related to Pioneer 11 Saturn encounter at Wikimedia Commons

Interstellar mission

Pioneer anomaly

Main article: Pioneer anomaly

Analysis of the radio tracking data from the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft at distances between 20–70 AU from the Sun has consistently indicated the presence of a small but anomalous Doppler frequency drift. The drift can be interpreted as due to a constant acceleration of (8.74 ± 1.33) × 10⁻¹⁰ m/s² directed towards the Sun. Although it is suspected that there is a systematic origin to the effect, none was found. As a result, there is sustained interest in the nature of this so-called "Pioneer anomaly". Extended analysis of mission data by Slava Turyshev and colleagues has determined the source of the anomaly to be asymmetric thermal radiation and the resulting thermal recoil force acting on the face of the Pioneers away from the Sun, and in July 2012 the group of researchers published their results in a scientific journal.

NASA ends operations

On September 29, 1995, NASA's Ames Research Center, responsible for managing the project, issued a press release that began, "After nearly 22 years of exploration out to the farthest reaches of the Solar System, one of the most durable and productive space missions in history will come to a close." It indicated NASA would use its Deep Space Network antennas to listen "once or twice a month" for the spacecraft's signal, until "some time in late 1996" when "its transmitter will fall silent altogether." NASA Administrator Daniel Goldin characterized Pioneer 11 as "the little spacecraft that could, a venerable explorer that has taught us a great deal about the Solar System and, in the end, about our own innate drive to learn. Pioneer 11 is what NASA is all about -- exploration beyond the frontier." Besides announcing the end of operations, the dispatch provided a historical list of Pioneer 11 mission achievements.

Current status

Simulated view of the position of Pioneer 11 as of 8 Feb 2012 showing spacecraft trajectory since launch

On September 9, 2012, Pioneer 11 was 86.005 AU (1.28662×10¹⁰ km; 7.9947×10⁹ mi) from the Earth and 86.396 AU (1.29247×10¹⁰ km; 8.0310×10⁹ mi) from the Sun; and traveling at 11.376 km/s (25,450 mph) (relative to the Sun) and traveling outward at about 2.400 AU per year. Sunlight takes 11.92 hours to get to Pioneer 11. The brightness of the Sun from the spacecraft is magnitude -17.0. Pioneer 11 is heading in the direction of the constellation Scutum.

Pioneer 10 has now been overtaken by the two Voyager probes, launched in 1977, and Voyager 1 is now the most distant object built by humans.

See also

• Cassini–Huygens
• New Horizons
• Pioneer 10
• S band
• Unmanned space missions
• Voyager 1
• Voyager 2
• Voyager program
• List of artificial objects escaping from the Solar System

External links

• Pioneer Project Home Page
• Pioneer 11 Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
• Ted Stryk's Pioneer 11 at Saturn page
• NSSDC Pioneer 11 page
• Pioneer Odyssey, NASA SP-396, 1977 - This is an entire book about the Pioneer 10 and 11 project, with all pictures and diagrams, on-line! Scroll down to click on the "Table of Contents" link.