Piperine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Piperine | |
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| IUPAC name |
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| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | [] |
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| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C17H19NO3 |
| Molar mass | 285.338 g/mol |
| Density | 1.193 g/cm3 |
| Melting point |
130 °C, 403 K, 266 °F |
| Boiling point |
decomposes |
| Hazards | |
| MSDS | MSDS for piperine |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox references |
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Piperine is the alkaloid[1] responsible for the pungency of black pepper and long pepper, along with chavicine (an isomer of piperine). It has also been used in some forms of traditional medicine and as an insecticide.
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[edit] Preparation
Piperine is commercially available. If desired, it may be extracted from black pepper using dichloromethane.[2]
[edit] Biological activity
The pungency caused by capsaicin and piperine is caused by activation of the heat and acidity sensing TRPV ion channel TRPV1 on nociceptors (pain sensing nerve cells).
Piperine has also been found to inhibit human CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein, enzymes important for the metabolism and transport of xenobiotics and metabolites.[3] In animal studies, piperine also inhibited other enzymes important in drug metabolism.[4][5] By inhibiting drug metabolism, piperine may increase the bioavailability of various compounds. Notably, piperine may enhance bioavailability of curcumin by 2000% in humans.[6]
In February 2008, researchers discovered that piperine can stimulate pigmentation in the skin, together with the exposure to UVB light.[7][8]
Due to its effects on drug metabolism, piperine should be taken cautiously (if at all) by individuals taking some other medications.[citation needed]
Piperine was first discovered by Hans Christian Ørsted in 1819.[9]
[edit] See also
- Piperidine, a cyclic six-membered amine that results from hydrolysis of piperine
- Capsaicin, the active piquant chemical in chili peppers
- Allyl isothiocyanate, the active piquant chemical in mustard, radishes, horseradish, and wasabi
- Allicin, the active piquant flavor chemical in raw garlic and onions (see those articles for discussion of other chemicals in them relating to pungency, and eye irritation)
[edit] References
- ^ Merck Index, 11th Edition, 7442
- ^ Epstein, William W.; Netz, David F.; Seidel, Jimmy L. (1993). "Isolation of piperine from black pepper". J. Chem. Ed. 70: 598.
- ^ Bhardwaj RK, Glaeser H, Becquemont L, Klotz U, Gupta SK, Fromm MF (August 2002). "Piperine, a major constituent of black pepper, inhibits human P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 302 (2): 645–50. doi:. PMID 12130727.
- ^ Atal CK, Dubey RK, Singh J (January 1985). "Biochemical basis of enhanced drug bioavailability by piperine: evidence that piperine is a potent inhibitor of drug metabolism". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 232 (1): 258–62. PMID 3917507. http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3917507.
- ^ Reen RK, Jamwal DS, Taneja SC, et al. (July 1993). "Impairment of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase and glucuronidation activities in liver and small intestine of rat and guinea pig in vitro by piperine". Biochem. Pharmacol. 46 (2): 229–38. doi:. PMID 8347144.
- ^ Shoba G, Joy D, Joseph T, Majeed M, Rajendran R, Srinivas PS (May 1998). "Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers". Planta Med. 64 (4): 353–6. doi:. PMID 9619120.
- ^ Faas, L.; Venkatasamy, R.; Hider, R. C.; Young, A. R.; Soumyanath, A. (2008). "In vivo evaluation of piperine and synthetic analogues as potential treatments for vitiligo using a sparsely pigmented mouse model". British Journal of Dermatology 158: 941. doi:.
- ^ "Pepper 'to treat pigment disease'". BBC News. 2008-02-14. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7244474.stm.
- ^ Oersted, "Über das Piperin, ein neues Pflanzenalkaloid" [On piperine, a new plant alkaloid], (Schweigger's) Journal für Chemie und Physik, vol. 29, no. 1, pages 80-82 (1820). Available on-line (in German): http://books.google.com/books?id=k-M4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA80&lpg=PA81&ots=BOH_h5pA3s&dq=oersted+journal+fur+chemie+und+physik+1820+piperin&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html .
[edit] External links
- PDRhealth.com - Piperine
