Pirkei Avot

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Rabbinical Eras

Pirkei Avot (Hebrew: פרקי אבות‎), which translates to English as Chapters of Fundamental Principles, or more commonly, Chapters of the Fathers, is a compilation of the ethical teachings and maxims of the Rabbis of the Mishnaic period. Because of its contents, it is also called Ethics of the Fathers. The teachings of Pirkei Avot appear in the Mishnaic tractate of Avot, the second-to-last tractate in the order of Nezikin in the Talmud. Pirkei Avot is unique in that it is the only tractate of the Talmud dealing solely with ethical and moral principles; there is little or no halacha found in Pirkei Avot.

Contents

[edit] Translation of the title

In the Talmudic sense, the word avot, meaning "fathers", refers to fundamentals, or principal categories. Thus, the principal categories of creative work forbidden on the Sabbath are called avot melacha, and the principal categories of ritual impurity are referred to as avot tum'ah. Perakim, or in the conjunctive form pirkei, means "chapters". Thus Pirkei Avot means "Chapters of Fundamental Principles".[1][2]

The recognition of ethical maxims as 'Fundamental Principals' may derive from the high regard in which the Torah and Talmud hold such wisdom. "Love your neighbor as yourself," states the Bible (Leviticus 19:18), an injunction that Rabbi Akiva in Genesis Rabbah 24:7 famously calls a "great principal" of the Torah (or perhaps "the greatest principle"). In Shabbos 31a, Hillel says "That which is hateful to yourself, do not do to your friend: This is the entire Torah, the rest is commentary, go now and learn it." The attribution of Biblical Wisdom books to King Solomon (e.g., Ecclesiastes, Proverbs, Book of Wisdom) attests also to the central importance that Jews of this period placed on transmitting the ethical way of life.

Because of the more common usage of avot as meaning "fathers", Pirkei Avot is often rendered in English as "Chapters of the Fathers", or even more loosely, "Ethics of the Fathers". While this translation engenders an appealing and not entirely mistaken image of "patriarchal teachings", this is probably not the primary intention of the work's title. The term 'avot' is not usually used as an honorary designation for 'rabbis' or 'sages'; in rabbinical usage, it refers to the Patriarchs of the Bible. However, the possibility that the wording of the title was designed to support multiple renderings cannot be ruled out.

[edit] Structure of the work

The tractate consists of six chapters. It begins with an order of transmission of the Oral Tradition; Moses receives the Torah at Mount Sinai and then transmits it through various generations (including Joshua, the Elders, and the Neviim, but notably not the Kohanim), whence it finally arrives at the Great Assembly, i.e., the Rabbis (Avot 1:1). The first five chapters contain sayings attributed to sages from Simon the Just (3rd century B.C.E.) to Judah haNasi (3rd century C.E.), redactor of the Mishnah. These aphorisms concern proper ethical and social conduct, as well as the importance of Torah study.

In liturgical use, and in most printed editions of Avoth, a sixth chapter, Kinyan Torah ("Acquisition of Torah") is added; this is in fact the eighth (in the Vilna edition) chapter of tractate Kallah, one of the minor tractates. It is added because its content and style are somewhat similar to that of the original tractate Avoth.

This last chapter departs from the organization and content of the preceding five in that it consists mostly of anonymous sayings structured around numerical lists, several of which have no direct connection with ethics. The last four paragraphs return to the format of moral aphorisms attributed to specific rabbis.

[edit] Study of the Work

From at least the time of Saadia Gaon (10th century C.E.), it has been customary to study one chapter a week on each Sabbath between Passover and Shavuot; others extend this through the summer months until the Shabbat before Rosh Hashana.[3]. The tractate is therefore included in many prayer books, following the Sabbath afternoon prayers.

In the course of such study, it is common to preface each chapter with the Mishnaic saying, "All Israel has a share in the world to come" (Sanhedrin 10:1), and to conclude each chapter with the saying, "The Holy One, blessed be He, wished to bestow merit upon Israel; therefore he gave them Torah and mitzvot in abundance" (Makkoth 3:16).

[edit] Well-Known Sayings

The tractate includes several of the most frequently-quoted rabbinic sayings, such as "If I am not for myself, who will be for me? And when I am for myself, what am 'I'? And if not now, when?" (Avoth 1:14). It is written in simple and terse Hebrew — Im ein ani li, mi li? U'ch'she'ani l'atzmi mah ani? V'im lo achshav eimatai? — and is attributed to the great Sage Hillel, who was famous for succinct expression.

Another famous saying: "It is not incumbent upon you to complete the work, but neither are you at liberty to desist from it" (Avot 2:21) attributed to Rabbi Tarfon. Also attributed to Rabbi Tarfon: "The day is short, the labor vast, the toilers idle, the reward great, and the Master urgent." (Avoth ii. 17)

[edit] Commentaries

Mishnaic tractates, originally orally transmitted in Mishnaic Hebrew, are usually accompanied by commentaries in Aramaic — the Gemara (literally, "the completion"). Avot does not have a Gemara because the concepts in it can never be dealt with completely, being the "fifth part of the Shulchan Aruch" (being intrinsically "derekh eretz": wise practices).[citation needed]

Although Avot does not have an accompanying Gemara, one of the minor tractates of the Talmud, Avot deRabbi Nathan ("The Fathers according to Rabbi Nathan"), is an expansion of the Mishnaic tractate containing numerous additional ethical teachings and legends.

The number of medieval and modern commentaries on the Tractate of Avot is large, and probably not known accurately. Among the best-known commentaries are the following:

In the early 20th century, parts of it were translated into Yiddish by Yehoash.

[edit] Ethical Principles

Crystal Clear app clock-orange.svg In progress The number of commentaries written on Pirkei Avot testify that it contains far more content and structure than can be captured in a simple outline. The following list aims merely to group some of the general principles found in the work.

[edit] Show kindness to others

  • "The world stands on three things: On Torah, on prayer, and on kindness to others" (1:2)
  • "Your house should be open wide, and you should make the poor members of your household." (1:5)
  • "Meet every person with graciousness." (1:15)
  • "He [Yohanan ben Zakkai] said: 'Go and see what is the right way that a man should seek for himself.' Rabbi Eliezer said 'A good eye'. Rabbi Yehoshua said 'A good freind'. Rabbi Yose said 'A good neighbor'. Rabbi Shimon said 'One who sees consequences.' Rabbi Elazar said 'A good heart'. He [Yohanan] said to them, 'I prefer the words of Rabbi Elazar ben Arach to yours, because his words include yours as well.'" (2:13)

[edit] Respect the other person

  • "What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow" (Shab. 31a)
  • "What is the right path a man should choose? Whatever is honorable to himself, and honorable in the eyes of others." (2:1)
  • "Let your friend's honor be more dear to you than your own." (2:15)
  • "The evil eye, the evil inclination, and hatred of men, drive a person out of the world." (2:16)
  • "Let your friend's money be more dear to you than our own." (2:17)

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[edit] Respect yourself

  • "If I am not for myself, who will be for me?" (1:14)
  • "What is the right path a man should choose? Whatever is honorable to himself, and honorable in the eyes of others." (2:1)
  • "In a place where there are no worthy men, strive to be worthy." (2:6)
  • "He who acquires a good name, has acquired himself something indeed." (2:8)
  • "Do not regard yourself as an evil person." (2:18)

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[edit] Respect God

  • "Do His will as if it were your own, so that He will do his will as it were yours. Nullify your own will before His so that he will nullify the will of others before you." (2:4)

[edit] Seek peace

  • "Be amongst the students of Aaron: Love peace and pursue peace. Love people and bring them close to Torah." (1:12)
  • "The more charity the more peace" (2:8)

[edit] Take precaution to avoid transgressions

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  • "Make a fence for the Torah" (1:1)
  • "Keep far from an evil neighbor, do not befriend a wicked person, and do not despair of divine retribution" (1:7)
  • "Evaluate the loss of not fulfilling a commandment against its reward, and the reward of commiting a transgression against its loss. Consider three things, and you will not come to sin: Know what is above you, a seeing eye, a hearing ear, and all of your deeds written down in a book." (2:1)

[edit] Be humble

  • "Love work, and despise official positions, and do not become too acquainted with the governing power." (1:10)
  • "One who makes a name great, destroys it" (1:13)
  • "Anyone who works for the community, let your work with them be for the sake of Heaven... And as for you all, I will make your reward great as though you had accomplished all the work." (2:2)
  • "Be cautious regarding the ruling power. Because they only befriend a person when it serves themselves. They appear as friends when it suits them, but they do not stand by a man in his time of need." (2:3)
  • "Do not separate yourself from the community, and do not be sure of yourself until your day of death." (2:5)
  • "The more flesh, the more worms. The more possessions, the more worry. The more wives, the more witchcraft. The more maidservants, the more uncouthness. The more servants, the more theft." (2:8)
  • "If you have leaned much Torah, do not flatter yourself about it, because it was for this purpose you were created." (2:9)
  • "Let all your deeds be for the sake of Heaven." (2:17)

[edit] Immerse yourself in learning

  • "Let your house be a meeting place for scholars, and sit at the dust by their feet, and drink up their words with thirst." (1:4)
  • "Make for yourself a teacher, and acquire for yourself a companion." (1:6)
  • "If a man does not increase his knowledge, he will lose it. If he does not study, he deserves to die." (1:13)
  • "Give your learning a fixed time." (1:15)
  • "The more Torah, the more life. The more learning, the more wisdom. The more counsel, the more understanding... He who acquires for himself words of Torah, acquires life in the World To Come." (2:8)
  • "Warm yourself by the fire of the Sages, but be careful that you not be burnt by their glowing coals, for their bite is that of the fox, their sting is that of the scorpion, their hiss is that of the serpent, and all their words are like fiery coals." (2:15)
  • "Prepare yourself to study Torah, because it does not come to you as an inheritance." (2:17)
  • "Be diligent in the study of Torah." (2:19)

[edit] Be circumspect in prayer

  • "Be careful when reciting the Shema and tefilla. Do not pray as though by rote, but plead for mercy and grace before God." (2:18)

[edit] Combine Torah learning with labor

  • "Torah learning is best combined with an occupation, because the effort of both will keep one from sin. Torah study alone without work will in the end be nullified and lead to sin." (2:2)

[edit] Do not exploit your learning

  • "One who uses the crown will pass away" (1:13)

[edit] Be careful with speech

  • "All my life I was raised amongst the Sages, and I never found anything better for a person than silence... one who talks too much causes sin." (1:17)
  • "Do not speak (excessively) much with women. This regards a man's own wife, how much more so regarding another man's wife!" (1:5)
  • "Sages, you should be careful in what you say, lest you merit exile and be sent to a place of evil waters, and your pupils who follow you will die, and the name of Heaven will be disgraced." (1:11)
  • "Say little and do much." (1:15)
  • "Do not say something that cannot be understood, thinking it will be understood later." (2:5)

[edit] Do not seek rewards

  • "Do not be like slaves who serve the master in order to obtain a reward. Rather, be like slaves who serve the master not to receive a reward. And let the fear of Heaven be upon you." (1:3)
  • Be as careful in observance of a minor commandment as in a major commandment, because you don't know the respective rewards for the commandments. (2:1)

[edit] Do not leap to judge another person

  • "Judge every person favorably" (1:6)
  • "Do not judge your fellow until you have stood in his place." (2:5)

[edit] Be fair and deliberate in legal decision

  • "When judging, do not act as an advocate. When the litigants are before you, regard them all as guilty. And when leave you, regard them all as meritorious, when they have accepted your judgment." (1:8)
  • "Be thorough in examining witnesses, and watch what you say, so they do not learn from you how to lie." (1:9)
  • "On three things does the world stand: On justice, truth, and peace." (1:18)

[edit] Be fair and deliberate in business

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[edit] The time for action is now

  • "If not now, when?" (1:14)
  • "The main thing is not study, but doing." (1:16)
  • "Do not say 'I will study when I have the time', for perhaps you will never have time." (2:5)

[edit] Seek an even temperament

  • "A boor cannot be sin-fearing, and an ignoramus cannot be pious. A shy person cannot learn, and an impatient person cannot teach." (2:6)
  • "Do not be quick to anger." (2:15)

[edit] The punishment matches the sin

  • "He saw a skull floating on the water, and said to it, 'Because you drowned others, they drowned you. And they will also eventually be drowned because they drowned you.'" (2:7)

[edit] Chinese Translation

  • A Chinese translation of Pirkei Avot, by Chinese scholars, was published in 1996. The first edition, of 1500 copies, sold out immediately. [4]

[edit] References

  1. ^ Rabbi Julian Sinclair in The Jewish Chronicle
  2. ^ Howard Witkin on Aish HaTorah's Aish.com
  3. ^ "What are Ethics of the Fathers?" chabad.org
  4. ^ World Jewish Digest, August 2008, "Meeting the Chinese Giant," by Shalom Wald.

[edit] External links

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