Pneumatology
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Pneumatology is the study of spiritual beings and phenomena, especially the interactions between humans and God. Pneuma (πνεύμα) is Greek for "breath", which metaphorically describes a non-material being or influence. World Book Dictionary defines pneumatology as
- "1. Theology the doctrine of the Holy Spirit. 2. The doctrine of spirits or spiritual beings, in the 1600s considered a branch of metaphysics. 3. pneumatics. 4. Obsolete word for psychology."
[edit] In Christian theology
In Christian theology pneumatology refers to the study of the Holy Spirit. The English word comes from two Greek words: πνευμα (pneuma, spirit) and λογος (logos, teaching about). Pneumatology would normally include study of the person of the Holy Spirit, and the works of the Holy Spirit. This latter category would normally include Christian teachings on new birth, spiritual gifts (charismata), Spirit-baptism, sanctification, the inspiration of prophets, and the indwelling of the Holy Trinity (which in itself covers many different aspects). Different Christian denominations have different theological approaches.
Church history contains four critical discussions that have served to progressively define Christian pneumatology:
1. Patristic period. The early Church engaged in a debate over the divinity of the Holy Spirit, with Arius asserting that the Spirit is a "creature" or "angel" and Athanasius countering that the Spirit possesses divine attributes (such as immutability, transcendence, ability to sanctify, and involvement in creation).
2. Medieval period. In this period ensued a debate regarding the relationship between Christ and the Holy Spirit. The Eastern Church asserted that the Holy Spirit "proceeds" from the Father alone (as stated in the original Nicene Creed), while Augustine of Hippo and the medieval Catholic Church added the famed "filioque" clause to the Creed (the Spirit proceeeds from the Father "and the Son").
3. Reformation and Counter-reformation. Here the relationship between the Spirit and the Scriptures is re-examined. Martin Luther and John Calvin hold that the Spirit has a certain "interpretive authority" to "illuminate" scripture, while Counter-reformation theologians respond that the Spirit has authorized the Church to serve as authoritative interpreter of Scripture.
4. Contemporary era. The contemporary church understands a distinctive relationship between the Spirit and the Church community. Various contemporary theologians grant the Spirit as authority to govern the church, to liberate oppressed communities, and to create experiences associated with faith.
Notable contemporary pneumatologists include Jürgen Moltmann, Kilian McDonnell, Yves Congar and James D. G. Dunn.
