Military Police (Brazil)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Military Police Polícia Militar |
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|---|---|
 Insignia of the Military Police used since 1957.[1] |
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| Active | 1834 |
| Country |  Brazil |
| Type | Gendarmerie |
| Size | 400,000 active personnel[2] |
| Part of | Military Reserve Force of Brazilian Army |
| Nickname | PM |
| Patron | Joaquim José da Silva Xavier |
| Anniversaries | April 21 |
| Engagements | 1835 - War of the Farrapos 1835 - Cabanagem 1848 - Praieira Revolt 1851 - Ronco da Abelha Revolt 1864 - War of the Triple Alliance 1893 - Revolt of the Navy 1893 - Federalist Revolution 1893 - War of Canudos Fight against the Cangaço 1912 - Contestado War 1922 - Tenente Revolts 1924 - Revolts of 1924 1925 - Prestes Column 1930 - Revolution of 1930 1932 - Revolution of 1932 1935 - Communist Revolt 1967 - Guerrilla Warfares Fight against the narco-trafficking |
| Commanders | |
| Commander | Governors of the States |
| Ceremonial chief | General-Commander of each PM |
In Brazil, the Military Police (Portuguese: Polícia Militar; PM) are preventive state police forces responsible for maintaining public order within the States and the Federal District, and are subordinate to the state governments. The investigation of crimes, such as detective work, forensics and criminal investigation, is handled by the Civil Police forces of the states.
Each state has its own Military Police, with different formations, rules and uniforms. This policing is distinct from the provost forces that have other names in Brazil:
- Police Company of Marine Corps (Portuguese: Polícia da Marinha)
- Police of Army (Portuguese: Polícia do Exército)
- Police of Air Force (Portuguese: Polícia da Aeronaútica)
The Military Police are also reserve troops and ancillary forces of the Brazilian Army, and part of the National Public Security and Social Defense System of Brazil.[3]
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[edit] History
The first militarized police in Portugal (when Brazil was still a colony) was the Royal Police Guard of Lisbon (Portuguese: Guarda Real de Polícia de Lisboa), established in 1801;[4] which followed by model the National Gendarmerie (French: Gendarmerie Nationale) of France, created in 1791.
When the Portuguese Royal Family was transferred to Brazil, the Royal Police Guard of Lisbon remained in Portugal, and another equivalent was created in Rio de Janeiro, under the name of Military Division of the Royal Guard Police of Rio de Janeiro, in 1809.[5]
With the abdication of Emperor Pedro I in 1831, the Regency held reformulations on the Brazilian Armed Forces. The Royal Guard Police of Rio de Janeiro was extinct,[6] and replaced by the Municipal Guard Corps of Volunteers;[7] a type of security force similar to the National Guard. The same law allowed each Province to establish its own Guard of Volunteers.
In 1834 Pedro I died in Portugal and this reduced the fear in Brazil of a reunification of the kingdoms. The Guard of Volunteers were then transformed into Province Police Corps, with professional troops.[8] The Police Corps were created with the same structure as the Army, and to serve as reserve troops when necessary.
School patrol - 2007.
With the Proclamation of the Republic, Brazil adopted a constitution based on the United States' one, where the states have a large autonomy. The Corps of Police began to be administered by the states and became smaller regional armies, with infantry, cavalry, artillery, and later, even with air forces. This dangerous situation to the national security remained until the end of World War II, with the deposition of the dictatorial government of Getúlio Vargas.
After World War II, the Military Police assumed the roles of a more "traditional" police force, similar to a gendarmerie subject to the states.[9] They sought a rapprochement with the civil society, slowly developing the configuration it currently possesses.
[edit] Structure
[edit] Organization
The Military Police is organized into battalions (Portuguese: Batalhão de Polícia Militar), companies (Portuguese: Companhia de Polícia Militar), platoons (Portuguese: Pelotão de Polícia Militar), and subdivided into detachments (Portuguese: Destacamento de Polícia Militar). The battalions are based in major urban centers, and their companies and platoons are distributed according to population density in cities.
The mounted police is organized into regiments (Portuguese: Regimento de Polícia Montada), subdivided into squadrons (Portuguese: Esquadrão de Polícia Montada) and platoons of mounted police.
[edit] Nomenclature
Throughout Brazil the Military Police is known by the acronym PM, followed by the abbreviation of the State. Except in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, where the unit is known as Military Brigade.
- 01 . PMAC - Acre
- 02 . PMAL - Alagoas
- 03 . PMAP - Amapá
- 04 . PMAM - Amazonas
- 05 . PMBA - Bahia
- 06 . PMCE - Ceará
- 07 . PMDF - Federal District ( Brasília - Capital )
- 08 . PMES - Espírito Santo
- 09 . PMGO - Goiás
- 10 . PMMA - Maranhão
- 11 . PMMT - Mato Grosso
- 12 . PMMS - Mato Grosso do Sul
- 13 . PMMG - Minas Gerais
- 14 . PMPA - Pará
- 15 . PMPB - Paraíba
- 16 . PMPR - Paraná
- 17 . PMPE - Pernambuco
- 18 . PMPI - Piauí
- 19 . PMERJ - Rio de Janeiro
- 20 . PMRN - Rio Grande do Norte
- 21 . BMRS - Rio Grande do Sul
- 22 . PMRO - Rondônia
- 23 . PMRR - Roraima
- 24 . PMSC - Santa Catarina
- 25 . PMSP - São Paulo
- 26 . PMSE - Sergipe
- 27 . PMTO - Tocantins
[edit] Uniforms
The Brazilian Armed Forces inherited Portuguese military traditions, and during the period of the Empire and part of the Republic, with few exceptions, were used blue colored uniforms.
In 1903 the Brazilian Army opted for khaki colored field uniforms, later copied by the Military Police. In 1934 the Ministry of War established the color khaki for all the reserve forces.
After the Second World War, the Military Police had the autonomy to adopt its own uniforms, but most stayed with the khaki. During the Military Government in 1976, the Army suggested that the Military Police adopt the blue color (color of the uniform of the Military Police of the Federal District). Since then, some units have changed their uniforms, others have not.
Currently the color khaki (with variations to beige) and blue (with variations of gray to dark blue) prevail in the colors of the uniforms of the Military Police.
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- Units with khaki uniforms
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- Units with blue uniforms
This applies only to service uniforms, not to the formal uniform, which has different variations.
[edit] Ranks
The Military Police of the Brazilian States have the same hierarchical classification[10] of the Army, but with different insignias.
| Colonel | Lieutenant Colonel |
Major | Captain | First Lieutenant |
Second Lieutenant |
Aspirant | Sub-Lieutenant |
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| First Sergeant |
Second Sergeant |
Third Sergeant |
Corporal | Private of First Class |
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[edit] Main types of policing
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[edit] Ratio of Military Police to Population
Analysis by the Federal Government of the ratio of resident population to the number of official Military Police in 2003 shows that the proportion is quite varied among the states. The states of Roraima, Amapá, Acre, Rondônia, Rio Grande do Norte and Rio de Janeiro, plus the Federal District have a higher proportion of Military Police. In the Federal District, for example, for each military police there are one hundred and thirty-seven inhabitants.
At the opposite extreme, the states with the lowest ratio of military police are Pará, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul. Maranhão has the lowest, with eight hundred and twenty-two people per Military Police. Note that in the case of São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, Bahia and Rondônia the numbers of the Military Firefighters Corps are included in the figures for Military Police.[11]
[edit] National Force of Public Safety
In situations of serious disturbance of the public order that exceeds the capacity of the State, the Governors can request assistance from the Federal Government.
To work in such situations, the Ministry of Justice has the National Force of Public Safety (Portuguese: Força Nacional de Segurança Pública; FNSP).
The FNSP is composed by specially trained officers of the Military Police of different States, in coordination between the Secretary of Public Safety of each State and the Ministry of Justice.
[edit] Inspectorate General of Military Police
The Inspectorate General of Military Police (Portuguese: Inspetoria Geral das Polícias Militares) - IGPM is a command element of the Brazilian Army, responsible for coordinating and conducting activities of control over the Military Police and Military Firefighters Corps of States.[12]
It is part of the Land Operations Command (Portuguese: Comando de Operações Terrestres) and its mission is:
- The establishment of principles, guidelines and standards for the effective implementation of control and coordination of the Military Police under Command of the Army, through its Military Area Commands, Regions and other Major Military Command;
- The control of the organization and legislation, personnel and equipment of military police, such as:
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- Weapons, ammunition, communications equipment, chemical agents, military equipment, vehicles, aircraft and boats.
- Collaboration in studies aiming to rights, justice and guarantees of the Military Police, and the establishment of conditions for convening and mobilization;
- Coordinating and monitoring compliance with the provisions of relevant State and Federal Legislation;
- Conduct regular inspections.
[edit] References
- ^ Emblem adopted at the First National Convention of the Military Police in 1957.
- ^ Inspectorate General of Military Police (In Portuguese)
- ^ Article 144 of Constitution of Brazil.
- ^ Decree of December 10, 1801.
- ^ Decree of May 13, 1809.
- ^ Law of July 17, 1831.
- ^ Law of October 10, 1931.
- ^ Constitutional Reform of 1834, Article 15, § 11.
- ^ Decree Law 8.660, January 14, 1946.
- ^ Ordinance of the Ministry of the Army 340, October 4, 1971.
- ^ National Secretariat of Public Safety. (in Portuguese)
- ^ Article 22 of Constitution of Brazil.
[edit] Sources
- Em Nome da Ordem: a constituição de aparatos policiais no universo luso-brasileiro (séculos XVIII e XIX); Regina Helena Martins de Faria; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) - Recife; 2007. (texto em pdf.)
- A Polícia Militar de Mato Grosso - História e Evolução, 1835 a 1985; Ubaldo Monteiro.
- Crônica da Brigada Militar Gaúcha; Hélio Moro Mariante; edição da Imprensa Oficial; 1972.
- História da Polícia Militar de Pernambuco; Major Roberto Monteiro.
- História do Batalhão de Segurança - A Polícia Militar do Rio Grande do Norte, de 1834 a 1968; Romulo C. Wanderley; edição Walter Pereira S.A. / A Livraria e Papelaria; 1969.
- Episódios da História da PMPR - Volume I ao VII; Capitão João Alves da Rosa Filho; edição da Associação da Vila Militar; 2000.
- Origens Históricas da Polícia Militar de Minas Gerais - volumes 1 e 2; Coronel Paulo René de Andrade; edição da Imprensa Oficial de Minas Gerais; 1985.
- Raízes do Militarismo Paulista; Coronel Edilberto de Oliveira Melo; edição da Imprensa Oficial; 1982.
- Soldados da Pátria, História do Exército Brasileiro 1889 - 1937; Frank D. McCann; Edição da Companhia de Letras; 2007.
- Tropas Paulistas de Outrora; J. Wasth Rodrigues; edição do Governo do Estado de São Paulo; 1978.
[edit] See also
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