Politics of the Philippines

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Philippines

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The Politics of the Philippines takes place in an organized framework of a presidential, representative, and democratic republic whereby the president is both the head of state and the head of government within a pluriform multi-party system. This system revolves around three separate and sovereign yet interdependent branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judicial branch. Executive power is exercised by the government under the leadership of the president. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two-chamber congress—the Senate (the upper chamber) and the House of Representatives (the lower chamber). Judicial power is vested in the courts with the Supreme Court of the Philippines as the highest judicial body.

Contents

[edit] Political parties and elections

For other political parties see List of political parties in the Philippines. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in the Philippines.
Main article: Election Process in the Philippines
Further information: Philippine general election, 2010
e • d Summary of the May 10, 2010 Philippine presidential election results
Candidate Party Results
Votes %
Benigno Aquino III Liberal 15,208,678 42.08%
Joseph Estrada PMP 9,487,837 26.25%
Manny Villar Nacionalista 5,573,835 15.42%
Gilberto Teodoro Lakas-Kampi 4,095,839 11.33%
Eddie Villanueva Bangon Pilipinas 1,125,878 3.12%
Richard Gordon Bagumbayan-VNP 501,727 1.39%
Nicanor Perlas Independent 54,575 0.15%
Jamby Madrigal Independent 46,489 0.13%
John Carlos de los Reyes Ang Kapatiran 44,244 0.12%
Total valid votes 36,139,102 94.73%
Vetallano Acosta (disqualified)* KBL 181,985 0.48%
Total invalid votes 2,010,269 5.27%
Total turnout 38,149,371 74.34%
Registered voters 51,292,465 100.00%
COCs canvassed 278 of 278 100.00%

*Vetallano Acosta (KBL) was disqualified after the ballots were printed. All of his votes are considered spoilt

e • d Summary of the May 10, 2010 Philippine vice presidential election results
Candidate Party Results
Votes %
Jejomar Binay PDP-Laban[v 1] 14,645,574 41.65%
Mar Roxas Liberal 13,918,490 39.58%
Loren Legarda NPC[v 2] 4,294,664 12.21%
Bayani Fernando Bagumbayan-VNP 1,017,631 2.89%
Edu Manzano Lakas-Kampi 807,728 2.30%
Perfecto Yasay Bangon Pilipinas 364,652 1.04%
Jay Sonza KBL 64,230 0.18%
Dominador Chipeco, Jr. Ang Kapatiran 52,562 0.15%
Total valid votes 35,165,555 92.18%
Total invalid votes 2,983,816 7.82%
Total turnout 38,149,371 74.38%
Registered voters 51,292,555 100.00%
COCs canvassed 278 of 278 100.00%
  1. ^ Binay is Joseph Estrada's (PMP) guest candidate for vice president.
  2. ^ Legarda is Manny Villar's (Nacionalista) guest candidate for vice president.
e • d Summary of the May 10, 2010 Philippine Senate election results
Rank Candidate Party Votes %
1. Bong Revilla Lakas-Kampi 19,513,521 51.15%
2. Jinggoy Estrada PMP 18,925,925 49.61%
3. Miriam Defensor Santiago PRP 17,344,742 45.47%
4. Franklin Drilon Liberal 15,871,117 41.60%
5. Juan Ponce Enrile PMP 15,665,618 41.06%
6. Pia Cayetano Nacionalista 13,679,511 35.86%
7. Ferdinand Marcos, Jr. Nacionalista 13,169,634 34.52%
8. Ralph Recto Liberal 12,436,960 32.60%
9. Tito Sotto NPC 11,891,711 31.17%
10. Sergio Osmeña III Independent 11,656,668 30.56%
11. Lito Lapid Lakas-Kampi 11,025,805 28.90%
12. Teofisto Guingona III Liberal 10,277,352 26.94%
13. Risa Hontiveros-Baraquel Liberal 9,106,112 23.87%
14. Ruffy Biazon Liberal 8,626,514 22.61%
15. Joey de Venecia PMP 8,375,043 21.95%
16. Gilbert Remulla Nacionalista 7,454,557 19.54%
17. Danilo Lim Independent 7,302,784 19.14%
18. Sonia Roco Liberal 6,774,010 17.76%
19. Ariel Querubin Nacionalista 6,547,925 17.16%
20. Gwendolyn Pimentel PDP-Laban 6,394,347 16.76%
21. Nereus Acosta Liberal 5,921,111 15.52%
22. Alexander Lacson Liberal 5,242,594 13.74%
23. Adel Tamano Nacionalista 4,059,748 10.64%
24. Emilio Mario Osmeña PROMDI 3,980,370 10.43%
25. Liza Maza Independent 3,855,800 10.11%
26. Satur Ocampo Bayan Muna 3,539,345 9.28%
27. Francisco Tatad GAD 3,331,083 8.73%
28. Ramon Mitra III Nacionalista 2,744,090 7.19%
29. Apolinario Lozada PMP 2,730,279 7.16%
30. Rey Langit Lakas-Kampi 2,694,213 7.06%
31. Silvestre Bello III Lakas-Kampi 2,468,276 6.47%
32. Yasmin Lao Liberal 2,081,895 5.46%
33. Imelda Papin Bangon Pilipinas 1,972,667 5.17%
34. Susan Ople Nacionalista 1,930,038 5.06%
35. Martin Bautista Liberal 1,890,152 4.95%
36. Rodolfo Plaza NPC 1,517,905 3.98%
37. JV Larion Bautista PMP 1,415,117 3.71%
38. Ramon Guico Lakas-Kampi 1,264,982 3.32%
39. Raul Lambino Lakas-Kampi 1,156,294 3.03%
40. Hector Villanueva KBL 979,708 2.57%
41. Ramoncito Ocampo Bangon Pilipinas 944,725 2.48%
42. Kata Inocencio Bangon Pilipinas 888,771 2.33%
43. Jovito Palparan, Jr. Independent 825,208 2.16%
44. Alex Tinsay Bangon Pilipinas 728,339 1.91%
45. Zafrullah Alonto Bangon Pilipinas 712,628 1.87%
46. Reginald Tamayo Ang Kapatiran 680,211 1.78%
47. Nanette Espinosa KBL 607,569 1.59%
48. Regalado Maambong KBL 545,967 1.43%
49. Shariff Ibrahim Albani KBL 508,558 1.33%
50. Rizalito David Ang Kapatiran 504,259 1.32%
51. Israel Virgines Bangon Pilipinas 455,332 1.19%
52. Zosimo Paredes Bangon Pilipinas 437,439 1.15%
53. Adrian Sison Ang Kapatiran 418,055 1.10%
54. Reynaldo Princesa Independent 364,245 0.95%
55. Jo Aurea Imbong Ang Kapatiran 362,457 0.95%
56. Adz Nikabulin Bangon Pilipinas 346,848 0.91%
57. Henry Caunan PDP-Laban 240,676 0.63%
58. Manuel Valdehuesa, Jr. Ang Kapatiran 201,118 0.53%
59. Hector Tarrazona Ang Kapatiran 168,386 0.44%
60. Ma. Gracia Riñoza-Plazo Ang Kapatiran 151,755 0.40%
61. Alma Lood KBL 128,045 0.34%
Total turnout 38,149,371 100.00%
Total votes 297,036,114 N/A
Registered voters 51,317,073 74.34%
e • d Summary of the May 10, 2010 Philippine House of Representatives election results for representatives from congressional districts
Party Popular vote Seats
Total % Up Entered Gained Held Lost New Won %[n 1] Change
Lakas-Kampi (Strength-Partner of Free Filipinos-Christian Muslim Democrats) 12,910,892 37.46% 121 164 13 86 35 7 106 36.93% decrease 15
KABAKA (Partner of the Nation for Progress) 70,852 0.21% 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0.35% steady
SARRO (Sarangani Reconciliation and Reformation Organization) 60,899 0.18% 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0.00% decrease 1
Lakas Kampi CMD coalition 13,042,643 37.84% 123 166 13 87 36 7 107 37.28% decrease 16
Liberal (Liberal Party) 6,716,911 19.49% 32 131 19 22 10 3 44 15.38% increase 12
KKK/Liberal joint ticket 169,944 0.49% 1 3 2 1 0 0 3 1.04% increase 2
KKK (Struggle for Peace, Progress and Justice) 11,076 0.03% 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.00% steady
Liberal Party coalition 6,901,005 20.02% 33 135 21 23 10 3 47 16.43% increase 14
Nacionalista (Nationalist Party) 3,748,973 10.88% 25 64 7 18 7 0 25 9.08% steady
Kusug (Promote Progress for Cebu) 126,144 0.37% 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0.00% steady
PCM (People's Champ Movement) 120,052 0.35% 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0.35% increase 1
Ugyon Kita Capiz (Unite Capiz) 45,859 0.13% 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.00% steady
Nacionalista Party coalition 4,041,028 11.73% 24 68 7 18 7 0 26 9.09% increase 1
PMP (Force of the Filipino Masses) 862,599 2.50% 2 45 1 1 1 2 4 1.40% increase 2
Navoteño (Party of the People of Navotas) 76,276 0.22% 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0.35% increase 1
Magdiwang (Magdiwang Party) 47,840 0.14% 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0.35% increase 1
PMP coalition 986,715 2.86% 2 47 2 1 1 3 6 2.10% increase 4
NPC (Nationalist People's Coalition) 5,479,413 15.90% 25 72 10 10 3 0 29 10.14% increase 7
PDP-Laban (Philippine Democratic Party – People's Power) 283,119 0.82% 5[n 2] 14 0 2 0 0 2 0.69% decrease 3
Bigkis Pinoy (Bundle Pinoy) 206,853 0.60% 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0.00% steady
PDSP (Philippine Social Democratic Party) 171,345 0.50% 0 4 1 0 0 0 1 0.35% increase 1
LDP (Struggle of the Democratic Filipinos) 162,434 0.47% 1 3 1 1 0 0 2 0.69% increase 1
KBL (New Society Movement) 158,416 0.46% 0 10 1 0 0 0 1 0.35% increase 1
Aksyon (Democratic Action) 113,088 0.33% 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0.00% steady
Lapiang Manggagawa (Workers' Party) 88,556 0.25% 1 3 0 1 0 0 1 0.35% steady
Bagumbayan-VNP (New Nation-Volunteers for a New Philippines) 71,319 0.21% 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0.00% steady
GAD (Grand Alliance for Democracy) 47,677 0.14% 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.00% steady
Ang Kapatiran (Alliance for the Common Good) 45,631 0.13% 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0.00% steady
Aton Tamdon Utod Negrosa-non (Let’s Take Care of our Brother Negrenses) 42,796 0.12% 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0.00% steady
PGRP (Philippine Green Republican Party) 21,636 0.06% 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0.00% steady
Lingkod Taguig (Service to Taguig) 16,990 0.05% 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.00% decrease 1
Bangon Pilipinas (Rise Up Philippines) 14,150 0.04% 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0.00% steady
Lapiang Manggagawa Workers and Peasants Party 8,894 0.03% 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.00% steady
Buklod (Bond) 876 0.00% 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.00% steady
Independents 2,563,544 7.44% 5[n 3] 228 4 2 3 1 7 2.43% increase 2
Vacancies – – 4 – 0 0 4 0 – – decrease 4
New districts – – 10 – 0 0 0 10 – – increase 10
Valid votes 34,463,474 92.41% — — — — — — — — —
Sandugo (Blood Compact) 1,486 0.00% 0 1[n 4] 0 0 0 0 0 0.00% steady
Invalid or blank votes[n 5] 2,937,866 7.88% — — — — — — — — —
Total turnout[n 5] 37,293,960 73.52% 215 792 61 154 61 14 229 80.07% increase 14
Registered voters[n 5] 50,723,733[n 6] 100.00%
  1. ^ Of all 286 House members, including party-list representatives.
  2. ^ Includes United Opposition members.
  3. ^ Includes Jose de Venecia, who currently has no party.
  4. ^ Sandugo's only candidate withdrew but remained on the ballot. Votes cast for him are spoiled.
  5. ^ a b c Numbers for invalid votes in Bulacan–1st, both Camarines Norte districts and both Lanao del Sur districts were not released.
  6. ^ Excludes overseas absentee voters (568,732) who are ineligible to vote for district representatives.

During the American occupation, the Nacionalista Party was the dominant party. However, during the Japanese occupation in World War II, a new party, the Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI), was formed, and was the only party allowed to operate during the occupation.

After the war, KALIBAPI was abolished and the Nacionalistas returned to power. A new party, the Liberal Party, was formed after a Nacionalistas led by Jose P. Laurel and Camilo Osias split from KALIBAPI. This two-party system remained until 1972.

However, when Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law, he formed his own party, the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL, New Society Movement) composed mainly of his loyal allies from the Nacionalista Party and Liberal Party, as well as some other parties. Most of Marcos' political opponents were jailed, tortured or killed.[citation needed] In 1978, Marcos called an election to the interim Batasang Pambansa. An opposition party was formed known as LABAN. Among the candidates then were Benigno Aquino, Ernesto Maceda and Alex Bongcayao. During that election, no opposition candidate was elected. Some groups also sprang up including the National Union for Liberation led by John Osmena and Diosdado Macapagal, the Mindanao Alliance, the Muslim Federal Party, the Pusyon Bisaya, and the Young Philippines.

In 1984, other opposition parties sprang up. Among them were PDP-LABAN (different from the original LABAN party) of Aquilino Pimentel and the UNIDO, or the United Nationalist Democratic Organization of Salvador Laurel. The UNIDO would later be an umbrella coalition for opposition against Ferdinand Marcos.

The Jovito Salonga faction of the Liberal Party, the remaining US-based political exiles, and the Left boycotted the elections.

When Marcos was overthrown in the People Power Revolution, other parties appeared, such as Partido Nacionalista ng Pilipinas, Lakas ng Bansa, National Union of Christian Democrats, and Philippine Democratic Socialist Party.

In 1987, the opposition parties who wanted to distance both from the Marcos & Aquino cliques formed the Grand Alliance for Democracy (GAD) headed by former Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and Francisco Tatad. The parties taking part in the opposition coalition were the Jose Roy's allies in the Nacionalista Party headed by Renato Cayetano with Enrile as their "commanding leader", a faction of the legislators from Kilusang Bagong Lipunan that distanced from Marcos headed by Assemblyman Arturo Tolentino, the pre-1986 leaders that defected from the ruling coalition such as Eva Estrada-Kalaw, the Partido Nacionalista ng Pilipinas headed by Blas Ople, the Mindanao Alliance, the Muslim Federal Party and the Christian Socialist Democratic Party.

Another segment of KBL who are still Marcos loyalists joined forces with the Union for Peace & Progress or UPP while other loyalists shifted to the Aquino clique.

The Left created the Partido ng Bayan or PnB that led by labor leader Rolando Olalia, son of Bert Olalia as chairman. They put up 7 senatorial bets in the 1987 elections such as peasant leader Jaime Tadeo, technocrat and communist leader Horacio Morales, rebel leader Bernabe "Dante" Buscayno, and human rights lawyer Atty. Romeo Capulong. Olalia is included in the senatorial line-up before he was assassinated by suspected Rightist military elements

In 1988 the Lakas ng Bansa headed by Ramon Mitra and PDP-LABAN (Cojuangco Wing) joined to form the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino or the LDP, causing a split in the ruling coalition and the unification of the Nacionalista Party.

In 1989, anti-Aquino elements reunited at PICC into the Unification of the Nacionalista Party. Political leaders from the parties critical to the Aquino rule appointed Former House Speaker Jose B. Laurel Jr. as Interim President in a Manifesto signed by opposition leaders.

A convention was held on May 21, 1989 at the Philippine International Convention Center (PICC). Opposition leaders agreed to merge under the Nacionalista banner and forgetting their personal differences. This is the result of the unification of the opposition: Vice-President Doy Laurel was elected as the president of the Nacionalista Party, with former Labor Secretary and Assemblyman Blas Ople emerged as the Executive Vice-President and former Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile as the Secretary-General

In 1992 elections, the LDP was split in half. Fidel V. Ramos formed his own party, the Partido Lakas ng Tao, which coalesced with the National Union of Christian Democrats. Their union was later known as the Lakas-NUCD, but is now known as the Lakas-Christian and Muslim Democrats. The LDP was headed by Ramon Mitra. During these elections, the Nacionalista Party also split into two. The Nacionalistas were led by Salvador Laurel while the splinter group, led by Danding Cojuangco, was known as the Nationalist People's Coalition or NPC.

In the 1998 general elections, three new political parties formed: the Partido ng Masang Pilipino by Joseph Estrada, the Aksyon Demokratiko (Democratic Action) by Raul Roco, and the Kabalikat ng Mamamayang Pilipino (KAMPI) by Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.

There were other regional parties, including Panaghiusa (precursor of the Osmeñas' BO-PK), and the Mindanao Alliance in Mindanao, though many of them are now defunct.

[edit] Administrative subdivisions

The Philippines is divided into a hierarchy of local government units (LGUs) with the province as the primary unit. As of 2007, there are 81 provinces in the country. Provinces are further subdivided into cities and municipalities, which are in turn, composed of barangays. The barangay is the smallest local government unit. A Philippine province is headed by a Governor. A Provincial Council (Sangguniang Panlalawigan) is composed of a Vice Governor (Presiding Officer) and Provincial Board Members. A Philippine city or municipality is headed by a Mayor. a City Council (Sangguniang Panlungsod) or Municipal Council (Sangguniang Bayan) is composed of a Vice Mayor (Presiding Officer) and City or Municipal Councillors. A barangay is headed by a Barangay Captain, who is also the presiding officer of the Barangay council (Sangguniang Barangay). The Barangay Council is composed of seven Barangay Kagawads. A similar unit called a Youth Council (Sangguniang Kabataan) is headed by an SK Chairperson with a similar rank to a Barangay KAGAWAD. The council is composed of SK Members.

The term of office for all local elected officials is three years, starting from noon of June 30 of an election year. No local elective official may serve for more than three consecutive terms in the same position. Voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time is not considered as an interruption in the continuity of service for the full term for which the elective official concerned was elected. Barangay and SK officials are elected to a term of five years, starting from noon of the date as prescribed by law. The current barangay organic law sets the date of November 12, 2007 as the effective date. Current barangay and SK officials started terms August 15, 2002. The next barangay and SK election will be on October 29, 2007.

All provinces are grouped into 17 regions for administrative convenience. Most government offices establish regional offices to serve the constituent provinces. The regions themselves do not possess a separate local government, with the exception of the Muslim Mindanao region, which is autonomous. The Cordillera Administrative Region will become an autonomous region and will receive the setup granted to Muslim Mindanao if voters would approve an organic law that would create a Cordillera Autonomous Region.

[edit] International organization participation

The Philippines is a founding and active member of the United Nations since its inception on October 24, 1945 and is a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The Philippines is also a member of the East Asia Summit (EAS), an active player in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Latin Union and a member of the Group of 24. The country is a major non-NATO ally of the U.S., and also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.

[edit] See also

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