Atlanta

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This article is about the city in the U.S. state of Georgia. For other uses, see Atlanta (disambiguation).
Atlanta
—  City  —
City of Atlanta
From top to bottom left to right: Atlanta skyline seen from Buckhead, Fox Theatre, Georgia State Capitol, Centennial Olympic Park, Millennium Gate, Canopy Walk, Georgia Aquarium, The Phoenix statue, and Midtown skyline from Piedmont Park

Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): Hotlanta, The ATL, ATL, The A,[1] Gate City[2] (historic), City in a Forest[3]
Motto: Resurgens (Latin for rising again)
City highlighted in Fulton County, location of Fulton County in the state of Georgia
Atlanta is located in United States
Atlanta
Location of the city of Atlanta, Georgia
Coordinates: 33°45′18″N 84°23′24″W / 33.755°N 84.39°W / 33.755; -84.39Coordinates: 33°45′18″N 84°23′24″W / 33.755°N 84.39°W / 33.755; -84.39
Country United States of America
State Georgia
County Fulton and DeKalb
Terminus 1837
Marthasville 1843
City of Atlanta 1847
Government
 • Mayor Kasim Reed
Area
 • City 132.4 sq mi (343.0 km2)
 • Land 131.8 sq mi (341.2 km2)
 • Water 0.6 sq mi (1.8 km2)
 • Urban 1,963 sq mi (5,080 km2)
 • Metro 8,376 sq mi (21,690 km2)
Elevation 738 to 1,050 ft (225 to 320 m)
Population (2010)
 • City 420,003
 • Density 4,020/sq mi (1,552/km2)
 • Urban 4,750,000
 • Urban density 2,420/sq mi (935/km2)
 • Metro 5,268,860 (9th)
 • Metro density 630/sq mi (243/km2)
 • Demonym Atlantan
Time zone EST (UTC-5)
 • Summer (DST) EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP code(s) 30060, 30301-30322, 30324-30334, 30336-30350, 30353
Area code(s) 404, 470, 678, 770
FIPS code 13-04000[4]
GNIS feature ID 0351615[5]
Website atlantaga.gov

Atlanta (play /ətˈlæntə/, stressed /ætˈlæntə/, locally play /ætˈlænə/) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia with a 2010 population of 420,003.[6] Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, which is home to 5,268,860 people and is the ninth largest in the U.S. [7] It is a major component of a growing southeastern megalopolis known as the Piedmont Atlantic Megaregion. Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. Residents of the city and its surroundings are known as "Atlantans."[8]

Atlanta began as a settlement located at the intersection of two railroad lines, and it was incorporated in 1845. Today, the city is a major business city and the primary transportation hub of the Southeastern United States (via highway, railroad, and air), with Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world's busiest airport since 1998.[9][10][11][12] The World Cities Study Group at Loughborough University rated Atlanta as an "alpha(-) world city."[13] With a gross domestic product of US$270 billion, Atlanta's economy ranks 15th among world cities and sixth in the nation.[14] The city is a center for services, finance, information technology, government, and higher education. Metro Atlanta contains the country's third largest concentration[15] of Fortune 500 companies, and is the world headquarters of The Coca-Cola Company, Turner Broadcasting, The Home Depot, AT&T Mobility, UPS, and Delta Air Lines. As of 2010, Atlanta is the seventh most visited city in the United States, with over 35 million visitors per year.[16]

The city has long been known as a center of black wealth, political power and culture; a cradle of the Civil Rights Movement[17] and home to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. However, the city's white population is growing rapidly, while Metro Atlanta has quickly become ethnically diverse with large Hispanic and Asian populations. The arts and entertainment are well represented in Atlanta, and the city is an important base for hip hop, gospel, and neo soul music; in addition, it has become a major center of film and TV production. Atlanta stands out among major U.S. cities for its dense tree coverage. In 1996, Atlanta played host to the Summer Olympics, an event that spurred a wave of gentrification that has intensified into the 21st century, revitalizing the city's center and in-town neighborhoods.

Contents

[edit] History

Main article: History of Atlanta
Marietta Street, 1864

The history of Atlanta dates back to 1836, when Georgia decided to build a railroad to the U.S. Midwest and a location was chosen to be the line's terminus. In 1839 homes and a store were built there and the settlement grew. Between 1845 and 1854 rail lines arrived from four different directions, and the rapidly growing town quickly become the rail hub for the entire Southern United States. During the American Civil War, Atlanta, as a distribution hub, became the target of a major Union campaign, and in 1864 Union General Sherman's troops set on fire and destroyed the city's assets and buildings, save churches and hospitals. After the war the population grew rapidly, as did manufacturing, while the city retained its role as a rail hub. Coca-Cola was launched here in 1886 and grew into an Atlanta-based world empire. Electric streetcars arrived in 1889, and the city added new "streetcar suburbs".

The city's elite black colleges were founded between 1865 and 1885, and despite disenfranchisement and the later imposition of Jim Crow laws in the 1910s, a prosperous black middle class and upper class emerged. By the early 20th century, "Sweet" Auburn Avenue was called "the most prosperous Negro street in the nation". In the 1950s blacks started moving into city neighborhoods that had previously kept them out, while Atlanta's first freeways enabled large numbers of whites to move to, and commute from, new suburbs. Atlanta was home to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and a major center for the Civil Rights Movement. Resulting desegregation occurred in stages over the 1960s. Slums were razed and the new Atlanta Housing Authority built public housing projects.

From the mid-60s to mid-70s, nine suburban malls opened, and the downtown shopping district declined. But just north of it, gleaming office towers and hotels rose, and in 1976 the new Georgia World Congress Center signaled Atlanta's rise as a major convention city. In 1973 the city elected its first black mayor, Maynard Jackson, and in ensuing decades, black political leaders worked successfully with the white business community to promote business growth, while still empowering black businesses. From the mid-70s to mid-80s most of the MARTA rapid transit system was built. While the suburbs grew rapidly, much of the city itself deteriorated and the city lost 21% of its population between 1970 and 1990.

In 1996 Atlanta hosted the Summer Olympics, for which new facilities and infrastructure were built. Hometown airline Delta continued to grow, and by 1998-9, Atlanta's airport was the busiest in the world. Since the mid-90s, gentrification has given new life to many of the city's intown neighborhoods. The 2010 census showed blacks leaving the city, whites moving to the city, and a much more diverse metro area with heaviest growth in the exurbs at its outer edges.

[edit] Geography

The city of Atlanta from Stone Mountain. Downtown and Midtown to the left, and Buckhead to the right.

[edit] Topography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city encompasses 132.4 square miles (342.9 km2), of which 131.7 square miles (341.1 km2) is land and 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2) is water. At about 1,050 feet (320 m) above mean sea level, Atlanta sits atop a ridge south of the Chattahoochee River.

The Eastern Continental Divide line enters Atlanta from the south, proceeding to the downtown area. From downtown, the divide line runs eastward along DeKalb Avenue and the CSX rail lines through Decatur.[18] Rainwater that falls on the south and east side runs eventually into the Atlantic Ocean, while rainwater on the north and west side of the divide runs into the Gulf of Mexico[18] via the Chattahoochee River. That river is part of the ACF River Basin, and from which Atlanta and many of its neighbors draw most of their water. Being at the far northwestern edge of the city, much of the river's natural habitat is still preserved, in part by the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area. Downstream however, excessive water use during droughts and pollution during floods has been a source of contention and legal battles with neighboring states Alabama and Florida.[19][20]

[edit] Climate and environment

Main article: Climate and environment of Atlanta
Atlanta
Climate chart (explanation)
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Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

Atlanta has a humid subtropical climate, (Cfa) according to the Köppen classification, with hot, humid summers and cool winters that are occasionally cold by the standards of the southern United States. January averages 42.7 °F (5.9 °C), with temperatures in the suburbs slightly cooler. Warm, maritime air can bring springlike highs while strong Arctic air masses can push lows into the teens (−11 to −7 °C). High temperatures in July average 89 °F (31.7 °C) but occasionally exceed to near 100 °F (38 °C). Atlanta's high mean elevation distinguishes it from most other southern and eastern cities, and contributes to a more temperate climate than is found in areas farther south.[21]

Typical of the southeastern U.S., Atlanta receives abundant rainfall, which is relatively evenly distributed throughout the year, though spring and early fall are markedly drier. Average annual rainfall is 50.2 inches (1,280 mm). Temperatures at or above 90 °F (32 °C) occur more than 40 days per year; overnight freezing can be expected over 45 days, but high temperatures that do not climb above the freezing mark are rare. Annual snowfall averages 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) annually. The heaviest single storm brought around 16 inches on March 12–14, 1993 during The Storm of the Century.[22] True blizzards are rare but possible; one hit in March 1993. Ice storms usually cause more trouble than does snowfall; the most severe such storms may have occurred on January 7, 1973 and January 9, 2011.[23] In 2010, Atlanta had its first White Christmas since 1882.

Extremes range from −9 °F (−23 °C) in February 1899 to 105 °F (41 °C) in July 1980.[24] More recently, a low one degree away from the record, was observed on January 21, 1985.[24]

In 2007, the American Lung Association ranked Atlanta as having the 13th highest level of particle pollution in the United States.[25][broken citation] The combination of pollution and pollen levels, and uninsured citizens caused the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America in 2007 to name Atlanta as the worst American city for asthma sufferers to live in,[26] though it did not make the top 10 in 2011.[27]

[edit] Cityscape

Main articles: Architecture of Atlanta, Neighborhoods of Atlanta, and Metro Atlanta

Architecture in Atlanta is dominated by modernism and postmodernism in its commercial and institutional buildings, with a significant influence by hometown architect John Portman. A few notable buildings remain from earlier eras going back to the 1880s, but not a single building remains from the antebellum city, which Union troops burned to the ground in 1864.[note 1] Residential architecture in Atlanta's Intown neighborhoods, largely built between the 1880s and 1920s, is characterized by styles ranging from Victorian cottages to Craftsman bungalows to Revival styles; Atlanta's outer neighborhoods were built in post-World War II suburban styles. Historically, industry located next to the rail lines, and repurposed industrial structures can be found near those rail lines which both approach Downtown Atlanta from all directions, as well as surround it in a belt pattern, passing through the city's inner neighborhoods.

Midtown Atlanta from the Northwest near the Cobb County/Fulton County border on the Chattahoochee River. In the middle is the largest mosque in Atlanta (Masjid Al-Farooq) .Atlantic Station is visible to the left with the Atlantic skyscraper in the foreground. April 2010
Bank of America Plaza, the tallest building in Georgia

Most of Atlanta was burned during the Civil War, depleting it its antebellum architecture. Yet Atlanta, architecturally, had never been particularly "southern." Because Atlanta originated as a railroad town, rather than a patrician southern seaport like Savannah or Charleston, many of the city's landmarks could have easily been erected in the Northeast or Midwest.[31] After the war, Atlanta viewed itself as the leading city of a progressive "New South," and opted for expressive modern structures.[32]

Candler Building (1906)

As a result of Atlanta's embrace of modernism, its cityscape is dominated by relatively recent architectural styles, containing works by most major U.S. firms and some of the more prominent architects of the 20th century, including Michael Graves, Richard Meier, Marcel Breuer, Renzo Piano, Pickard Chilton, and locally-based, internationally-known Mack Scogin and Merrill Elam Architects. The city's skyline, which began its marked rise in the 1960s, is punctuated with highrise and midrise buildings of both modern and postmodern vintage. At 1,023 feet (312 m), Atlanta's tallest skyscraper—the Bank of America Plaza—is the 52nd-tallest building in the world and the 9th tallest building in the United States.[33]

Unfortunately, the city's embrace of modernism and postmodernism resulted in an ambivalent approach toward historic preservation. Such an approach ultimately led to the destruction of notable architectural landmarks, including the Equitable Building (Atlanta's first skyscraper), Terminal Station, and the Carnegie Library. Atlanta's cultural icon, the Fox Theatre, would have met the same fate had it not been for a grassroots effort to save it in the mid-1970s.[31]

The city's most notable hometown architect may be John Portman, whose creation of the atrium hotel beginning with the Hyatt Regency Atlanta—one of the tallest buildings in Atlanta at the time of its completion in 1967[34]—made a significant mark on hospitality architecture, both nationally and internationally. Through his work, Portman—a graduate of Georgia Tech's College of Architecture—reshaped downtown Atlanta with his designs for the Atlanta Merchandise Mart, Peachtree Center, the Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel, and SunTrust Plaza.[31]


Beath-Dickey House (1890), example of Queen Anne architecture, Inman Park

Atlanta contains more than 40 historic districts, nearly all NRHP-listed. The most notable residential historic districts include Druid Hills, with its parks and parkways designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, Inman Park with its Victorian mansions (also Olmsted), Virginia-Highland with its Craftsman bungalows, and Cabbagetown with its shotgun houses.

One Symphony Tower in Midtown

Notable industrial architecture includes Ponce City Market (formerly a Sears regional warehouse), the former Van Winkle Cotton Gin and Machine Works, Northyards (a converted roundhouse and rail yards), and other buildings in the Means Street Historic District, the proposed King Plow/Railroad Historic District, and on the Marietta Street Artery.

The city is divided into 25 neighborhood planning units or NPUs, which in turn are divided into 242 officially defined neighborhoods.[35]

The three major high-rise districts within the city limits form a north-south axis along Peachtree: Downtown, Midtown, and Buckhead.[36] Surrounding these high-density districts are leafy single-family residential neighborhoods.[37][38] Downtown contains many notable skyscrapers, the most office space in the metro area and many government offices. Further north is Midtown Atlanta, a major employment center, including many law offices.[39] Between 1990 and 2010, a skyline of office and residential towers took shape. Upscale retail stores are opening, though scaled down from previous (2006) plans. Buckhead is eight miles (13 km) north of Downtown. The wealthy suburban area developed into a major commercial and financial center after Lenox Square mall opened in 1959. Skyscapers and hotels surround the mall, and around this commercial core are neighborhoods of single-family homes ranging from upper middle-class to very wealthy.

Rowhouses in Glenwood Park, an example of gentrification in Atlanta

Atlanta's east side is marked by historic streetcar suburbs built from the 1890s-1930s as havens for the upper middle class. Each of these neighborhoods are unique, containing separate commercial villages surrounded by leafy, architecturally distinct residential streets. East side neighborhoods include Victorian Inman Park and Grant Park, craftsman Virginia-Highland and Kirkwood, and Bohemian Candler Park and East Atlanta.[40] On Atlanta's west side, former warehouses and factories have been transformed into condos, apartments, retail space, art galleries, and sophisticated restaurants, making the once-industrial West Midtown a model neighborhood for smart growth, historic rehabilitation, and infill construction.[41] It is in Atlanta's east side and in West Midtown where the gentrification of Atlanta has transformed the city since the 1996 Olympics. As of 2010, Buckhead and northeastern Atlanta were on average 80% white.

Bungalows in Inman Park

Downtown, Midtown, West Midtown, and some close-in east side neighborhoods (NPU N) were the fastest growing areas of the city from 2000 to 2010.

Predominantly black neighborhoods cover 60% of the city's area: northwestern, southwestern, and southeastern Atlanta were 92% African American as of 2010. In Southwestern Atlanta, the areas closest to Downtown are streetcar suburbs, including the historic West End. Farther from Downtown are postwar suburban neighborhoods, including Collier Heights and Cascade Heights, home to the city's established African-American elite.[42][43] Further southwest are newer neighborhoods that are also havens for middle-class and upper-class black homeowners.[44] From 2000 to 2010 there was rapid population loss in northwestern Atlanta (-24.1%) and southeastern Atlanta (-20.5%), while small areas at the far west perimeter like Ben Hill grew quickly (+45.8%).

The median household income in the various sections of Atlanta varies widely: as of 2003 it was $20,969 in northwest Atlanta, $24,309 in the CBD, $25,514 in the southeast, $31,624 in the southwest, $43,396 in far eastern portion of Atlanta in DeKalb County, $62,254 in the northeast and $149,432 in Buckhead.[45]

The population of the Atlanta region spreads across a metropolitan area of 8,376 square miles (21,694 km2)—a land area larger than that of Massachusetts.[46] Because Georgia contains the second highest number of counties in the country,[47] area residents live under a heavily decentralized collection of governments. As of the 2000 census, fewer than one in twelve residents of the metropolitan area lived inside Atlanta city proper.[48]

A 2008 aerial photo of Atlanta's urban core viewed from the Southwest near Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport. Downtown Atlanta (in the foreground) is followed by Midtown, and then Buckhead. Sandy Springs and Dunwoody's Perimeter Center skyline is visible in the background. In 2008, the entire region had a population of 5,729,304.

[edit] Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Atlanta

The 2010 Census indicates a population of 420,003 – 22.4% lower than 2009 estimates of 540,921.[49] The difference between the 2010 official count and the 2009 estimates caused some to question the reliability of the 2010 count.[50] However, Atlanta's daytime population is much larger. According to a 2000 daytime population estimate by the Census Bureau,[51] over 250,000 more people commuted to Atlanta on any given workday, boosting the city's estimated daytime population to 676,431. This is an increase of 62.4% over Atlanta's resident population, making it the largest gain in daytime population in the country among cities with fewer than 500,000 residents.

The median income for a household in the city was $47,464 and the median income for a family was $59,711. About 21.8% of the population and 17.2% of families lived below the poverty line.[52]

In 2010, the city of Atlanta was 54.0% black (down from 61.4% in 2000), 36.3% non-Hispanic white (up from 31.3%), 3.1% Asian and 5.2% Hispanic. 8.0% were foreign born, while the metro as a whole was 13.6% foreign-born.[53][54][55][56]

Atlanta is, as of 2010, the nation's 4th largest black-majority city and has long been known as a "black mecca" for its role as a center of black wealth, political power, education, and culture including film and music.[57] However, the area's African Americans have rapidly suburbanized since 1990. The city's black population shrunk from 2000 to 2010 by 31,678 people, dropping from 61.4% to 54.0% of the population.[58][59][59][60] While blacks exited the city and neighboring DeKalb County, the black population increased sharply in other areas of Metro Atlanta by 93.1%.[61]

The proportion of whites in the city's population has grown dramatically from 31.3% [note 2] in 2000 to 36.3% in 2010. Between 2000-2006 the growth was the fastest amongst major cities.[note 3][60] The city has also become relatively more diverse. Blacks and non-Hispanic whites made up 97.1% of the city in 1990, but by 2010 their proportion had shrunk to 90.3%, the Hispanic and Asian proportions having grown. Metro Atlanta as a whole is becoming much more diverse much more quickly - blacks and non-Hispanic whites make up only 83.1% of the population. From 2000 to 2010, the Hispanic population more than doubled to make up over 10% of Metro Atlanta, [62] while the Asian population nearly doubled to make up just under 5% of the region's population. Gwinnett County became one of the most diverse counties in the nation.[63]

The city of Atlanta also has one of the highest LGBT populations per capita. It ranks 3rd of all major cities, behind San Francisco and slightly behind Seattle, with 12.8% of the city's total population recognizing themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.[64][65]

According to the 2000 United States Census (revised in 2004), Atlanta has the twelfth highest proportion of single-person households nationwide among cities of 100,000 or more residents, which was at 38.5%.[66]

[edit] Economy

Main article: Economy of Atlanta
The Coca-Cola world headquarters

Atlanta is one of ten U.S. cities classified as an "alpha-world city" by a 2010 study at Loughborough University,[67] and ranks fourth in the number of Fortune 500 companies headquartered within city boundaries, behind New York City, Houston, and Dallas.[68] Several major national and international companies are headquartered in metro Atlanta, including four Fortune 100 companies: The Coca-Cola Company, Home Depot, United Parcel Service, Delta Air Lines, AT&T Mobility, and Newell Rubbermaid. Over 75% of the Fortune 1000 companies have a presence in the Atlanta area, and the region hosts offices of about 1,250 multinational corporations. As of 2006 Atlanta Metropolitan Area ranks as the 10th largest cybercity (high-tech center) in the US, with 126,700 high-tech jobs.[69]

Delta Air Lines is the city's largest employer and the metro area's third largest.[70] Delta operates the world's largest airline hub at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport and, together with the hub of competing carrier AirTran Airways, has helped make Hartsfield-Jackson the world's busiest airport, both in terms of passenger traffic and aircraft operations. The airport, since its construction in the 1950s, has served as a key engine of Atlanta's economic growth.[71]

Atlanta has a sizable financial sector. SunTrust Banks, the seventh largest bank by asset holdings in the United States,[72] has its home office on Peachtree Street in downtown.[73] The Federal Reserve System has a district headquarters in Atlanta; the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, which oversees much of the deep South, relocated from downtown to midtown in 2001.[74] Wachovia announced plans in August 2006 to place its new credit-card division in Atlanta,[75] and city, state and civic leaders harbor long-term hopes of having the city serve as the home of the secretariat of a future Free Trade Area of the Americas.[76]

Atlanta's biotechnology sector is growing, gaining recognition through such events as the 2009 BIO International Convention.[77] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are located adjacent to Atlanta and to the Emory University campus, with a staff of nearly 15,000.[78] Atlanta is also the headquarters of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission Region II.

The city is a major cable television programming center. Ted Turner began the Turner Broadcasting System media empire in Atlanta, and established the headquarters of the Cable News Network at CNN Center, adjacent today to Centennial Olympic Park. As his company grew, its other channels centered their operations in Atlanta as well. Turner Broadcasting is a division of Time Warner. In 2008 Tyler Perry established his studios in Southwest Atlanta; and in 2010 EUE/Screen Gems opened soundstages in Lakewood Heights, south Atlanta. (See also: Film industry in Georgia (U.S. state)) The Weather Channel has its offices in the Cumberland district northwest of downtown Atlanta.

Cox Enterprises, headquartered in Sandy Springs, has substantial media holdings in and beyond Atlanta.[79][80] Its Cox Communications division is the third-largest cable television service provider in the United States.[81]

Federal Reserve of Atlanta
The Atlanta CNN Center
Delta Airlines Headquarters in Atlanta.
Left: Federal Reserve Bank in Midtown Atlanta. Center: CNN Center. Right: Delta Air Lines headquarters.

[edit] Culture

The High Museum of Art, a division of the Woodruff Arts Center in Midtown Atlanta

Atlanta, while geographically at the center of the American South, has a culture that is no longer strictly Southern. More than half of Metro Atlanta residents were born outside Georgia[82] including 13% born outside the U.S.[83] Atlanta's culture reveals itself at the High Museum of Art, the bohemian shops of Little Five Points, at its many neighborhood festivals, and in the cuisines from around the world found along Buford Highway.[84]

[edit] Arts and entertainment

Main article: Arts in Atlanta

Atlanta has flourishing music, fine art, and theater scenes. It has also become a major regional center for film and television production.

In music, Atlanta is a capital of hip hop, including Southern hip hop, of R&B and of neo soul. The city is the current home or birthplace of many hip-hop artists including Lil Jon, Ludacris, and Usher. It is also a center of gospel music where the Gospel Music Association Dove Awards take place. Atlanta also has strong live music, pop, rock, indie-rock, country, blues and jazz scenes, including artists such as the Indigo Girls, and Justin Bieber. From the 1920s through 1950s, Atlanta, with its many mill workers from Appalachia bringing their music with them, became a major center for country music.[85]

The Fox Theatre is an historic landmark and is among the highest grossing theatres in of its size.[86] The city also has a large collection of highly successful music venues of various sizes that host top and emerging touring acts including the Tabernacle, the Variety Playhouse and The Masquerade.

In 2010, American Style Magazine ranked Atlanta as the ninth-best city for the arts.[87] The renowned High Museum of Art is arguably the South's leading art museum and among the 100 most-visited art museums in the world. Other art institutions include the Museum of Design Atlanta (MODA), the Atlanta Contemporary Art Center, the Museum of Contemporary Art of Georgia, and the Michael C. Carlos Museum at Emory, containing the largest collection of ancient art in the Southeast.[88]

The city contains a flourishing theater community. Theater groups include the Alliance Theater, winner of the 2007 Regional Theatre Tony Award, the internationally-known Center for Puppetry Arts and dozens of other groups across the city and Metro Atlanta.

The Atlanta Symphony Orchestra plays at its concert hall at the Woodruff Arts Center in Midtown, which also houses the High Museum of Art and Alliance Theatre. The Atlanta Opera and The Atlanta Ballet usually perform at the Cobb Energy Performing Arts Centre at the city's northwest edge. Atlanta's renowned classical musicians have included conductors Robert Shaw and the Atlanta Symphony's Robert Spano.

In literature, Atlanta has been the home of Margaret Mitchell, author of Gone With the Wind, one of the best-selling books of all time; Alice Walker, author of Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Color Purple; Alfred Uhry, playwright of Driving Miss Daisy, and Joel Chandler Harris, author of the Brer Rabbit children's stories. Famous journalists include Ralph McGill, the anti-segregationist editor and publisher of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper. Atlanta is also the home of contemporary editorial cartoonist Mike Luckovich, who is syndicated nationally to 150 newspapers.

Further information: Category:Films set in Atlanta, Georgia and List of television shows set in Atlanta

Atlanta has become a major regional center for film and television production, especially since 2008 when Georgia state tax credits were increased. Tyler Perry Studios, TurnerStudios and EUE/Screen Gems studios are located in the city. Metro Atlanta is frequently seen in films and on TV including the top-rated Real Housewives of Atlanta, The Walking Dead, and The Vampire Diaries. Atlanta has gained recognition as a center of production of horror and zombie-related productions,[89] with Atlanta magazine dubbing the city the "Zombie Capital of the World".[90][91] The city was most famously the setting for the film Gone with the Wind, while the nearby CDC is often mentioned in fiction novels. In addition to numerous other film festivals, Atlanta is the host of the Atlanta Film Festival, an Academy Award qualifying, international film festival held every April and showcasing a diverse range of independent films, including genre films such as horror and sci-fi.

[edit] Tourism

Multimedia exhibit at the MLK Historic Site
Main articles: Tourism in Atlanta, Festivals in Atlanta, and Museums in Atlanta

As of 2010, the city is the seventh-most visited city in the United States, with over 35 million visitors per year.[16] The city was the 12th most popular destination for overseas visitors, who numbered 712,000 in total (2010).[92]

Atlanta's art museums, the High in particular (see Museums in Atlanta) are a great draw, as are the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site, the Georgia Aquarium (the world's largest indoor aquarium),[93] and the World of Coca-Cola.

Other museums include the Atlanta Cyclorama & Civil War Museum, the Carter Center and Presidential Library, and the Margaret Mitchell House and Museum (where Mitchell wrote Gone With the Wind). Museums geared specifically towards children include the Fernbank Science Center and Imagine It! The Children's Museum of Atlanta. The Atlanta Botanical Garden, next to Piedmont Park, is home to the the only canopy-level pathway of its kind in the U.S., 600-foot-long (180 m). Zoo Atlanta, located in Grant Park, is one of only four zoos in the U.S. currently housing giant pandas.[94]

Outdoor events and attractions are plentiful. Piedmont Park hosts many of Atlanta's festivals, including the annual Atlanta Dogwood Festival, Festival Peachtree Latino, Music Midtown, and Atlanta Pride.[95] Most older intown neighborhoods hold yearly festivals as well, such as the Inman Park Festival and Virginia Highland Summerfest. Yearly traditions include the Southeastern Flower Show, and at Christmastime the Macy's (originally Rich's) Great Tree and "Pink Pig" ride at Macy's Lenox Square.

A meal at The Varsity

[edit] Cuisine

Main article: Cuisine of Atlanta

Atlanta's cuisine reflects both Southern and much broader influences. The city is home to a mix of high-end chef-driven restaurants receiving praise at the national level, an ethnic restaurant scene along Buford Highway, and traditional Southern eateries.

Since the turn of the 21st century, Atlanta has emerged as a sophisticated restaurant town.[96] Many restaurants opened in the city's gentrifying neighborhoods have received praise at the national level, including Bocado, Bacchanalia, Flip Burger Boutique, and Miller Union in West Midtown, Empire State South in Midtown, and Two Urban Licks, Parish, and Rathbun's on the east side.[97][98][99][100] The New York Times in 2011 characterized Empire State South and Miller Union as reflecting "a new kind of sophisticated Southern sensibility centered on the farm but experienced in the city".[101]

Buford Highway, stretching from near Buckhead to Gwinnett County, is the area's international food destination. There, the million-plus immigrants that make Atlanta home have established various authentic ethnic restaurants, ranging from Vietnamese, Indian, Cuban, Korean, Mexican, and Chinese, to Ethiopian.[102]

Local landmarks include The Varsity, opened in 1928 and the world's largest drive-in restaurant,[103] and Mary Mac's Tea Room, opened in 1945, a traditional destination for Southern food. Paschal's and the Busy Bee Cafe have been soul food favorites since the 1940s.

[edit] Religion

Roman Catholic Shrine of the Immaculate Conception (1869), oldest church in Atlanta
Main article: Religion in Atlanta

There are over 1,000 places of worship within the city of Atlanta, with a wide range of religious faiths represented. The Southern Baptist, the Methodist and the Roman Catholic are the largest denominations in Metro Atlanta. Other prominent churches include the Episcopal, Church of God and independent charismatic churches.[104][105] Traditional African American denominations such as the National Baptist Convention, the Church of God in Christ, and the AME Church are also represented and have several seminaries that form the Interdenominational Theological Center complex in the Atlanta University Center.

Megachurches in the area include pastor Andy Stanley's North Point Community Church in Alpharetta, ranked as the third largest church in the U.S.,[106] and the First Baptist Church of Woodstock, with 14,000 members.[107] Primarily African American megachurches in Metro Atlanta include Creflo Dollar's World Changers Church International in College Park claiming nearly 30,000 members[108] and Eddie Long's New Birth Missionary Baptist Church in Lithonia, with 25,000.[109]

The Roman Catholic Church states that its membership in the metro area has more than tripled from 292,300 in 1998 to 900,000 in 2010, about 16% of the population.[110][111] Atlanta is both an archdiocese and a metropolitan see. Atlanta is also the see of the Episcopal Diocese of Atlanta.

Metro Atlanta has a 120,000-strong Jewish community,[112] ranked 11th largest in the U.S. in 2006.[112] One of the area's approximately 15 Hindu temples, BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Atlanta in Lilburn is the largest Hindu temple outside of India.[113] There also are an estimated 75,000 Muslims in the metro area and about 35 mosques.[114] Buddhist temples include the Tibetan Buddhist Drepung Loseling Monastery in Brookhaven, associated with Emory University and where the Dalai Lama has spoken.[115]

[edit] Language and dialect

In 2008, 83.3% of the population five years and older spoke only English at home, while 8.8% spoke Spanish, 3.9% another Indo-European language and 2.8% an Asian language.[116]

Atlanta's dialect has traditionally been a variation of Southern American English. The Chattachoochee River long formed a border between the Coastal Southern and Southern Appalachian dialects.[117] However by 2003 Atlanta magazine concluded that Atlanta had become significantly "de-Southernized", with a Southern accent in at least some circumstances considered a handicap, noting that country DJ Moby had been fired from station WKHX-FM because his accent was too Southern.[118] In general, Southern accents are less prevalent amongst whites in the city and inner suburbs and among younger people, while they are more common in the outer suburbs and among older people;[117] this pattern coexists alongside Southern variations of African American Vernacular English.

[edit] Sports

Main article: Sports in Atlanta
The diving event at the 1996 Summer Games, with Atlanta's Olympic logo in the background
Turner Field

Atlanta is home to professional franchises for three major team sports: the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball, the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association, and the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League.

The Braves began playing in 1871 as the Boston Red Stockings, and is the oldest continually operating professional sports franchise in America.[119] The Braves won the World Series in 1995, and had an unprecedented run of 14 straight divisional championships from 1991 to 2005.

The Atlanta Falcons (American football) have played in Atlanta since 1966 and currently play at the Georgia Dome. They have won the division title four times (1980, 1998, 2004, 2010) and one conference championship—going on to finish as the runner-up to the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXXIII in 1999.[120]

The Atlanta Hawks basketball team has been the National Basketball Association franchise of Atlanta since 1969. The Atlanta Dream plays in the Women's National Basketball Association. Atlanta does not currently have an National Hockey League (NHL) team. The Atlanta Silverbacks play in the United Soccer Leagues First Division (Men) and W-League (Women).

In golf, the final event of the PGA Tour season, The Tour Championship, is played annually at East Lake Golf Club, a club associated with the great amateur golfer Bobby Jones, an Atlanta native.

The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets participate in 17 intercollegiate sports, including football and basketball, competing in the Atlantic Coast Conference. Atlanta hosted the second intercollegiate football game in the South, played between Auburn and the University of Georgia in 1892; this game is now called the Deep South's Oldest Rivalry.[121]

Atlanta is also home to the Atlanta Harlequins (women's rugby union), Atlanta Legion (rugby league football), Atlanta Kookaburras (men's and women's Australian rules football), and two Gaelic football teams.

Auto racetracks near Atlanta include the Atlanta Motor Speedway (a NASCAR track) and Road Atlanta.

Atlanta was the host city for the Centennial 1996 Summer Olympics. Atlanta has also hosted Super Bowl XXVIII in 1994 and Super Bowl XXXIV, as well as the NCAA Final Four Men's Basketball Championship, most recently in 2007. The city hosts college football's annual Chick-fil-A Bowl (Formerly known as the Peach Bowl) and the Peachtree Road Race, the world’s largest 10 km race.[122]

[edit] Parks and recreation

Atlanta's Piedmont Park, with a blanket of winter snow.
Main articles: Parks in Atlanta and Atlanta tree canopy
The Atlanta Plaza skyscraper surrounded by trees

For a sprawling city with the nation’s ninth-largest metro area, Atlanta is surprisingly lush with trees—magnolias, dogwoods, Southern pines, and magnificent oaks.

“
”
National Geographic magazine, in naming Atlanta a "Place of a Lifetime"[123]

Atlanta's green space is composed of 343 parks, nature preserves, gardens, and public spaces (3,622 acres (14.66 km2) in all). Piedmont Park, site of the 1895 Cotton States Expo, is Atlanta's iconic green space. The Midtown park, which underwent a major renovation and expansion in 2010, attracts visitors from across the region and hosts various cultural events throughout the year. Centennial Olympic Park forms a centerpoint for downtown visitors in and around which key visitor attractions are located; nearby Woodruff Park and Hurt Park cater to the downtown lunch crowd. Grant Park, located on the east side, is home to the city zoo, as well as the Cyclorama exhibit. Chastain Park, the primary recreational center for the northern Buckhead district, contains an amphitheater for live music concerts. Atlanta's largest park, Southside Park, is remote and nearly undeveloped, and the planned Westside Park in northwest Atlanta, which will be constructed on the site of a former gravel quarry, will eclipse Southside as the city's largest. Several nature preserves line the south fork of Peachtree Creek in the Morningside neighborhood, while part of the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area lies in the city's northwest corner. The Atlanta Botanical Garden is home to the Canopy Walk, a 600-foot elevated walkway ambling 40 feet from the ground through a 15-acre forest of mature hardwoods, and the only canopy-level pathway of its kind in the United States.

The BeltLine, a former rail corridor that forms a 22-mile loop around Atlanta's central neighborhoods, has been acquired and transformed into public space. Most of the corridor opened in the late-2000s as a walking path, with plans for development of multi-use trails and, eventually, public transit. A trail has already been constructed near the West End neighborhood, while another one, under construction as of 2012, will connect Piedmont Park to Inman Park. BeltLine projects will increase Atlanta's park space by 40%,[124] including two new parks: Historic Fourth Ward Park, now open, and Westside Park. In addition to BeltLine trails, PATH maintains a network of biking and walking trails in Metro Atlanta, including one that traverses Atlanta's east side, traveling past the Carter Center and through Freedom Park.

Beyond the business districts, the Atlanta skyline gives way to a dense canopy of woods that spreads into the suburbs. Atlanta is nicknamed the "city in a forest", and at 36%, the city's tree coverage is the highest of all major U.S. cities.[125] The canopy filters out pollutants and cools sidewalks and buildings. However, Atlanta's tree canopy has increasingly been under assault from man and nature due to heavy rains, drought, aged forests, new pests, and urban construction. The city is home to the Atlanta Dogwood Festival, an annual arts and crafts festival held one weekend during early April, when the native dogwoods are in bloom.

The Midtown skyline from Piedmont Park

[edit] Law and government

Main articles: Political structure of Atlanta, List of Mayors of Atlanta, and Crime in Atlanta
Atlanta City Hall

Atlanta is governed by a mayor and the Atlanta City Council. The city council consists of 15 representatives—one from each of the city's 12 districts and three at-large positions (a district system superseded the ward system in 1954). The mayor may veto a bill passed by the council, but the council can override the veto with a two-thirds majority.[126] The mayor of Atlanta is Kasim Reed.

Every mayor elected since 1973 has been black.[127] In 2001, Shirley Franklin became the first woman to be elected Mayor of Atlanta, and the first African-American woman to serve as mayor of a major southern city.[128] Atlanta city politics suffered from a notorious reputation for corruption during the 1990s administration of Bill Campbell, who was convicted by a federal jury in 2006 on three counts of tax evasion in connection with gambling income he received while Mayor during trips he took with city contractors.[129]

As the state capital, Atlanta is the site of most of Georgia's state government. The Georgia State Capitol building, located downtown, houses the offices of the governor, lieutenant governor and secretary of state, as well as the General Assembly. The Governor's Mansion is located on West Paces Ferry Road, in a residential section of Buckhead. The city has several properties relating to the United States federal government, including the John C. Godbold Federal Building, Sam Nunn Atlanta Federal Center, Richard B. Russell Federal Building,

Atlanta city seal

and the Martin Luther King Jr. Federal Building.[130] Atlanta also serves as the home of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit and of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia; Atlanta is the headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta (the Sixth District of the Federal Reserve).


Crime in Atlanta has been consistently dropping. Between 2001 and 2009 the crime rate in Atlanta dropped by 40 percent, according to the FBI. Homicide fell 57 percent. Rape is down 72 percent. Violent crime overall is down 55 percent. Atlanta’s public safety improvement has occurred at more than twice the rate of the rest of the country. Crime is down across the country, but Atlanta’s improvement has far surpassed the national trend. This relative improvement explains why Atlanta—after ranking in the top five highest crime cities for most of the previous three decades—now ranks 31st. Atlanta has lower crime than Salt Lake City, Orlando and Tacoma, Washington.[131] The city is served by the Atlanta Police Department, which has an estimated 1,700 officers working in the force. Atlanta is divided into six police zones.

[edit] Education

Main articles: List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Atlanta and List of schools in Atlanta
Main Quad on Emory University's Druid Hills Campus
Part of the Henry W. Grady High School Campus in Midtown Atlanta.

The city has more than 30 institutions of higher education, including Emory University, a prominent liberal arts and research institution that has been consistently ranked as a top 20 U.S. school by U.S. News & World Report; Georgia Institute of Technology, a premier research university that has been ranked among the nation's top ten public universities since 1999 by U.S. News & World Report; Georgia State University, a comprehensive public research university located downtown; the Atlanta campus of the Savannah College of Art and Design, a private arts university; a campus of Mercer University; and the Atlanta University Center, the largest contiguous consortium of historically black colleges, comprising Clark Atlanta University, Morehouse College, Spelman College, and the Interdenominational Theological Center; Morris Brown College is a former member.

Notable colleges and universities in Metro Atlanta include Oglethorpe University, Agnes Scott College, a women's college, and Kennesaw State University, the third largest university in Georgia. See List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Atlanta for a full listing.

The public school system (Atlanta Public Schools) is run by the Atlanta Board of Education with interim superintendent Erroll Davis. As of 2007, the system has an active enrollment of 49,773 students, attending a total of 106 schools: including 58 elementary schools (three of which operate on a year-round calendar), 16 middle schools, 20 high schools, and 7 charter schools.[132] The school system also supports two alternative schools for middle and/or high school students, two single-sex academies, and an adult learning center.[132] The school system also owns and operates radio station WABE-FM 90.1, a National Public Radio affiliate, and Public Broadcasting Service television station WPBA 30.

[edit] Media

Main articles: Media in Atlanta and Arts in Atlanta: Film and television

The Atlanta metro area is served by dozens of local television stations and is the eighth largest designated market area (DMA) in the U.S. with 2,387,520 homes (2.0% of the total U.S.).[133] The Atlanta radio market is ranked seventh in the nation by Arbitron, and is home to more than forty radio stations. See Media in Atlanta for a full list of TV and radio stations.

The nation's first cable superstation launched in Atlanta in 1976, WTCG (Channel 17). The station changed its call letters to WTBS in 1979. In 2007, parent Turner Broadcasting System separated the local (WPCH-TV, "Peachtree TV") and national ("TBS") feeds. Based in Atlanta are other Turner properties TNT, CNN, Cartoon Network, HLN, truTV, and Turner Classic Movies, as well as NBC Universal's The Weather Channel.

Cox Enterprises has substantial media holdings in and beyond Atlanta. Its Cox Communications division is the nation's third-largest cable television service provider;[134] the company also publishes over a dozen daily newspapers in the United States, including The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. WSB AM—the flagship station of Cox Radio—was the first broadcast station in the South.

Many film and television shows are set and/or filmed in Metro Atlanta; see "Arts and entertainment" above.

[edit] Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Atlanta
A concourse at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, the world's busiest
The Downtown Connector, seen at night in Midtown.

Atlanta's transportation system is a complex infrastructure of several systems, including 47.6 miles of heavy rail, 91 bus transit routes, 1600 licensed taxis, a comprehensive network of freeways, one of the world's busiest airports and over 45 miles of bike paths.

The city began as a railroad town, and remains a major rail junction and home of major classification yards for Norfolk Southern and CSX. Amtrak provides the only remaining passenger service via its daily Crescent service to cities between New Orleans and New York.

A 2011 Brookings Institute study placed Atlanta 91st of 100 metro areas for transit accessibility.[135] Atlanta's subway system, operated by MARTA, is the eighth busiest in the country.[136] The rail system is complemented by MARTA's bus system, the 14th largest in the country.

With a comprehensive network of freeways that radiate out from the city, Atlantans rely on their cars as the dominant mode of transportation in the region.[137] Atlanta is mostly encircled by Interstate 285, a beltway locally known as "the Perimeter" which has come to mark the boundary between the city and close-in suburbs ("ITP": Inside The Perimeter) from the outer suburbs and exurbs: ("OTP": Outside The Perimeter). This reliance on cars has resulted in heavy traffic and has helped make Atlanta one of the more polluted cities in the country.[138] The Clean Air Campaign was created in 1996 to help reduce pollution in metro Atlanta. Since 2008, Metro Atlanta has ranked at or near the top of lists of longest average commute times and worst traffic in the country.[139]

Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, the world's busiest airport as measured by passenger traffic and aircraft traffic,[140] offers air service to over 150 U.S. destinations and more than 80 international destinations in 52 countries, with over 2,700 arrivals and departures daily.[141] Delta Air Lines and AirTran Airways maintain their largest hubs at the airport.[142][143] Situated 10 miles (16 km) south of downtown, the airport covers most of the land inside a wedge formed by Interstate 75, Interstate 85, and Interstate 285.

[edit] International relations

See also: List of diplomatic missions in Atlanta

Atlanta, as the home of 24 general consulates, contains the seventh-highest concentration of diplomatic missions in the United States. Most of the diplomatic missions are located in Buckhead, Midtown, or Peachtree Center. The city is also home to 36 honorary consulates.[144] In 2011, it was announced that Atlanta would be the host of the next Indian consulate.[145]

Atlanta has 19 sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI):[146]

[edit] See also

Portal icon Atlanta portal
Portal icon Georgia (U.S. state) portal

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Antebellum structures remaining within the present-day city limits include Oakland Cemetery and a total of three houses located within today's city limits, but in what was countryside in the 1860s. Many historic suburbs such as Marietta, Roswell and Jonesboro have antebellum downtowns with numerous remaining buildings from that era.
  2. ^ non-Hispanic whites
  3. ^ of any core city of the nation's top 100 metro areas

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[edit] Further Reading

  • Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events: Years of Change and Challenge, 1940–1976 by Franklin M. Garrett, Harold H. Martin
  • Atlanta, Then and Now. Part of the Then and Now book series.
  • Craig, Robert (1995). Atlanta Architecture: Art Deco to Modern Classic, 1929–1959. Gretna, LA: Pelican. ISBN 0-88289-961-9. 
  • Darlene R. Roth and Andy Ambrose. Metropolitan Frontiers: A short history of Atlanta. Atlanta: Longstreet Press, 1996. An overview of the city's history with an emphasis on its growth.
  • Sjoquist, Dave (ed.) The Atlanta Paradox. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 2000.
  • Stone, Clarence. Regime Politics: Governing Atlanta, 1946–1988. University Press of Kansas. 1989.
  • Elise Reid Boylston. Atlanta: Its Lore, Legends and Laughter. Doraville: privately printed, 1968. Lots of neat anecdotes about the history of the city.
  • Frederick Allen. Atlanta Rising. Atlanta: Longstreet Press, 1996. A detailed history of Atlanta from 1946 to 1996, with much about City Councilman, later Mayor, William B. Hartsfield's work in making Atlanta a major air transport hub, and about the American Civil Rights Movement as it affected (and was affected by) Atlanta.

[edit] External links

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