Positions of the feet in ballet
The positions of the feet in ballet is a fundamental part of classical ballet technique that defines proper placement of feet on the floor. There are five basic positions of the feet in modern-day classical ballet, known as the first through fifth positions. These five positions were codified by the dancing master Pierre Beauchamp in the late 17th century.
Two additional positions, known as the sixth and seventh positions, were codified by Serge Lifar in the 1930s while serving as Ballet Master at the Paris Opéra Ballet, though their use is limited to Lifar's choreographies.[1][2] The sixth and seventh positions were not really Lifar's inventions, but revivals of positions that already existed in the eighteenth century, at the time of Jean-Georges Noverre, when there were not five but ten positions for the feet in classical ballet.[3]
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[edit] Five basic positions
All of the five basic positions require the feet to be flat on the floor and turned out (i.e., pointing in opposite directions as a result of rotating the legs, at the hips, in opposite directions).
[edit] First position
The feet are aligned and touching heel to heel, making as nearly a straight alignment as possible. The knees are also touching with legs straightened. In beginners' classes, most exercises at the barre start from first position[citation needed].
[edit] Second position
The feet are aligned as in first position, but with heels spaced approximately twelve inches apart. The term seconde generally means to or at the side.
[edit] Third position
One foot is placed in front of the other so that the heel of the front foot is near the arch of the back foot. There are two third positions, depending on which foot is in front. In beginners' classes this is a transition position in the progress to fifth position, or when a dancer is physically incapable of a fifth position (especially in adult beginners' classes)[citation needed].
[edit] Fourth position
There are two types of fourth position: open and closed. In both cases, one foot is placed approximately twelve inches in front of the other. In open fourth position the heels are aligned, while in closed fourth position the heel of the front foot is aligned with the toe of the back foot. There are two variations of each type of fourth position, as determined by which foot is in front.
[edit] Fifth position
One foot is placed in front of, and in contact with the other, with the heel of one foot aligned with the toe of the other foot. There are two fifth positions, depending on which foot is in front.
[edit] Lifar's additional positions
Sixth position
There is a sixth position for normally parallel feet. For example, in pas couru sur les pointes en avant or en arrière, the feet are in sixth position.
Seventh position
The dancer's feet are in fourth position, en pointe (on tiptoe), with heels in line. There are two seventh positions, depending on which foot is in front.
[edit] References
- ^ Lifar on Classical Ballet
- ^ Ries, Frank W. D. (1986). The Dance theatre of Jean Cocteau. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International Research Press. p. 132. ISBN 0-8357-1994-4.
- ^ Paolacci, Claire (2004). "Serge Lifar and the Paris Opera during World War II". Journal of the Oxford University History Society: 8.
[edit] See also
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