List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe

This is a list of all present sovereign states in Europe and their predecessors. The borders of Europe are difficult to define. The borders between Europe and Asia are generally agreed to be the Caucasus Mountains, the Ural Mountains, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles.

Sovereign state	Predecessors
Albania	Kingdom of Epirus (330–231 BC) Epirote League (231–167 BC) Province of Macedonia (146 BC – 357 AD) Roman Republic (167–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC – 357 AD) Diocese of Macedonia (357 – c. 842) Roman Empire (357–476 AD) Byzantine Empire (476 – c. 846) Theme of Dyrrhachium (c. 846–1190) Byzantine Empire Principality of Arbanon (1190–1255) Byzantine Empire (1190–1204) Despotate of Epirus (1205–1255) Despotate of Epirus (1255–1337) Kingdom of Albania (1272–1368) Kingdom of Sicily Lordship of Berat (1335–1444) Serbian Empire (1337–1356) Principality of Valona (1346–1417) Serbian Empire (1346–1355) Despotate of Epirus (1356–1479) Despotate of Angelokastron and Lepanto (1358–1374) Despotate of Arta (1358–1416) Princedom of Albania (1368–1444) Principality of Gjirokastër (1386–1418) Principality of Dukagjini (1387–1444) Principality of Kastrioti (1389–1444) Venetian Albania (1420–1797) Most Serene Republic of Venice League of Lezhë (1444 – c. 1468) Ottoman Empire (1479–1912) Independent Albania (1912–1914) Principality of Albania (1914–1925) Albanian Republic (1925–1928) Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939) Kingdom of Italy (1939–1943) Albanian Kingdom (1943–1944) Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946) People's Republic of Albania (1946–1976) Socialist People's Republic of Albania (1976–1992) Republic of Albania (1992–present)
Andorra	Roman Republic (100–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD) Carolingian Empire (817–843) County of Urgell (843–1133) Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell (1133–1208) County of Foix (1208–1607/1610) Principality of Andorra (1278–present)
Armenia	Ottoman Empire (1586–1828) Russian Empire (1828–1917) Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918) Democratic Republic of Armenia (1918–1920) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Republic of Armenia (1991–present)
Austria	Roman Republic (509–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD) Archduchy of Austria (1156–1804) within the Holy Roman Empire (962–1806) Austrian Empire (1804–1867) within the German Confederation (1815–1866) Austria-Hungary (1867–1918) Republic of Austria (1918–1938) Nazi Germany (1938–1945) Allied-occupied Austria (1945–1955) Republic of Austria (1955–present)
Azerbaijan	Russian Empire (1813–1917) Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918) Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Republic of Azerbaijan (1991–present)
Belarus	Grand Duchy of Lithuania (13th century–1569) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1793) Russian Empire (1793–1917) Belarusian People's Republic (1918–1919) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Republic of Belarus (1991–present)
Belgium	Roman Republic (509–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD) Spain (1482–1713) but within the Holy Roman Empire Archduchy of Austria (1713–1797) within the Holy Roman Empire France (1797–1815) United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) Kingdom of Belgium (1830–present)
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Kingdom of Croatia (925-1102) Principality of Serbia (768–1217) Kingdom of Serbia (1217–1346) Serbian Empire (1346–1371) Kingdom of Bosnia (1371–1463) Ottoman Empire (1463-1878) Austria-Hungary (1878–1918) State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918) Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929) Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943) Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943–1946) Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1991) Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–present)
Bulgaria	First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018) Byzantine Empire (1018–1185) Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396) Ottoman Empire (1396–1878) Principality of Bulgaria (1878–1908) Kingdom of Bulgaria (1908–1946) People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990) Republic of Bulgaria (1990–present)
Croatia	Littoral Croatian Duchy (7th century-925) Kingdom of Croatia (925-1102) Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg) (1102-1804) Austrian Empire (1804–1867) Austria-Hungary (1867–1918) State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918) Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929) Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943) Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943–1946) Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1991) Republic of Croatia (1991–present)
Cyprus	Roman Republic (509–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD) Byzantine Empire (476–1190) Kingdom of Cyprus (1192–1489 AD) Ottoman Empire (?–1878) British Empire (1878–1960) Republic of Cyprus (1960–present)
Czech Republic	Great Moravia (833-902) Duchy of Bohemia (?–1198) Kingdom of Bohemia (1198–1804 (–1918)) within the Holy Roman Empire (?–1806) Austrian Empire (1804–1867) Austria-Hungary (1867–1918) Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1948 (–1992)) Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1939–1945) Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990) Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (1990–1992) Czech Republic (1993–present)
Denmark	Kalmar Union (1397–1523) Kingdom of Denmark (c. 965–present)
Estonia	Terra Mariana (1207–1561) Swedish Empire (1561–1721) Russian Empire (1721–1918) Republic of Estonia (1918–present)
Finland	Kalmar Union (1397–1523) Swedish Empire (c. 1210–1809) Russian Empire (1809–1917) Republic of Finland (1917–present)
France	Roman Republic (509–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD) Frankish Empire (481-800) Carolingian Empire (800–843) West Francia (843–987) Kingdom of France (987–1791) Kingdom of the French (1791–1792) French Republic (1792–1804) French Empire (1804–1814, 1815) Kingdom of France (1814–1815, 1815–1830) Kingdom of the French (1830–1848) French Republic (1848–1852) French Empire (1852–1870) French Republic (1870–1940) French State (1940–1944) French Republic (1944–present)
Georgia	Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti (1762–1798) Russian Empire (1801–1917) Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Georgia (1991–present)
Germany	Carolingian Empire (800–843) East Francia (843–919) Kingdom of Germany (919-962) Holy Roman Empire (962–1806) Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813) & Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1871) German Confederation (1815–1866) North German Confederation (1866–1871) German Empire (1871–1918) Weimar Republic (1918–1933) & Saar (1920–1935) Nazi Germany (1933–1945) Flensburg Government (1945) Allied-occupied Germany (1945–1949) Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) (1949–1990 (–present), German Democratic Republic (East Germany) (1949–1990) & Saar (1947–1956) Federal Republic of Germany (1990–present)
Greece	Roman Republic (167–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD) Byzantine Empire Ottoman Empire (?–1830) Kingdom of Greece (1830–1967) Hellenic Republic (1967–present)
Hungary	Hunnic Empire (370-469) Avar Khaganate (567-804) Great Moravia (833-902) Principality of Hungary (895-1000) Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1804) Austrian Empire (1804–1867) Austria-Hungary (1867–1918) Hungarian Democratic Republic (1918–1919) Hungarian Soviet Republic (1919–1920) Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1946) (1920–1946) Republic of Hungary (1946-1949) (1946–1949) People's Republic of Hungary (1949–1989)]] Republic of Hungary (1989–present)
Iceland	Icelandic Free State (930–1262) Kingdom of Norway (1262–1814) Danish Crown (1380–1944) Kalmar Union (1397–1523) Denmark–Norway (1536–1814) Kingdom of Denmark (1814–1918) Kingdom of Iceland (1918–1944) Iceland (1944–present)
Ireland	Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1651) Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland (1653–1659) Kingdom of Ireland (1659–1800) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922) Irish Free State (1922–1937) Ireland (1937–present)
Italy	Roman Kingdom Roman Republic (509–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD) the Italian peninsula divided into many states c. 400–1861, among them the medieval Kingdom of Italy (774–1806) within the Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Savoy (1416–1713) Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861) Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) Italian Republic (1946–present)
Kazakhstan	Russian Empire (1735/1860–1919) 24px Soviet Russia (1919–1922) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Republic of Kazakhstan (1991–present)
Latvia	Terra Mariana (1207–1583) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1583–1611) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth & Swedish Empire (1611–1721) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth & Russian Empire (1721–1772) Russian Empire (1772–1918) Republic of Latvia (1918–present)
Liechtenstein	German Confederation (?–1866) Principality of Liechtenstein (1866–present)
Lithuania	Grand Duchy of Lithuania (13th century–1569) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) Russian Empire (1795–1918) Kingdom of Lithuania (1918) Republic of Lithuania (1918–present)
Luxembourg	Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1890) Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (1890–present)
Macedonia	Byzantine Empire (?–1346), Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1346), Principality of Serbia (768-1217) & Kingdom of Serbia (1217–1346) Serbian Empire (1346–1371) Kingdom of Prilep (1371–1395) Ottoman Empire (1395-1913) Kingdom of Serbia (1913–1918) Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929) Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943) Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943–1946) Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1991) Republic of Macedonia (1991–present)
Malta	Phoenicia (800-480 BC) Carthaginian Empire (480-218 BC) Roman Republic (218–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC-395 AD) Byzantine Empire (395-870) (occupied by the Vandals 454-464 and Goths 464-533) Emirate of Malta (Abbasid Caliphate 870-909 and Fatimid Caliphate 909-1091) County of Sicily (1091-1130) Kingdom of Sicily (1130-1530) Order of Saint John (1530–1798) French occupation of Malta (1798-1800), Gozo (1798-1800) British Protectorate of Malta (1800-1813) Crown Colony of Malta (1813–1964) State of Malta (1964–1974) Republic of Malta (1974–present)
Moldova	Byzantine Empire Moldavia (1359-1812) (vassal of Ottoman Empire between 1514–1812) Russian Empire (1812–1918) Kingdom of Romania (1918–1945) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1945–1991) Republic of Moldova (1991–present)
Monaco	Republic of Genoa (?–1297) Principality of Monaco (1297–present)
Montenegro	Principality of Serbia (768-1217) Kingdom of Serbia (1217–1346) Serbian Empire (1346–1371) Principality of Zeta (1371–1402) Serbian Despotate (1402–1540) Ottoman Empire (1540-1852) Principality of Montenegro (1852–1910) Kingdom of Montenegro (1910–1918) Kingdom of Serbia (1918) Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929) Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943) Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943–1946) Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1992) Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003) State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) Montenegro (2006–present)
Netherlands	Frankish Kingdom (5th to 10th centuries), Frisian Kingdom (600-734), Duchy of (Lower) Lorraine (903–1190) & County of Holland (880-1384) Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482) Seventeen Provinces (1482–1581) Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (1581–1795) Batavian Republic (1795–1806) Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) First French Empire (1810–1813) United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1839) Kingdom of the Netherlands (1839–present)
Norway	Kingdom of Norway (?–1397) Kalmar Union (1397–1523) Denmark–Norway (1536–1814) Kingdom of Norway (1814) United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway (1814–1905) Kingdom of Norway (1905–present)
Poland	Poland in the Early Middle Ages (?–1025) Kingdom of the Piasts (1025–1385) Kingdom of the Jagiellons (1385–1569) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) Austria-Hungary, Prussia and the Russian Empire (1795–1918) Kingdom of Poland (1916–1918) Republic of Poland (1918–present)
Portugal	Roman Republic (197 BC–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD) Suebic Kingdom (410-585) Visigothic Kingdom (418–711) Umayyad Caliphate (711-750) Emirate of Córdoba (756–868) County of Portugal, within the Kingdom of León (868–1139) Kingdom of Portugal (1139–1189) Kingdom of Portugal and Silves (1189–1191) Kingdom of Portugal (1191–1249) Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarve (1249–1471) Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (1471–1815) United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1815–1825) Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (1825–1910) Portuguese Republic (1910–present)
Romania	Kingdom of Dacia Roman Empire (106-271/275 AD) Wallachia (1330–1859)) (vassal of Ottoman Empire between 1415–1859) Moldavia (1359-1859) (vassal of Ottoman Empire between 1514–1859) Romanian United Principalities (1859–1866) Principality of Romania (1866–1881) Kingdom of Romania (1881–1947) People's Republic of Romania Socialist Republic of Romania Romania (1862–present)
Russia	Grand Duchy of Moscow (1283–1547) Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721) Russian Empire (1721–1917) 24px Soviet Russia (1917–1922) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Russian Federation (1991–present)
San Marino	Roman Republic (509–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD) Ostrogothic Kingdom (493–533) Byzantine Empire (533–?) Papal States (728–1600) Republic of San Marino (1600–present)
Serbia	Serbian Sklavinia(520s-768) Principality of Serbia (768-1217) Kingdom of Serbia (1217–1346) Serbian Empire (1346–1371) Moravian Serbia (1371–1402) Serbian Despotate (1402–1540) Kingdom of Serbia (1718–1739) 1718–1739 and 1788-1791 Ottoman Empire (1540–1817) Principality of Serbia (1817–1882) Kingdom of Serbia (1882–1918) Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929) Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943) Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943–1946) Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1992) Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003) State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) Republic of Serbia (2006–present)
Slovakia	Great Moravia (833-902) Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1804) Austrian Empire (1804–1867) Austria-Hungary (1867–1918) Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1948 (–1992) Slovak Republic (1939–1945) Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (1918–) 1948–1992) Slovak Republic (1993–present)
Slovenia	Holy Roman Empire (955–1806) Austrian Empire (1804–1867) Austria-Hungary (1867–1918) State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918) Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929) Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943) Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943–1946) Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1991) Republic of Slovenia (1991–present)
Spain	Roman Empire Western Roman Empire (285-418) Visigothic Kingdom (418–711) Umayyad Caliphate (Al-Andalus) (711-756) Emirate of Córdoba (756–929) Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031) Crown of Aragon & Crown of Castile (?–1716) Kingdom of Spain (1716–1873) Spanish Republic (1873–1874) Kingdom of Spain (1873–1931) Spanish Republic (1931–1939) Kingdom of Spain (1939–present)
Sweden	Kalmar Union (1397–1523) Kingdom of Sweden (c. 1210–present)
Switzerland	Holy Roman Empire (?–1291) Old Swiss Confederacy (1291–1798) Helvetic Republic (1798–1803) Swiss Confederation (1803–present)
Turkey	Roman Republic (167–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD) Byzantine Empire (476–1453) Ottoman Empire (1299–1923) Republic of Turkey (1923–present)
Ukraine	Principality of Kiev (822-1471) Galicia-Volynia (1119-1349) Cossack Hetmanate (1648-1764) Russian Empire (1764–1917) Kingdom of Galicia-Lodomeria Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–1921) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Ukraine (1991–present)
United Kingdom	Caledonia Hibernia Roman Empire (AD 43–410) Kingdom of Cantwara, Dál Riata, Kingdom of East Anglia, Kingdom of Mercia, Kingdom of Northumbria, Pictland, Kingdom of Strathclyde, Ireland, Principality of Wales & Kingdom of Wessex Kingdom of Scotland (843–1651), Kingdom of England (927–1649) & Lordship of Ireland (1171–1541) Kingdom of Scotland, Kingdom of England & Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1651) Commonwealth of England (1649–1653) Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland (1653–1659) Commonwealth of England (1659–1660) Kingdom of Ireland (1659–1800), Kingdom of Scotland (1659–1707) & Kingdom of England (1660–1707) Kingdom of Ireland & Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1927) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1927–present)
Vatican City	Roman Empire Ostrogothic Kingdom (493–533) Byzantine Empire (533–?) Papal States (728–1870) & Roman Republic (1798–1799) Papal States (728–1870) & Roman Republic (1849) Kingdom of Italy (1870–1929) State of the Vatican City (1929–present)

See also

• List of European sovereign states and dependent territories
• Predecessors of sovereign states in South America
• Succession of states
• Timeline of European nations