Princess Irene of the Netherlands
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Princess Irene of the Netherlands (born 5 August 1939) is the second child of the late Queen Juliana and Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands.
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[edit] Childhood and ancestry
The princess was born in Soestdijk Palace. She has three sisters: her older one is the current monarch of the Netherlands, Queen Beatrix; the other two younger ones are Princess Margriet and Princess Christina.
Among her godparents was Queen Elizabeth, who was Queen consort of King George VI of the United Kingdom at the time of her birth.
Princess Irene is a descendant of Sophia, Electress of Hanover, via her great-granddaughter Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange.
Because of the invasion of the Netherlands by Nazi Germany during World War II the Dutch Royal family chose to live in exile in Canada, where Irene attended Rockcliffe Park Public School, in Ottawa. As a teenager, she was dubbed by the Dutch press as "the glamorous Princess of the Netherlands." During the war, the Royal Dutch Brigade (the formation of Free Dutch soldiers that fought alongside the Allies) was named for Princess Irene. This was continued after the war as the Regiment Prinses Irene.
Princess Irene studied at the University of Utrecht, then went to Madrid to learn the Spanish language.
[edit] Marriage controversy
[edit] Conversion
As the former wife of the late Prince Carlos Hugo of Bourbon-Parma, she is the only one of her sisters to marry a man of princely status.
In Madrid, she met Carlos Hugo of Bourbon-Parma, eldest son of Carlist pretender to the throne of Spain Xavier, Duke of Parma. In the summer of 1963, Princess Irene secretly converted from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism. The first time the public or the Royal Family knew about the conversion was when a photograph appeared on the front page of an Amsterdam newspaper showing the Princess kneeling at a Mass in the Roman Catholic Church of the Geronimites (Los Jerónimos) in Madrid. News leaked out that she was engaged to Prince Carlos Hugo (b.1930), provoking a Protestant outcry and a constitutional crisis.
Although it was a constitutional tradition and not a law that forbade a Catholic to reign over The Netherlands, it was a practice predicated upon a history of the Protestant-dominated Dutch Parliament (States-General) born out of the 16th century war with Spain. Fears of Catholic domination had increased over the centuries through difficulties and wars over the policies of many neighboring Catholic European countries. By the middle of the 20th century religious attitudes had begun to change, but only very slowly. While members of the Roman Catholic Church accounted for approximately 34% of the Dutch population, and Catholic political parties had been in coalition governments since 1918, the high fertility rate of the Catholics was a matter of some concern for all non-Catholics.
Amplifying the crisis over a Royal conversion to Catholicism and a marriage without approval of the Dutch States-General (which the Princess, then second-in-line to the throne, knew she would never get), were the still very fresh memories of General Franco's support for Nazi Germany. For the second in line to the throne to not merely convert to Roman Catholicism but also to associate with an alleged leader of Franco's party caused shock and consternation in The Netherlands.
Queen Juliana attempted to stop the marriage, first by sending a member of her staff to Madrid to persuade the Princess not to go ahead with a marriage that was a political disaster for the monarchy in the Netherlands. It seemed to work and the Queen went on Dutch radio to tell the citizens that Princess Irene had agreed to cancel her engagement and was returning to the Netherlands. However, when the airplane arrived at Schiphol Airport, the Princess was not on it, and Queen Juliana and her husband, Prince Bernhard were supplied with a Dutch military plane to go to Spain to retrieve their daughter. However, a message was delivered to the Queen from the Dutch government warning that it would resign en masse if she set foot in Spain. Given the ramifications and the fact that a monarch from the House of Orange had never visited Spain, the Queen had no choice but to turn back.
It was suggested that Princess Irene was a pawn of General Francisco Franco who tried to maximize the event to his benefit. In early 1964 Princess Irene flew home in the company of Carlos Hugo where an immediate meeting took place with the couple, the Queen, Prime Minister Marijnen, and three top cabinet ministers. In an attempt to gain public favour for her proposed marriage, Princess Irene publicly stated that her marriage was intended to help end religious intolerance. This caused a division in public opinion, as less than 40% of the country ruled by the Protestant House of Orange was Roman Catholic. Over the ensuing weeks, things deteriorated further when Pope Paul VI granted an Audience requested by the couple in Rome. The Queen at first denied such a meeting had taken place, but it was later verified. Irene alienated herself from almost every Dutch citizen when a photo appeared in a Dutch paper showing Irene at a Carlist rally in Spain and she declared that she supported her fiancé's politics.
[edit] Marriage
No one from the Dutch Royal family or any Dutch diplomatic representative attended the marriage of Princess Irene and Prince Carlos Hugo in the Borghese Chapel at the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, Italy, on 29 April 1964. Because she had failed to obtain the approval of the States-General to marry, Irene lost her right of succession to the Dutch throne. She agreed that she would live outside of the Netherlands.
After the wedding, Irene was very active in her husband's right-wing political cause, but over time they drifted away from right wing extremism to left wing sympathies and became a part of the international jet-set crowd. The prince, head of the Royal House of Bourbon-Parma, became a naturalized Spanish citizen in 1979. The couple had four children, but the marriage ended in divorce in 1981.
[edit] Since divorce
Irene returned to live in the Netherlands with her children and became involved in various personal development workshops, trying to "find herself". Her connection with nature, that she says she had felt since childhood, intensified, and in 1995 she published her book Dialogue with Nature. The book outlined her philosophy that human beings are alienated from the natural world, but the Dutch media seized upon passages that recounted conversations she said she had with the trees and dolphins.
In 1999 Princess Irene purchased a farm near Nieu-Bethesda in South Africa, turning it into a sanctuary. In 2001, she helped establish the NatuurCollege in the Netherlands. The Princess is an honourable member of the Club of Budapest.
[edit] Family
Carlos Hugo and Princess Irene had four children:
- Prince Carlos Xavier Bernardo Sixto Maria of Bourbon-Parma, Duke of Parma, born 27 January 1970 in Nijmegen. He has one natural son, Carlos Hugo Roderik Sybren Klynstra, who was born on 20 January 1997 to Gitte Klynstra. The Duke of Parma married Dutch journalist Annemarie Gualthérie van Weezel on 20 November 2010 in Brussels.
- Princess Margarita Maria Beatrix of Bourbon-Parma, Countess of Colorno, born 13 October 1972 in Nijmegen. She has two daughters, Julia Carolina Catharina ten Cate, born 3 September 2008, and Paola Cecilia Laurentien ten Cate, born 25 February 2011, with her second husband Tjalling Siebe ten Cate.
- Prince Jaime (Jacques) Bernardo of Bourbon-Parma, Count of Bardi, born 13 October 1972 in Nijmegen
- Princess Maria Carolina Christina of Bourbon-Parma, Marchioness of Sala, born 23 June 1974 in Nijmegen
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[edit] Titles and styles
- 5 August 1939 – 29 April 1964: Her Royal Highness Princess Irene of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld
- 29 April 1964 – 7 May 1977: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Madrid
- 7 May 1977 – 27 May 1981: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Parma
- 27 May 1981 – 18 August 2010: Her Royal Highness Princess Irene of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld, Duchess of Parma
- 18 August 2010 – present: Her Royal Highness Princess Irene of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld, Dowager Duchess of Parma
[edit] Ancestry
[edit] Patrilineal descent
Irene's patriline is the line from which she is descended father to son.
Patrilineal descent is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations – which means that her historically accurate house name would be Lippe, as all her male-line ancestors have been of that house.
House of Lippe (claimed descent from Saxon kings)
- Hermann I of Lippe, 1071–1126
- Hermann II of Lippe, 1119–1160
- Bernhard II of Lippe, 1151–1224
- Hermann III of Lippe, 1175–1229
- Bernhard III of Lippe, 1197–1265
- Bernhard IV of Lippe, 1240–1275
- Simon I of Lippe, d. 1344
- Otto of Lippe, d. 1360
- Simon III of Lippe, d. 1410
- Bernhard VI of Lippe, 1366–1415
- Simon IV of Lippe, 1404–1429
- Bernhard VII of Lippe, 1429–1511
- Simon V, Count of Lippe, 1471–1536
- Bernhard VIII, Count of Lippe, 1527–1563
- Simon VI, Count of Lippe, 1554–1613
- Simon VII, Count of Lippe-Detmold, 1587–1627
- Jobst Herman, Count of Lippe-Sternberg, 1625–1678
- Rudolf Ferdinand, Count of Lippe-Sternberg, 1671–1726
- Friedrich, Count of Lippe-Biesterfeld, 1705–1781
- Karl of Lippe-Biesterfeld, 1735–1810
- (Wilhelm) Ernst of Lippe-Biesterfeld, 1777–1840
- Julius Peter, Count of Lippe-Biesterfeld, 1812–1884
- Count Ernst of Lippe-Biesterfeld, 1842–1904
- Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld, 1872–1934
- Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld, 1911–2004
- Princess Irene of the Netherlands, 1938–
| Titles in pretence | ||
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| Preceded by Madeleine de Bourbon |
— TITULAR — Duchess of Parma 1977–1981 Reason for succession failure: Annexed by Kingdom of Sardinia |
Vacant
Title next held by
Annemarie Gualthérie van Weezel |
| — TITULAR — Queen of Etruria 1977–1981 |
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| — TITULAR — Queen of Spain Carlist claimant to the consort throne of Spain 1977–1981 |
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- 1939 births
- Living people
- Converts to Roman Catholicism from Calvinism
- Duchesses of Parma
- Duchesses of Piacenza
- Dutch people of German descent
- Dutch princesses
- Dutch Roman Catholics
- Dutch royalty
- House of Bourbon-Parma
- House of Orange-Nassau
- People from Baarn
- Princesses of Bourbon-Parma
- Utrecht University alumni
