Private Snafu
| Private Snafu | |
|---|---|
 Opening card |
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| Directed by | Chuck Jones, Friz Freleng, Bob Clampett, Frank Tashlin, Osmond Evans, Zack Schwartz, Hugh Harman |
| Produced by | Leon Schlesinger |
| Written by | Dr. Seuss, P.D. Eastman, and Munro Leaf |
| Starring | Mel Blanc |
| Music by | Carl Stalling |
| Studio | Warner Bros., UPA, MGM, Harman-Ising Studio |
| Distributed by | US Army |
| Release date(s) | 1943–46 |
| Running time | 4 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
Private Snafu is the title character of a series of black-and-white American instructional cartoon shorts produced between 1943 and 1945 during World War II. The character was created by director Frank Capra, chairman of the U.S. Army Air Force First Motion Picture Unit, and most were written by Theodor "Dr. Seuss" Geisel, Philip D. Eastman, and Munro Leaf.[1] Although the United States Army gave Walt Disney the first crack at creating the cartoons, Leon Schlesinger of the Warner Bros. animation studio underbid Disney by two-thirds and won the contract. Disney had also demanded exclusive ownership of the character, and merchandising rights. Nel (2007) shows the goal was to help enlisted men with weak literacy skills learn through animated cartoons (and also supplementary comic books). They featured simple language, racy illustrations, mild profanity, and subtle moralizing. Private Snafu did everything wrong, so that his negative example taught basic lessons about secrecy, disease prevention, and proper military protocols.[2]
Private Snafu cartoons were a military secret—for the armed forces only. Surveys to ascertain the soldiers' film favorites showed that the Snafu cartoons usually rated highest or second highest. Each cartoon was produced in six weeks, compared to the six months usually taken for short cartoons of the same kind.[3]
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Content [edit]
Most of the Private Snafu shorts are educational, and although the War Department had to approve the storyboards, the Warner directors were allowed great latitude in order to keep the cartoons entertaining. Through his irresponsible behavior, Snafu demonstrates to soldiers what not to do while at war. In Malaria Mike, for example, Snafu neglects to take his malaria medications or to use his repellant, allowing a suave mosquito to get him in the end—literally. In Spies, Snafu leaks classified information a little at a time until the Axis enemies piece it together, ambush his transport ship, and literally blow him to hell. Six of Snafu's shorts actually end with him being killed due to his stupidity: Spies (blown up by enemy submarine torpedoes), Booby Traps (blown up by a bomb hidden inside a piano), The Goldbrick (run over by an enemy tank), A Lecture on Camouflage (large enemy bomb lands on him), Private Snafu vs. Malaria Mike (malaria), and Going Home (run over by a street car).
Nine of the Snafu shorts feature a character named Technical Fairy, First Class. The Technical Fairy is a crass, unshaven, cigar-smoking miniature G.I. whose fairy wings bear the insignia of a Technical Sergeant, and who wears only socks, shorts, and a uniform hat. When he appears, he grants Snafu's wishes, most of which involve skipping protocol or trying to do things the quick and sloppy way. The results typically end in disaster, with the Technical Fairy teaching Snafu a valuable lesson about proper military procedure. For example, in the 1944 Snafuperman, the Technical Fairy transforms Private Snafu into the superhero Snafuperman, who takes bungling to a super-powered level through his carelessness.
Later in the war, however, Snafu's antics became more like those of fellow Warner alum Bugs Bunny, a savvy hero facing the enemy head-on. The cartoons were intended for an audience of soldiers (as part of the bi-weekly Army-Navy Screen Magazine newsreel), and so are quite risqué by 1940's standards, with minor cursing, bare-bottomed GIs, and plenty of scantily clad (and even semi-nude) women. The depictions of Japanese and Germans are quite stereotypical by today's standards, but were par for the course in wartime U.S.
The Snafu shorts are notable because they were produced during the Golden Age of Warner Bros. animation. Directors such as Chuck Jones, Friz Freleng, Bob Clampett, and Frank Tashlin worked on them, and their characteristic styles are in top form. P. D. Eastman was a writer and storyboard artist for the Snafu shorts. Voice characterizations were provided by the celebrated Mel Blanc (Private Snafu's voice was similar to Blanc's Bugs Bunny characterization, and Bugs himself actually made cameos in the Snafu episodes Gas and Three Brothers). Toward the end of the war, other studios began producing Snafu shorts as well (the Army accused Schlesinger of padding his bills), though some of these never made it to celluloid before the war ended. The Snafu films are also partly responsible for keeping the animation studios open during the war—by producing such training films, the studios were declared an essential industry.
After the war, the Snafu cartoons went largely forgotten. Prints eventually wound up in the hands of collectors, and these form the basis for The Complete, Uncensored Private Snafu, a VHS and DVD collection from Bosko Video.
Because they are now in the public domain, various Private Snafu shorts are available on YouTube, and more than a dozen are catalogued in the Internet Archive.
Also, Warner Home Video has begun including Private Snafu shorts as bonus material on their Looney Tunes Golden Collection DVD sets from the third volume to the fifth. Nine have been included in total (three per set).
On December 16, 2010, Thunderbean Animation released a DVD containing all the Snafu cartoons entitled Private Snafu Golden Classics. This release contains new transfers from original 35mm negatives. Extras in this release include audio commentaries. The discs shipped out December 23.[4][5]
The character has since made a couple of brief cameos: the Animaniacs episode "Boot Camping" has a character looking very much like Private Snafu, and the Futurama episode "I Dated a Robot", shows Private Snafu on the building mounted video screen for a few seconds in the opening credits.
The name "Private Snafu" comes from the unofficial military acronym SNAFU ("Situation Normal: All Fucked Up"), with the opening narrator merely hinting at its usual meaning as "Situation Normal, All ... All Fouled Up!"[6]
While Private Snafu was never officially a theatrical cartoon character when the series was launched in 1943 (with the debut short Coming! Snafu, directed by Chuck Jones), a proto–Snafu does appear, unnamed and in color, in Jones' cartoon The Draft Horse, released theatrically one year earlier, on May 9, 1942. This appearance would serve as the basis for Snafu's character in the series.
The 24th film of the series, Going Home, produced in 1945, was never released. The premise is what damage could be done if a soldier on leave talks too much about his unit's military operations. In the film, Snafu discusses a "secret weapon" with his girlfriend which was unnervingly (and unintentionally) similar to the atomic bombs under development that were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
In 1946, a series of cartoons for the Navy featuring Private Snafu's brother "Seaman Tarfu" (for "Things Are Really Fucked Up") was planned, but the war came to a close and the project never materialized, save for a single cartoon entitled Private Snafu Presents Seaman Tarfu in the Navy.[7] In the cartoon Three Brothers, it is revealed that Snafu has two brothers, a carrier pigeon keeper named Tarfu and a dog trainer named Fubar (for "Fucked Up Beyond All Recognition").
Postwar children's literature [edit]
Nel (2007) shows that the wartime experiences of authors Theodor Geisel (Dr. Seuss), Philip D. Eastman, and Munro Leaf shaped their successful postwar children's books, especially the use of simple language, and some of the themes. Dr. Seuss wrote the famous 'The Cat in the Hat' (1957) because Geisel believed the widely-used "Dick and Jane" primers were too boring to encourage children to read. Geisel, Eastman and Leaf authored books designed to promote personal responsibility, conservation, and respect for multiculturalism, though they were ambiguous about racism and sexism. Geisel's characters were often portrayed as rebels who displayed independence of mind. Eastman's characters, on the other hand, typically embraced the wisdom of authority figures. Leaf's heroes, were in between, and seemed more ambiguous toward independence and authority, according to Nel.[8]
Filmography [edit]
Warner Bros. shorts [edit]
| Title | Director | Release date | LTGC availability (all as special features) | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coming!! Snafu | Chuck Jones | 1943-06 | LTGC Volume 5, Disc 3 | |
| Gripes | Friz Freleng | 1943-07 | LTGC Volume 5, Disc 3 | |
| Spies | Chuck Jones | 1943-08 | LTGC Volume 3, Disc 4; | |
| The Goldbrick | Frank Tashlin | 1943-09 | LTGC Volume 4, Disc 2 | |
| The Infantry Blues | Chuck Jones | 1943-09 | ||
| Fighting Tools | Bob Clampett | 1943-10 | ||
| The Home Front | Frank Tashlin | 1943-11 | LTGC Volume 4, Disc 2 | |
| Rumors | Friz Freleng | 1943-12 | LTGC Volume 3, Disc 4 | |
| Booby Traps | Bob Clampett | 1944-01 | ||
| Snafuperman | Friz Freleng | 1944-03 | LTGC Volume 3, Disc 4 | |
| Private Snafu vs. Malaria Mike | Chuck Jones | 1944-03 | ||
| A Lecture on Camouflage | Chuck Jones | 1944-04 | ||
| Gas | Chuck Jones | 1944-05 | Bugs Bunny makes a cameo appearance, having been pulled from Snafu's gas mask bag. | |
| Going Home | Chuck Jones | Unreleased, (Planned for 1944) |
The often-quoted "Coming Home" is a non-existent title. It refers to "Going Home"—"Coming Home" was a result of an old typo.[9] | |
| The Chow Hound | Frank Tashlin | 1944-06 | ||
| Censored | Frank Tashlin | 1944-07 | LTGC Volume 4, Disc 2 | |
| Outpost | Chuck Jones | 1944-08 | ||
| Pay Day | Friz Freleng | 1944-09 | ||
| Three Brothers | Friz Freleng | 1944-09 | ||
| Target: Snafu | Friz Freleng | 1944-10 | ||
| In the Aleutians – Isles of Enchantment | Chuck Jones | 1945-02 | ||
| It's Murder She Says | Chuck Jones | 1945-02 | ||
| Hot Spot | Friz Freleng | 1945-07 | ||
| No Buddy Atoll | Chuck Jones | 1945-07 | ||
| Operation Snafu | Friz Freleng | 1945-10 | ||
| Secrets of the Caribbean | Chuck Jones | Unreleased (planned for 1945) |
Master given to the Army[9] Lost cartoon |
Shorts by other studios [edit]
| Title | Director | Notes | DVD availability |
|---|---|---|---|
| Few Quick Facts: Inflation (1944) | Osmond Evans | Studio: UPA | |
| Few Quick Facts: USS Iowa/Brain/Shoes (1944) | Unknown | Studio: MGM | |
| Few Quick Facts: US Soldier/Bullet/Diarrhea and Dysentery (1945) | Unknown | Studio: MGM/UPA[10] | |
| Few Quick Facts: About Fear (1945) | Zack Schwartz | Studio: UPA | |
| Private Snafu Presents Seaman Tarfu in the Navy (1946) | Hugh Harman | Studio: Harman-Ising Studio | |
| Mop Up (How to Get a Fat Jap Out of a Cave)[11] | Tex Avery | Planned for 1946 Never completed Studio: MGM |
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| Tuscarora | Hugh Harman | Planned for 1946 Never completed Studio: Harman-Ising |
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| Few Quick Facts: Untitled | ? | 1945 Snafu burns himself with cigar in bed. |
In addition the Few Quick series had several cartoons that didn't feature Private Snafu:[12]
- Few Quick Facts: Weapon of War (1945) (UPA)[12]
- Few Quick Facts: Lend Lease (UPA) (1945)
- Few Quick Facts #6: Soldiers Voting Overseas (Disney) (1944)[13]
- Few Quick Facts #7: Venereal Disease (lost cartoon) (Disney) (1944)[12][13]
- Few Quick Facts: Japan (UPA)[12]
Further reading [edit]
- Birdwell, Michael. "Technical fairy first class? Is this any way to Run an Army?: Private Snafu and World War II, Historical Journal of Film, Radio & Television, (June 2005) 25#2 pp. 203–212
- Culbert, David H. "Walt Disney's Private Snafu: The Use of Humor in World War II Army Film," Prospects: An Annual Journal of American Culture (1976) vol. 1 pp. 81–96 doi:10.1017/S0361233300004300
- Nel, Philip. "Children's Literature Goes to War: Dr. Seuss, P. D. Eastman, Munro Leaf, and the Private SNAFU Films (1943–46)," Journal of Popular Culture, June 2007, Vol. 40 Issue 3, pp. 468–487
See also [edit]
References [edit]
- ^ Nel, P. (2007). "Children's Literature Goes to War: Dr. Seuss, P. D. Eastman, Munro Leaf, and the Private SNAFU Films (1943?46)". The Journal of Popular Culture 40 (3): 468. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5931.2007.00404.x.
- ^ Nel, Philip (June 2007), "Children's Literature Goes to War: Dr. Seuss, P. D. Eastman, Munro Leaf, and the Private SNAFU Films (1943–46)", Journal of Popular Culture 40 (3): 468–87.
- ^ Coons, Robbin (February 15, 1944). "Private Snafu Army Favorite". Prescott Evening Courier. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
- ^ "Announcing: The Private Snafu Sneak Preview Disc for GAC only!" (Forums Archives). Golden age cartoons. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ "Private Snafu Golden Classics: Movies & TV". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ Silvey, Anita. "Fifty Years of 'The Cat in the Hat'". NPR. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ "Private Snafu Presents Seaman Tarfu in the Navy (1946)". IMDb. 2009-05-01. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ Philip Nel, "Children's Literature Goes to War: Dr. Seuss, P. D. Eastman, Munro Leaf, and the Private SNAFU Films (1943–46)," Journal of Popular Culture (June 2007) 10#3 pp. 468–487
- ^ a b "Misce-Looney-Ous: Situation Normal All Fouled Up". Looney. Golden age cartoons. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ "UPA Filmography". whenmagooflew.com. Retrieved 2012-06-24.
- ^ Cohen, Charles D. (2004). The Seuss, the Whole Seuss and Nothing But the Seuss. Random House. p. 261.
- ^ a b c d "Snafu_Art_INDEX". Wilwhimsey.com. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ a b Shale, Richard (1982). Donald Duck Joins Up. UMI Research Press. p. 169.
External links [edit]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Private Snafu |
- Freely downloadable Private SNAFU cartoons
- Bright Lights Film Journal
- Storyboard for Weapon of War presented in iMovie
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