Pro-ana

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Pro-ana refers to the promotion of anorexia nervosa as a lifestyle choice rather than an eating disorder. It is often referred to simply as "ana" and is sometimes affectionately personified by anorexics as a girl named Ana.[1] The lesser-used term pro-mia refers likewise to bulimia nervosa[2] and is sometimes used interchangeably with pro-ana.

Pro-ana organizations differ widely in their stances. Most claim that they exist mainly as a non-judgmental environment for anorexics a place to turn to discuss their illness, and support those who choose to enter recovery. Others deny anorexia nervosa is a mental illness and claim instead that it is a "lifestyle choice" that should be respected by doctors and family.[1]

Contents

[edit] Culture

Medical professionals treating eating disorders have long noted that patients in recovery programs often "symptom pool", banding closely together for emotional support and validation.[3] Anorexics, in particular, may come to collectively normalize their condition, defending it not as an illness but as an accomplishment of self control and an essential part of their identity.[4]

Such advocacy has flourished on the Internet, mainly through tight-knit support groups centred around web forums and, more recently, social network services such as Xanga, LiveJournal, Facebook and Myspace.[5][6] These groups typically have an overwhelmingly female readership and are frequently the only means of support available to socially-isolated anorexics.[7]

Members of such support groups may:

  • Share crash dieting techniques and recipes (67% of sites in a 2006 study[8]).
  • Compete with each other at losing weight, or fast together in displays of solidarity.
  • Commiserate with one another after breaking fast or binging.
  • Advise on how to best induce vomiting, and on using laxatives and emetics.
  • Give tips on hiding weight loss from parents and doctors.[9][10]
  • Share information on reducing the side-effects of anorexia.[10][11]
  • Post their weight, body measurements, details of their dietary regimen or pictures of themselves to solicit acceptance and affirmation.[9][11]
  • Suggest ways to ignore or suppress hunger pangs.[10]

Many pro-ana sites have high-traffic blogs and forums, on which members seek companionship by posting compulsively about the daily details of their lives[12] or boast about accomplishments of weight loss in competitive displays of one-upmanship. The communities centred around such sites can be warmly welcoming (especially in recovery-friendly groups) but are more often cliquish and openly suspicious of newcomers.[13][14] In particular, hostility is often leveled at:

  • The non-eating disordered who express disapproval, including the spouses, relatives and friends of members who appear on-site to post threats and warnings.[13]
  • Casual dieters who join, believing that inducing eating disorders will cause them to lose weight more effectively. Such people are often derisively referred to as "wannabes" or "wannarexics".[15]

[edit] Thinspiration

An example of thinspiration.

As an encouragement to further lose weight, members often exchange thinspiration (or thinspo)[6]: image or video montages of slim women, often celebrities, who may be anything from naturally slim to emaciated with visibly-protruding bones.[16] Conversely, reverse thinspiration features fatty food, overweight or obese people intended to induce disgust and motivate further weight loss.

Thinspirational clips circulate widely on video sharing sites,[17] pro-ana blogs often post thinspirational entries, and many pro-ana forums have threads dedicated to sharing thinspiration. Thinspiration can also take the form of inspirational mantras, quotes or selections of lyrics from poetry or popular music[18] (94% of sites in a 2003 survey[19]).

Thinspiration often has a spiritual-ascetic flavour, referring to fasting through metaphors of bodily purity, food through allusions to sin and corruption, and thinness through imagery of angels and angelic flight. Exhortations like "Ana's Creed" and "The Ana Commandments" are also common.[8][20]

[edit] Fashion

Red bracelets are popularly worn in pro-ana, both as a discreet way for anorexics to socially identify and as a tangible reminder to avoid eating. Pro-mia bracelets, likewise, are blue or purple.[21][22] Most such bracelets are simple beaded items traded briskly on online auction sites.[23][24]

[edit] Impact

[edit] Proliferation

Pro-ana has proliferated rapidly on the Internet, with some observers noting a first wave of pro-ana sites on free web hosting services in the late 1990s,[3][25] and a second wave attributed to the recent rise of blogging and social networking services.[26]

A survey by Internet security firm Optenet found a 470% increase in pro-ana and pro-mia sites from 2006 to 2007.[27] A similar increase was also noted in a 2006 Maastricht University study investigating alternatives to censorship of pro-ana material. In the study, the Dutch blog host punt.nl began in October 2006 presenting visitors to pro-ana blogs on its service with a click-through warning[28] containing a disparaging message and links to pro-recovery sites. Although the warnings were a deterrence (33.6% of the 530,000 unique visitors logged did not proceed past the warning), the number of such blogs actually increased tenfold, with their monthly traffic figures doubling on average by the end of the study.[29][30]

[edit] Viewership

In a 2009 survey by the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven of 711 Flemish high school students aged 13–17, 12.6% of girls and 5.9% of boys reported visiting pro-ana websites.[31] In another 2009 survey, by parental control software vendor CyberSentinel of 1500 female Internet users aged 6–15, one in three reported having searched online for dieting tips, while one in five reported having corresponded with others on social networking sites or in chat rooms for tips on dieting.[32][33]

Visitors to pro-ana web sites also include a significant number of those already diagnosed with eating disorders: a 2006 survey of eating disorder patients at Stanford Medical School found that 35.5% had visited pro-ana web sites; of those, 96.0% learned new weight loss or purging methods from such sites (while 46.4% of viewers of pro-recovery sites learned new techniques).[34]

[edit] Effect

A 2006 experimental study at the University of Missouri on 235 female undergraduates found that those subjected to a single viewing of a pro-ana site created by the study designers reported lower self-esteem and were more likely to become preoccupied with exercise and weight loss, as compared to control groups. A greater likelihood to exercise and a reduced likelihood to overeat or self-induce vomiting was also reported by the group viewing the pro-ana site.[35]

A 2007 survey by the University of South Florida of 1575 girls and young women found that those who had a history of viewing pro-ana websites did not differ from those who viewed only pro-recovery websites on any of the survey's measures, including body mass index, negative body image, appearance dissatisfaction, level of disturbance, and dietary restriction. Those who had viewed pro-ana websites were, however, moderately more likely to have a negative body image than those who did not.[36]

Similarly, girls in the 2009 Leuven survey who viewed pro-ana websites were more likely to have a negative body image and be dissatisfied with their body shape.[31]

[edit] Controversy

Many medical professionals and some anorexics have always taken affront to pro-ana as a glamorization of a serious illness.[37] Pro-ana, however, only began to attract attention from the mainstream press in 2001,[3] when, in October that year, the Oprah Winfrey Show aired a special episode focusing on pro-ana.[38] Pressure from the public and pro-recovery organizations led to Yahoo and GeoCities shutting down pro-ana sites.[12] In response, many groups became private, took steps to conceal themselves online, or began disclaiming their intentions as neutral and recovery-supportive.[25]

[edit] From the medical profession

Health care professionals and medical associations have taken generally negative views of pro-ana groups and the information they disseminate:[39]

  • The National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA) "actively speaks out against pro-anorexia and pro-bulimia websites. These sites provide no useful information on treatment but instead encourage and falsely support those who, sadly, are ill but do not seek help."[40]
  • The Academy for Eating Disorders (AED) takes the position that "websites that glorify anorexia as a lifestyle choice play directly to the psychology of its victims", expressing concern that sites dedicated to the promotion of anorexia as a desirable "lifestyle choice" "provide support and encouragement to engage in health threatening behaviors, and neglect the serious consequences of starvation."[41] However, one of its board members, Eric van Furth, has noted that pro-ana sites have relatively few visitors and advises against legal sanction of such sites, claiming instead that popular media play the more important role in establishing ideals of female thinness.[42]
  • The National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders (ANAD) states that "pro-ana and pro-mia web sites and communities create the opportunity to compare to more and more dangerous methods of weight loss, and increase the drive and interest, and increase the severity and frequency of eating disorder behaviors."[43]
  • Bodywhys (the Eating Disorders Association of Ireland) notes that pro-ana sites "might initially help people to feel less isolated, but the community that they create is an unhealthy community that encourages obsessiveness and minimisation of the seriousness of these potentially deadly disorders."[44]
  • b-eat (the Eating Disorders Association of the UK) has remarked that those who seek out pro-ana sites do so "to find support, understanding and acceptance. We don't call for the sites to be banned, but rather for everyone else to consider how they can also provide that understanding and acceptance so that these sites don't become the only refuge for someone."[45]

[edit] In the media

In October 2001, the Oprah Winfrey Show hosted a special on anorexia; the pro-ana movement was discussed briefly by the guest panel, who expressed alarm at the appearance of pro-ana websites and recommended the use of filtering software to bar access to them.[38]

In July 2002, the Baltimore City Paper published an investigative report into pro-ana on the web.[46]

Growing up online, a January 2008 episode of the PBS Frontline television program, also featured a brief discussion of pro-ana.[47]

In April 2009, The Truth about Online Anorexia, an investigative documentary about pro-ana on the Internet, aired on ITV1 in the UK.[48]

[edit] In the arts

An image from Ivonne Thein's Thirty-two kilos, a collection of digitally-altered photographs satirizing thinspiration.

Thirty-two kilos, an exhibition by photographer Ivonne Thein, went on display at the Berlin Postfuhramt art exhibition center in May 2008[49] and the Washington Goethe-Institut in January 2009, featuring photographs of young women digitally manipulated to appear skeletally thin. The photographs were intended as a mocking and satirical take on pro-ana. To Thein's dismay, however, many images from the exhibition were nevertheless later shared online as thinspiration.[50]

[edit] From social networking services

In July 2001, Yahoo—after receiving a letter of complaint from ANAD—began removing pro-ana sites from its Yahoo Clubs (now Yahoo Groups) service, stating that such sites endorsing self-harm were violations of its terms of service agreement.[51][52]

LiveJournal has not made a position statement on pro-ana. In August 2007, however, a staff member declined to act on an abuse report filed against a pro-ana community hosted on its network, stating that: "Suspending pro-anorexia communities will not make anyone suffering from the disorder become healthy again. Allowing them to exist, however, has several benefits. It reassures those who join them that they are not alone in the way they feel about their bodies. It increases the chance that the friends and loved ones of the individuals in the community will discover their disorders and assist them in seeking professional help."[53]

Facebook staff seek out and regularly delete pro-ana related groups. A spokesperson for the online service has stated that such pages violate the site's terms of service agreement by promoting self-harm in others.[54]

MySpace does not ban pro-ana material and has stated that "it's often very tricky to distinguish between support groups for users who are suffering from eating disorders and groups that might be termed as 'pro' anorexia or bulimia. Rather than censor these groups, we are working to create partnerships with organisations like b-eat." MySpace has chosen instead to cycle banner advertisements for pro-recovery organizations through pro-ana members' profiles.[39]

In November 2007, Microsoft shut down four pro-ana sites on the Spanish-language version of its Spaces social networking service at the behest of IQUA, the Internet regulatory body for Catalonia.[55] A Microsoft spokesperson stated that such sites "infringe all the rules on content created by users and visible on our sites".[56]

In September 2008, San Sebastián-based Spanish-language web portal Hispavista removed its pro-ana forums at the request of the provincial prosecutor for Guipúzcoa and the Children's Ombudsman of Madrid, who stated that "while not illegal, the harmful and false information in such forums being disseminated to minors will impair their proper development."[57]

[edit] In politics

In the United Kingdom, 40 MPs signed an early day motion tabled in February 2008 by the LibDem member for Cheadle, Mark Hunter, urging government action against pro-ana sites.[58] The motion was timed to coincide with the UK National Eating Disorder Awareness Week.[59][60]

In April 2008, a bill outlawing material which "provokes a person to seek excessive thinness by encouraging prolonged restriction of nourishment" was tabled in the French National Assembly by UMP MP Valérie Boyer. It imposes a fine of €30,000 and two years imprisonment (rising to €45,000 and three years if there was a resulting death) on offenders.[61][62] Health minister Roselyne Bachelot, arguing for the bill, stated that "giving young girls advice about how to lie to their doctors, telling them what kinds of food are easiest to vomit, encouraging them to torture themselves whenever they take any kind of food is not part of liberty of expression."[63] The bill passed the National Assembly,[64] but stalled in the Senate, where a June 2008 report by the Committee of Social Affairs emphatically recommended against such legislation and instead suggested early-screening programs by schools and physicians.[65]

In April 2009, Dutch Minister for Youth and Family André Rouvoet called for click-through warnings to be added to all pro-ana sites on Dutch hosting services, citing a successful trial of such warnings by blog host punt.nl in 2006. The Dutch Hosting Provider Association, however, has stated that "the Internet is simply a reflection of a world with many undesirable things", and that its members cannot be held responsible for monitoring and disclaiming all hosted content.[66]

[edit] In popular culture

In February 2002, the television series Boston Public aired an episode that centered around a teacher becoming upset at a student's eating disorder, then discovering that another student was running a pro-ana website.[67]

A December 2006 episode of the Boston Legal television series involved a pro-ana young woman attempting to emancipate from her mother.

[edit] References

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