Project 211
 Map of Universities of Project 211 in China. All the universities of the C9 League and Project 985, which are marked in red and blue, respectively, are also members of Project 211. | |
| Formation | 1995 |
|---|---|
| Defunct | 2016 |
| Type | Public Universities, National Key Universities |
| Legal status | Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China |
Region served | Mainland China |
Membership | 116 Chinese Universities |
| History of the People's Republic of China |
|---|
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 China portal |
Project 211 (Chinese: 211工程; pinyin: 211 Gōngchéng) was a former project of developing comprehensive universities and colleges initiated in 1995 by the Ministry of Education of China, with the intent of raising the research standards of comprehensive universities and cultivating strategies for socio-economic development. During the first phase of the project, from 1996 to 2000, approximately US$2 billion was distributed.[1] The name for the project comes from an abbreviation of the slogan "In preparation for the 21st century, successfully managing 100 universities" (面向21世纪，办好100所高校). One hundred was the approximate number of participating universities.[2]
By 2008, China had some 116 institutions of higher education (approximately 6%) designated as 211 Project institutions for having met the planned scientific, technical, and human resources targets and offering advanced degree programs.[2]
Many Project 211 universities are viewed as prestigious universities of all Chinese universities.[3][4] They admit students through a competitive process of the National Higher Education Entrance Examination ("Gaokao") for undergraduate programs.[5]
Since 2014, Project 211 has been mentioned less.[6][7] In the same year, some universities reported that Project 211 funding had ceased and the project had been repealed.[8][9] In October 2015, the State Council of P.R.China published the 'Overall Plan for Promoting the Construction of World First-Class Universities and First-Class Disciplines (Double First Class University Plan)' , and made new arrangements for the development of higher education in China, replacing previous projects including Project 211, Project 985, Project Characteristic Key Disciplines, etc.[10]
In June 2016, the Ministry of Education of China announced that the Project 211 had been abolished[11] and replaced by the Double First Class University Initiative.[12]
In September 2017, the full list of Double First Class University Plan was formally published by the central government of China, a total number of 140 universities were included in this plan (the number of Double First Class Universities expanded to 147 in February 2022), taking up less than 5% of the total number of Chinese higher education institutions (3,012),[13] which represents the most elite part of the higher education in China.[14][15]
In 2019, the Ministry of Education of China reconfirmed that the invalidated Project 211 had been replaced by the Double First Class University Plan.[16]
List of universities
Note: 985 represents the university included in the Project 985 and C9 represents the university included in the C9 League.
See also
- List of universities in China
- State Key Laboratories, a list of key laboratories receiving support from the central government of the P.R. China
- Double First Class University, a scheme for improving 147 China's top universities
- C9 League, a formal group of 9 elite universities in the China
- Project 985, a former project of developing 39 leading research universities in China
- Excellence League, an alliance of leading Chinese universities with strong backgrounds in engineering
- Big Four Institutes of Technology
- Yangtze Delta Universities Alliance
- Plan 111
- 863 Program
- Rankings of universities in China
References
- ^ Li Lixu (2004). "China's Higher Education Reform 1998-2003: A Summary" (PDF). Asia Pacific Education Review. V (1): 14–22. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 23, 2010.
- ^ a b ""211工程"大事记". Ministry of Education, PRC (in Chinese). Archived from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
- ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2021". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Archived from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
- ^ "USNEWS Best Global Universities in China". US News.
- ^ Liu, Ye (October 8, 2016). The Gaokao as a Meritocratic Selection?. In: Higher Education, Meritocracy and Inequality in China. Higher Education in Asia: Quality, Excellence and Governance. Springer. p. 88. ISBN 978-981-10-1588-5.
- ^ "南京有高校称"211建设"已暂停|211工程|985工程_新浪新闻". Archived from the original on September 9, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2017. 南京有高校称“211建设”已暂停
- ^ "985、211取消后 仅88所高校入选"111计划"（名单） - 科学仪器及实验室装备展览会北京站". Archived from the original on September 9, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2017. 985、211取消后 仅88所高校入选“111计划”（名单）
- ^ "网传"985""211"废除教育部称将回应此事--时政--人民网". politics.people.com.cn. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
- ^ "教育部宣布985、211工程多份文件失效 释放啥信号？-新华网". www.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved September 4, 2022.
- ^ "国务院关于印发统筹推进世界一流大学和一流学科建设总体方案的通知_政府信息公开专栏". www.gov.cn. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
- ^ "教育部国务院学位委员会国家语委关于宣布失效一批规范性文件的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. Retrieved September 4, 2022.
- ^ ""985""211"工程将废除 教育部:年内启动"双一流"_新闻频道_中华网". news.china.com. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
- ^ "Higher education making steady progress". global.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved May 7, 2022.
- ^ "China to develop 42 world-class universities". People's Daily. September 21, 2017.
- ^ "'World-class' universities list expanded". global.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved May 7, 2022.
- ^ "关于985、211名单的咨询 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. Retrieved December 23, 2021.
- ^ "浙江大学中文系百年学脉的传承与拓展". The Paper. Retrieved June 4, 2022.