Prosobranchia

Not to be confused with the bivalve order Protobranchia.

Shells from a variety of prosobranch gastropods, from Ernst Haeckel's Artforms of Nature, 1904.

Prosobranchia was a large taxonomic subclass of sea snails, land snails and freshwater snails. This taxon of gastropods dates back to the 1920s. It has however been proven to be polyphyletic (consisting of more than one lineage of descent), and therefore it is no longer acceptable to be used as a taxon, because taxonomy must reflect phylogeny, in other words the classification of a group must reflect its evolutionary descent, as far as that is known.

One can still encounter this subclass used as if still valid in many texts and websites. When Prosobranchia is not accepted as a taxon, still the term prosobranch can be legitimately used as an anatomically-descriptive adjective or noun.

Prosobranch means gills in front (of the heart). In contrast opisthobranch means gills behind (and to the right of the heart). Prosobranchs have their gills, mantle cavity and anus situated in front of their heart. Most prosobranchs have separate sexes.

The majority of marine gastropods are prosobranch, as are a few land snails and freshwater snails. The prosobranch gastropods include the majority of marine snails, among them conches, cones, cowries, limpets, murexes, periwinkles, volutes and whelks, as well as numerous freshwater groups, and some land snails with an operculum.

Description

The shell of a Harpa species, a prosobranch gastropod.

The majority of prosobranchs have an operculum, a corneous or calcareous plate situated on the dorsal surface of the foot. In many prosobranchs, the animal can completely close the aperture with the operculum.

The nervous system of prosobranchs is twisted into a figure 8 due to a developmental process known as torsion. The eyes are situated at the base of the tentacles.

Taxonomic context

The taxonomy of the gastropods is changing rapidly. The old classification (Johannes Thiele) divided Gastropoda into three subclasses: Prosobranchia, Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata. The subclass Prosobranchia (Henri Milne-Edwards) was further divided into the orders Archaeogastropoda, Mesogastropoda and Neogastropoda. The new version of the gastropod classification is explained in Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997.

References

• Thiele, J., 1929-1935. Handbuch der Systematischen Weichtierkunde. 2 vols. 1154 p., 584 figs.
• Bieler, R. & P. M. Mikkelsen (eds.), 1992. Handbook of Systematic Malacology, Part 1 (Loricata [Polyplacophora]; Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Smithsonian Institution and National Science Foundation, xviii + 625 pp., 470+1 text-fig. (Annotated English-language edition of: Thiele, J., Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde, Teil 1). Also published, in 1993, by Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart/Jena/New York.
• Bieler, R. (1992). "Gastropod phylogeny and systematics". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23: 311–338. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.001523. 
• Haszprunar, G. (1988). "On the origin and evolution of major gastropod groups, with special reference to the Streptoneura". Journal of Molluscan Studies 54 (4): 367–441. doi:10.1093/mollus/54.4.367. 
• Bieler, R. (1990). "Haszprunar's "clado-evolutionary" classification of the Gastropoda - a critique". Malacologia 31 (2): 371–380.