Prussian Academy of Sciences
The Prussian Academy of Sciences (German: Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften) was an academy established in Berlin on July 11 1700.
Prince-elector Frederick III of Brandenburg founded the academy under the name of Kurfürstlich Brandenburgische Societät der Wissenschaften ("Electoral Brandenburg Society of Sciences") upon the advice of Gottfried Leibniz, who was appointed president. Unlike other academies, the Prussian Academy was not directly funded out of the state treasury. Frederick granted it the monopoly on producing and selling calendars in Brandenburg, a suggestion by Leibniz. As Frederick was crowned "King in Prussia" in 1701, creating the Kingdom of Prussia, the academy was renamed Königlich Preußische Sozietät der Wissenschaften ("Royal Prussian Society of Sciences"). While other academies focused on a few topics, the Prussian Academy was the first to teach both sciences and humanities. In 1710, the academy statute was set, dividing the academy in two sciences and two humanities classes. This was not changed until 1830, when the physics-mathematics and the philosophy-history classes replaced the four old classes.
The reign of King Frederick II ("Frederick the Great") saw major changes to the academy. In 1744, the Nouvelle Société Littéraire and the Society of Sciences were merged into the Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften ("Royal Academy of Sciences"). An obligation from the new statute were public calls for ideas on unsolved scientific questions with a monetary reward for solutions. The academy acquired its own research facilities in the 18th century: an observatory in 1709, an anatomical theater in 1717, a Collegium medico-chirurgicum in 1723, a botanical garden in 1718, and a laboratory in 1753. However, those were taken over by the University of Berlin
Beginning in 1815, research businesses led by academy committees (such as the Greek-Roman Archeology Committee or the Oriental Committee) were founded at the academy. They employed mostly scientists to work alongside the corresponding committee's members. University departments emanated from some of these businesses after 1945.
Under Nazi rule (1933–1945), the academy was subject to the Gleichschaltung: Jewish employees and members were expelled. The new academy statute went in effect on June 8 1939, reorganizing the academy according to the Nazi leader principle.
Following World War II, the Soviet Military Administration in Germany reorganized the academy under the name of Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften ("German Academy of Sciences") on July 1 1946. In 1972, it was renamed Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR (literally GDR Academy of Sciences). This academy was disbanded and the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften ("Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities") was founded in compliance with the 1992 treaty between the Länder Berlin and Brandenburg. 60 of the GDR academy's members created the Leibniz Society in 1993.
Famous members
- Leonhard Euler 1741–1766
- Montesquieu, foreign member 1746
- Denis Diderot, foreign member 1751
- Johann Heinrich Lambert, ~1763
- Immanuel Kant, foreign member 1786
- Voltaire, ~1750
- Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, foreign member 1769
- Friedrich Schleiermacher, proper member 1810
- Hermann von Helmholtz, corresponding member 1857; foreign member 1870; proper member 1871
- Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, proper member 1893
- Max Planck, proper member 1894
- Albert Einstein, proper member 1914
- Kurt Sethe, corresponding member 1920; proper member 1930
- Hermann Grapow, proper member 1938