Quartz
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| Quartz | |
 Quartz crystal group from Tibet |
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| General | |
|---|---|
| Category | Oxide mineral |
| Chemical formula | Silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) |
| Identification | |
| Color | Clear (if no impurities); also see Varieties |
| Crystal habit | 6-sided prism ending in 6-sided pyramid (typical) |
| Crystal system | rhombohedral class 32 |
| Twinning | Dauphine law, Brazil law and Japan law |
| Cleavage | None |
| Fracture | Conchoidal |
| Mohs Scale hardness | 7 - lower in impure varieties |
| Luster | Vitreous/glossy |
| Streak | White |
| Diaphaneity | Transparent to translucent |
| Specific gravity | 2.65 constant; variable in impure varieties |
| Optical properties | Uniaxial (+) |
| Refractive index | nω = 1.543 - 1.545 nε = 1.552 - 1.554 |
| Birefringence | +0.009 (B-G interval) |
| Pleochroism | None |
| Melting point | 1650 (±75) °C |
| Solubility | 11.0 +/- 1.1 PPM @ 25 C |
| Other characteristics | Piezoelectric |
Quartz (from German 
Quarz (help·info)[1]) is the second most abundant mineral in the Earth's continental crust (after feldspar). It is made up of a continuous framework of SiO4 silicon-oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall formula SiO2.
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[edit] Crystal habit
Quartz belongs to the rhombohedral crystal system. The ideal crystal shape is a six-sided prism terminating with six-sided pyramids at each end. In nature quartz crystals are often twinned, distorted, or so intergrown with adjacent crystals of quartz or other minerals as to only show part of this shape, or to lack obvious crystal faces altogether and appear massive. Well-formed crystals typically form in a 'bed' that has unconstrained growth into a void, but because the crystals must be attached at the other end to a matrix, only one termination pyramid is present. A quartz geode is such a situation where the void is approximately spherical in shape, lined with a bed of crystals pointing inward.
[edit] Varieties
Pure quartz, sometimes called clear quartz, is colorless or white and transparent (clear) or translucent. Common colored varieties include citrine, rose quartz, amethyst, smoky quartz, milky quartz, and others. Quartz goes by an array of different names. The most important distinction between types of quartz is that of macrocrystalline (individual crystals visible to the unaided eye) and the microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline varieties (aggregates of crystals visible only under high magnification). The cryptocrystalline varieties are either translucent or mostly opaque, while the transparent varieties tend to be macrocrystalline. Chalcedony is a cryptocrystalline form of silica consisting of fine intergrowths of both quartz, and its monoclinic polymorph moganite.[2]
[edit] Citrine
Citrine is a variety of quartz whose color ranges from a pale yellow to brown. It is nearly impossible to tell cut citrine from yellow topaz visibly. Citrine has ferric impurities, and is rarely found naturally. Most commercial citrine is in fact artificially heated amethyst or smoky quartz. Brazil is the leading producer of citrine, with much of its production coming from the state of Rio Grande do Sul.
Citrine is one of three traditional birthstones for the month of November.
[edit] Rose quartz
Rose quartz is a type of quartz which exhibits a pale pink to rose red hue. The color is usually considered as due to trace amounts of titanium, iron, or manganese, in the massive material. Some rose quartz contains microscopic rutile needles which produces an asterism in transmitted light. Recent X-ray diffraction studies suggest that the color is due to thin microscopic fibers of possibly dumortierite within the massive quartz.[3]
In crystal form (rarely found) it is called pink quartz and its color is thought to be caused by trace amounts of phosphate or aluminium. The color in crystals is apparently photosensitive and subject to fading. The first crystals were found in a pegmatite found near Rumford, Maine, USA, but most crystals on the market come from Minas Gerais, Brazil.[4]
Rose quartz is not popular as a gem - it is generally too clouded by impurities to be suitable for that purpose. Rose quartz is more often carved into figures such as people or hearts. Hearts are commonly found because rose quartz is pink and an affordable mineral.
[edit] Amethyst
Amethyst is a popular form of quartz that ranges from a bright to dark or dull purple/violet color.
[edit] Smoky quartz
Smokey quartz is a gray, translucent version of quartz. It ranges in clarity from almost complete transparency to a brownish-grey crystal that is almost opaque.
[edit] Milky quartz
Milk quartz or milky quartz may be the most common variety of crystalline quartz and can be found almost anywhere. The white colour may be caused by minute fluid inclusions of gas and/or liquid trapped during the crystal formation. The cloudiness caused by the inclusions effectively bars its use in most optical and quality gemstone applications.[5]
[edit] Major varieties
Although many of the varietal names historically arose from the color of the mineral, current scientific naming schemes refer primarily to the microstructure of the mineral. Color is a secondary identifier for the cryptocrystalline minerals, although it is a primary identifier for the macrocrystalline varieties. This does not always hold true.
| Chalcedony | Cryptocrystalline quartz and moganite mixture. The term is generally only used for white or lightly colored material. Otherwise more specific names are used. |
| Agate | Multi-colored, banded chalcedony, semi-translucent to translucent |
| Onyx | Agate where the bands are straight, parallel and consistent in size. |
| Jasper | Opaque cryptocrystalline quartz, typically red to brown |
| Aventurine | Translucent chalcedony with small inclusions (usually mica) that shimmer. |
| Tiger's eye | Fibrous gold to red-brown coloured quartz, exhibiting chatoyancy. |
| Rock crystal | Clear, colorless |
| Amethyst | Purple, transparent |
| Citrine | Yellow to reddish orange to brown, greenish yellow |
| Prasiolite | Mint green, transparent |
| Rose quartz | Pink, translucent, may display diasterism |
| Rutilated quartz | Contains acicular (needles) inclusions of rutile |
| Milk quartz | White, translucent to opaque, may display diasterism |
| Smoky quartz | Brown to grey, opaque |
| Carnelian | Reddish orange chalcedony, translucent |
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 Quartz sand from Coral Pink Sand Dunes State Park, Utah. These have a hematite coating which provides the orange color. Scale bar is 1.0 mm. |
 Rutile in quarz |
[edit] Synthetic and artificial treatments
Not all varieties of quartz are naturally occurring. Prasiolite, an olive colored material, is produced by heat treatment; natural prasiolite has also been observed in Lower Silesia in Poland. Although citrine occurs naturally, the majority is the result of heat-treated amethyst. Carnelian is widely heat-treated to deepen its color.
Due to natural quartz being so often twinned, much of the quartz used in industry is synthesized. Large, flawless and untwinned crystals are produced in an autoclave via the hydrothermal process; emeralds are also synthesized in this fashion. While these are still commonly referred to as quartz, the correct term for this material is silicon dioxide.
[edit] Occurrence
Quartz is an essential constituent of granite and other felsic igneous rocks. It is very common in sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and shale and is also present in variable amounts as an accessory mineral in most carbonate rocks. It is also a common constituent of schist, gneiss, quartzite and other metamorphic rocks. Because of its resistance to weathering it is very common in stream sediments and in residual soils.
Quartz occurs in hydrothermal veins as gangue along with ore minerals. Large crystals of quartz are found in pegmatites. Well-formed crystals may reach several meters in length and weigh hundreds of kilograms.
[edit] Related silica minerals
Tridymite and cristobalite are high-temperature polymorphs of SiO2 that occur in high-silica volcanic rocks. Coesite is a denser polymorph of quartz found in some meteorite impact sites and in metamorphic rocks formed at pressures greater than those typical of the Earth's crust. Stishovite is a yet denser and higher-pressure polymorph of quartz found in some meteorite impact sites. Lechatelierite is an amorphous silica glass SiO2 which is formed by lightning strikes in quartz sand.
[edit] History
The name "quartz" comes from the German "Quarz", which is of Slavic origin (Czech miners called it křemen). Other sources insist the name is from the Saxon word "Querkluftertz", meaning cross-vein ore.[6]
Quartz is the most common material identified as the mystical substance maban in Australian Aboriginal mythology. It is found regularly in passage tomb cemeteries in Europe in a burial context, eg. Newgrange or Carrowmore in the Republic of Ireland. The Irish word for quartz is grian cloch, which means 'stone of the sun'.
Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder believed quartz to be water ice, permanently frozen after great lengths of time. (The word "crystal" comes from the Greek word for purity.) He supported this idea by saying that quartz is found near glaciers in the Alps, but not on volcanic mountains, and that large quartz crystals were fashioned into spheres to cool the hands. He also knew of the ability of quartz to split light into a spectrum. This idea persisted until at least the 1600s.
In the 17th century, Nicolas Steno's study of quartz paved the way for modern crystallography. He discovered that no matter how distorted a quartz crystal, the long prism faces always made a perfect 60 degree angle.
Charles Sawyer invented the commercial quartz crystal manufacturing process in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. This initiated the transition from mined and cut quartz for electrical appliances to manufactured quartz.
Quartz's piezoelectric properties were discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880. The quartz oscillator or resonator was first developed by Walter Guyton Cady in 1921.[7] George Washington Pierce designed and patented quartz crystal oscillators in 1923.[8] Warren Marrison created the first quartz oscillator clock based on the work of Cady and Pierce in 1927.[9]
[edit] Piezoelectricity
Quartz crystals have piezoelectric properties; they develop an electric potential upon the application of mechanical stress. An early use of this property of quartz crystals was in phonograph pickups. One of the most common piezoelectric uses of quartz today is as a crystal oscillator. The quartz clock is a familiar device using the mineral. The resonant frequency of a quartz crystal oscillator is changed by mechanically loading it, and this principle is used for very accurate measurements of very small mass changes in the quartz crystal microbalance and in thin-film thickness monitors.
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes
- ^ German Loan Words in English
- ^ Heaney, Peter J. (1994). "Structure and Chemistry of the low-pressure silica polymorphs". Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 29: 1-40.
- ^ http://www.mindat.org/show.php?id=3456 Mindat.org
- ^ http://minerals.caltech.edu/ge114/Lecture_Topics/Quartz/Index.htm Colored Varieties of Quartz, Caltech
- ^ Milky quartz at Mineral Galleries
- ^ Mineral Atlas, Queensland University of Technology
- ^ "The Quartz Watch - Walter Guyton Cady". The Lemelson Center, National Museum of American History. Smithsonian Institution. http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/quartz/inventors/cady.html.
- ^ "The Quartz Watch - George Washington Pierce". The Lemelson Center, National Museum of American History. Smithsonian Institution. http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/quartz/inventors/pierce.html.
- ^ "The Quartz Watch - Warren Marrison". The Lemelson Center, National Museum of American History. Smithsonian Institution. http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/quartz/inventors/clock.html.
[edit] References
- Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., ISBN 0-471-80580-7
[edit] External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Quartz |
- Quartz varieties, properties, crystal morphology. Photos and illustrations
- Arkansas quartz, Rockhounding Arkansas
- Gilbert Hart Nomenclature of Silica, American Mineralogist, Volume 12, pages 383-395, 1927
- Queensland University of Technology Origin of the word quartz.
- PDF of Charles Sawyer's cultured quartz process description
- "The Quartz Watch - Inventors". The Lemelson Center, National Museum of American History. Smithsonian Institution. http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/quartz/inventors/index.html.
- Terminology used to describe the characteristics of Quartz Crystals when used as oscillators
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