Gonzalo Queipo de Llano

This name uses Spanish naming customs; the first or paternal family name is Queipo de Llano and the second or maternal family name is Sierra.

Gonzalo Queipo de Llano
Birth name	Gonzalo Queipo de Llano y Sierra
Born	February 5, 1875(1875-02-05) Tordesillas, Castilla y León, Spain
Died	March 9, 1951(1951-03-09) (aged 76) Seville, Andalucia, Spain
Buried at	La Macarena Basilica, Seville, Andalusia, Spain (37.402525°N 5.989407°W / 37.402525; -5.989407)
Allegiance	Kingdom of Spain (1896–1931) Spanish Republic (1931–1936) Nationalist Spain (1936–1939)
Service/branch	Spanish Army
Years of service	1896–1939
Rank	Captain General
Commands held	Nationalist Army of the South Captain General of Andalusia Captain General of Madrid
Battles/wars	Spanish-American War Rif War Spanish Civil War
Awards	Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand (Grand Cross) Order of Military Merit (Grand Cross)

Gonzalo Queipo de Llano y Sierra, 1st Marquis of Queipo de Llano (February 5, 1875 – March 9, 1951) was a Spanish Army Officer who fought for the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War. "Marquis" was a title bestowed upon him to crown his professional career at the service of the "New" Spain forged by Spanish dictator General Francisco Franco on 1 April 1950, after Franco had decided that Spain would be again a kingdom at the end of his own rule over the country.

Roots in Asturian nobility

He was born in Tordesillas, province of Valladolid, Spain. He was apparently related to the Asturian family of the Counts of Toreno, a title going back to 1657, and to José María Queipo de Llano Ruiz de Saravia, 7th Count of Toreno, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain and Prime Minister of Spain for three months in 1835, and son Francisco de Borja Queipo de Llano y Gayoso de los Cobos, 8th Count of Toreno since the age of 3, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain and Mayor of Madrid after the military coup restoring again the Borbon monarchy.

Educational background

Educated at a seminary for Catholic priests, Queipo de Llano ran away and enlisted in the Spanish Army as an gunner. He later entered the Royal Cavalry Academy of Valladolid as a cadet, fought in Cuba during the Spanish-American War, and then in the Rif War as a cavalry officer.

On 4 October 1901 he married Genoveva Martí y Tovar, by whom he had two children, Gonzalo and Ernestina, the latter of which married a son of his enemy and President of the Second Spanish Republic, Niceto Alcalá-Zamora.

Military career

Queipo de Llano, a second lieutenant at Cuba in 1896, became a Captain at 1898, and was a commandant in 1911 on returning from Argentina after a 10-month spell there in 1910–1911. He served in North Africa at Melilla as a Colonial Officer afterward and attained the rank of brigadier general, April 1923. He was apparently enthusiastic with the military coup d'état initiated by General Miguel Primo de Rivera on 13 September 1923. He was however highly critical of the Spanish Army, and his opposition to the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera led to him being relieved of his command and imprisoned. He was released from prison in 1926, but his continued criticism of the government led to his dismissal from the army in 1928.

Two years later, Queipo de Llano became the head of the Republican Military Association and collaborated with the National Revolutionary Committee, a group plotting to overthrow King Alfonso XIII. The failure of the revolt forced Queipo de Llano to flee to Portugal. He published in 1930 a book titled El General Queipo de Llano perseguido por La Dictadura where he used haughty expressions about King Alfonso XIII and about the dictator Primo de Rivera.

When Alfonso XIII left Spain in April 1931, Queipo de Llano returned to Spain and was given the post of commander of the 1st Military District in Madrid. "He was later appointed head of the military house of Second Spanish Republic President Niceto Alcalá-Zamora (they were in-laws, Queipo's daughter, was married to one of Alcalá-Zamora's sons)."

Queipo de Llano initially supported the Popular Front, and served as chief of a main directorate of the Customs officers ("Carabineros" in Spanish) from 1934-1936. He was critical of some Popular Front policies, including agrarian reforms that penalized the landed aristocracy, the outlawing of the Falange Española, and the granting of political and administrative autonomy to Catalonia (see Spanish Revolution).

The Popular Front republican coalition, and its consequences

The Joseph Stalin-controlled Comintern 7th Congress, May 1935 had decided that, in response to the growth of Fascism, popular fronts allying Communist parties with other anti-Fascist parties including Socialist and even bourgeois parties were advisable. Main organizer of the bureaucratic work related to these May–August 1935 digests was Bulgarian communist Georgi Dimitrov.

Flag of the Popular Front

In Spain, a coalition between leftist republicans and workers' organizations defended social reforms of the first government (1931–1933) of the Second Spanish Republic, and liberated the prisoners, political prisoners according with the front propaganda, held since the Asturian October Revolution in 1934. It included the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), Communist Party of Spain (PCE), the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM, independent communist) and the republicans: Republican Left (IR), (led by notary Manuel Azaña) and Republican Union Party (UR), led by Diego Martínez Barrio. This pact was supported by Galician (PG) and Catalan nationalists (such as the Esquerra Party), socialist union Workers' General Union (UGT), and the anarchist trade union, the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT). Many anarchists who would later fight alongside Popular Front forces during the Spanish Civil War did not support them in the election, urging abstention instead.

The Popular Front won the May 1936 election, forming thus the new Spanish government. The Popular Front received 4,654,116 votes compared to the opponent combined right-wing vote of 4,503,524 votes, confirming thus the traditional, actual, Spanish voting configuration since the 1970s, including adult women, also voting since 1933, albeit the thought of being more conservative, something not even allowed today in many countries, Switzerland for instance, while the women right to vote was conquered in France only in 1944.

The Popular Front in France came into effect under Léon Blum, three months later than in Spain and without women voting, but without Communist Party members also as ministers.

Spanish voted elected 278 Popular Front deputies - 99 of which belonged to the Socialists (PSOE) - and 124 right-wing deputies - 88 of which belonged to the CEDA. Notary Manuel Azaña was elected President of the Republic on May 1936, but the PSOE didn't join the government because of the opposition of socialist leader Francisco Largo Caballero.

Almost immediately, serious troubles on the civic convivence, started to surge, much like the Earth tremors accompanying a volcanic eruption.

Political moves President Alcalá-Zamora, February to June 1936

The President of the Second Spanish Republic Niceto Alcalá-Zamora y Torres appointed General of Division Francisco Franco y Bahamonde Military Commandant of the Canary Islands on 21 February 1936.

The President was the father-in-law of one of the sons of troublesome General Queipo de Llano, while Don Niceto´s Republican Minister of War was General Carlos Masquelet Lacaci.

Many historians put forward however, quite often, the idea than rather than a promotion, there was the idea of short-circuiting Francisco Franco, appointing him to a controlled backwater job.

Queipo de Llano was widely known by then in many places, army barracks and drinking houses, because of his ridicule of Francisco Franco, till then Head of the Joint Chiefs of Staff the republic. Queipo de Llano called Franco "Paca, La Culona", i.e., "Little Girl Francisca, Widebottom".

Although Franco's brother Ramón and their biological father had been accepted as freemasons in some masonic lodges, Francisco was, apparently, refused by his colleagues, his brother and his father, too, several times, developing thus an authentic phobia against communist and freemasons.

On the social gathering on General Franco's arrival by boat to Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 11 March 1936, he received the compliments of General of Brigade Amado Balmes Alonso, temporarily, at interim, since the government authorized depart to Madrid of General of Brigade and politician Joaquín Fanjul y Goñi, executed by the Republican loyalists on 17 August 1936) a fact not published by the actually available local newspapers.

There is an increasing tide wave in the last 15 years or so, started from the ends of the 20th century, whereby, General Amado Balmes Alonso "quite and rather discreet" assassination on 16 July 1936, there, could provide an excuse for General Franco presence at his funeral and his, apparently, unauthorized straightforward flight with a British-hired airplane, De Havilland Dragon Rapide flight to the Spanish Mainland to be one of the leaders of the Spanish Civil War. Finances for the airplane booking were provided by Juan Ignacio Luca de Tena, 2nd Marquis of Luca de Tena of the Sevilla and Madrid conservative newspaper.

Search for a partner

When Alcalá-Zamora was ousted as President on May 10, 1936 and replaced by the left-wing Manuel Azaña, Queipo de Llano, along with Generals Emilio Mola, Francisco Franco, and José Sanjurjo, started plotting to overthrow the Popular Front government. He was a leading member of the conspiracy group and used to say with pride that his sports convertible car had covered 20,000 miles in plotting the July 17, 1936 military revolt that led to the Spanish Civil War.

He was the main responsible for the execution of Granada's region Captain General and Military Governor General Miguel Campins Aura, accused of rather "tepid" behavior on the beginnings of the "Patriotic Rising" against the Republic.

Other high grade military officers were also executed besides General Campins, namely Commandant of the Artillery José Loureiro Sellés, 23 July 1936 and Cavalry Colonel Santiago Mateo Fernández, 18 September 1936. General Campins brought to Sevilla from Granada was immediately replaced after 20 July 1936 on "discipline and civic order questions" related to Granada by the rebels from Seville, who appointed as new Civil Governor of Granada, Commandant José Valdés Guzmán, keen on applying harder lines around. He replaced thus Governor César Torres Martínez who saved his life by allegations of obeying the legal Republican Government, something paid immediately with death punishment in many other places elsewhere. Below the grades of General of Division, generals of Brigade, Colonels and Lieutenant Colonels are supposed to be higher hierarchies than Commandants nowadays, then and now.

Campins, chosen as a "Head of Studies" by the General Director of the new Academia General Militar of Zaragoza Franco, "could not be spared" of execution according to Queipo de Llano, then known already as "The Viceroy of Seville", even if Franco asked him for forgiveness. It is said Franco will pay him with an equivalent token when he ignored Queipo de Llano pleads to save his colleague and friend in the Revolt General Domingo Batet Mestres. In this case, he ignored also Franco´s former boss in North Africa, General Miguel Cabanellas Ferrer, on behalf of General Campins.

Further, he was directly involved in the executions at the Castillo de San Felipe, on 9 November 1936, of Generals Enrique Salcedo y Molinuevo and Rogelio Caridad Pita.

Civil Governor of the province of Cádiz between March 1936 and around 20 July 1936, Commandant of Artillery Mariano Zapico y Menéndez-Valdés was executed on 6 August 1936 together with other civilian and military people associated to his appointment as a public servant by the legal Spanish Republic, too.

Lieutenant Colonel of the "Indigenous Regular Forces" number 3 since February 1934 at Ceuta Juan Caballero López, who replaced Lieutenant Colonel Juan Yagüe, was on authorized leave for two months since 9 July, for medical reasons, being executed at Sevilla city on 17 July 1936. Gonzalo Queipo de Llano ordered him to be detained for his lack of agreement with the Fascist coup, being executed at the city on 31 July 1936. Don Gonzalo however provided arrangements for the Lieutenant Colonel widow in order to bring from Ceuta, crossing by boat the Gibraltar Strait, their own private furniture and belongings not anymore at the Spanish Army Barracks provided for the Headquarters Officers.

What is sure, too, is that General Manuel Romerales Quintero, the Military Governor of the North African town of Melilla, conquered in 1497 by the Spaniards, five years after the Muslim Spanish town of Granada, was not heading his native indigenous Regulars either at Sevilla, July 1936, or at Malaga, February 1937.

The Head of the Hydro Plains Base at Melilla, 33-year-old Captain Vitgilio Leret y Ruiz, located at El Atalayón, paid swiftly with his life his armed opposition to the military coup who led to a 41 years stop stop of free political elections in Spain between the period May 1936 and the ends of the year 1977, too. His wife, Spanish-Mexican Carlota O'Neill, spent five years in prison while their two daughters were protected orphans of the New Regime. He was under the orders of the Head of the Spanish Aeronautics, "Africanist" General of Division, Miguel Nuñez de Prado y Susbielas, a founder of Unión Militar Republicana Antifascista. He was already a Cavalry Lieurenan Colonel c. 1921.

Much more lucky in his dealings and confrontations with Queipo de Llano, Franco, Yagúe, Emilio Mola, was, probably a freemason, Republican Head General of the Spanish Forces in North Africa Agustín Gómez Morato put under arrest by the seditious and youngest Africanist generals who got "only" a 30 years prison sentence by dismissing their command authority.

Asturian High Commissioner of Spain in Morocco from 13 May to 18 July 1936, Arturo Alvarez-Buylla y Godino fared however much worse, being detained on 18 July 1936 by the then Francoist Colonel Eduardo Sáenz de Buruaga y Polanco, later on a General and much honored afterwards.

Another commandant executed much earlier, 4 August 1936, than Arturo Alvarez-Buylla was General Francisco Franco y Bahamonde cousin Commandant Ricardo de la Puente y Bahamonde. General Franco himself did not signed the death sentence of his cousin, because Commandant Ricardo´s and General Francisco´s mothers were sisters leaving the job for his assistant, Monarchist General Luis Orgaz Yoldi. His way was clean however to stop near Tetouan Military airport with the hired British De Havilland Dragon Rapide plain while his cousin, a creator of embarrassing problems, was already detained by Saenz de Buruaga.

Actions in Sevilla, 1936

Gonzalo Queipo de Llano, without "military legal attributions", as an Inspector of the Customs and Duty Tax Officers, benefited at Seville "to put initial order", of the hunting and fire-arms and sports weapons capacities of a group of rather wealthy newcoming entrepreneurs and land proprietors, new nobility through predating marriages and/or purchased nobility titles, gravitating around Cadiz town Mayor, Ramon de Carranza Sr. and his son Ramon de Carranza Jr..

Another notorious free lance southerner sheriff was Francisco de Paula de Borbón y de la Torre, 4th Duke of Seville. He was much notorious during the Spanish Civil War, by his expeditive methods with the Sevilla, Marbella and Malaga left-wingers and free-masons taken as hostages or political prisoners

Queipo de Llano's role in capture of Seville in the early stages of the war has achieved almost mythical status. Initially, he claimed that he had seized control of the city with only 200 men (later claiming in a radio interview that he had done so with only 15 soldiers). This account of military brilliance became the accepted version of events. Recent research by the historian Paul Preston, however, has shown that the successful capture of Seville was the result of careful planning and the use of at least 4,000 nationalist troops.

General of Division José Fernández de Villa-Abrille y Calivara was a Hispanic-Filipino General of Brigade detained by Gonzalo Queipo de Llano, together with a General of Brigade and a Commandant at his commanding Sevilla Office, he was spared of being executed, but was judged in 1939, losing salary and full military status, demoted.

The conquest of Malaga City, February 1937

Appointed commander of the Nationalist Army of the South, General Queipo de Llano's forces launched an Battle of Málaga on Málaga on January 17, 1937, and the city succumbed to the Nationalists on February 8, with the support of the Corps of Volunteer Troops (Corpo Truppe Volontarie, or CTV), the Italian expeditionary force that fought alongside Franco's forces in the Spanish Civil War since December 1936.

General Mario Roatta, a Colonel till 1935 of the espionage service Servizio Informazioni Militari (SIM), the Italian Commander-in-Chief of over 10,000 soldiers and officers, had General Luigi Frusci, forged during World War I and at the Second Italo-Ethiopian War as his Deputy Commander. He also carried out propaganda broadcasts during the war.

Red soldiers, lower you arms. The Caudillo forgives and redeems. Follow the example of those comrades before you who have joined our ranks. Only like that will you achieve victory. Happiness in your homes and peace in your souls.

Queipo de Llano's radio address on Radio Sevilla to Republican soldiers in Seville

He was very eager to organise forced labour in the Francoist regions and restart the agricultural production in Andalusia with cheap exports to Europe becoming an important economic factor of the regime.

2 February 1938: in the New Army

On 2 February 1938, General Francisco Franco ruled as Sole Head of the New State and also of the parafascist civilian organization Falange Española y de las JONS, that Zaragoza University trained lawyer and also his brother-in-law, till August 1942, Ramón Serrano Súñer would be the Minister of the Interior and Propaganda. Just a few hours later, radio speeches at Sevilla protagonized almost daily by General Queipo de Llano between 18 July 1936 and 2 February 1938 were a thing from the immediate past, including verbal aggressive "macho" style "sexually trended" menaces on left-wingers families women, sometimes with forced haircuts and headshavings followed by forced assistance to churches ceremonials and perhaps, sometimes violations and final shootings in the cemeteries.

Clearly enough, the word "authority" is not about removing the lowest instincts of highly stressed people because of a war but about the possession of "moral authority" as real leaders should have being or trying to be above the lowest instincts of populace

The final years

One of his sisters, Rosario Queipo de Llano was exchanged from the Cárcel Modelo of Madrid for Women by one of the sons of Socialist leader Francisco Largo Caballero, a former plasterer in his youth, who on 4 September 1936, a few months into the civil war, was designated the 134th Prime Minister and Minister of War till he was obliged to resign on May 17, 1937. whereby prestigious University Medical Professor of Physiology Juan Negrín, also a member of the PSOE, was appointed Prime Minister in his stead. This ransom of sister Rosario with Francisco Largo Calvo, allowed Largo Calvo to go to Mexico, where he died in the exile in 2001.

After the fall of the Republic, he was promoted to lieutenant general. Franco sent him as head of the Spanish Mission to Italy, and he later served as the commander of Seville's military district. His relations with Franco were poor on the whole. He did not like Franco and he hated the King, he was actually a Republican, but never questioned the leadership of the junta. Queipo de Llano died at his country estate near Seville.

His relatives were:

• Gonzalo Queipo de Llano y Martí, 2nd Marquess of Queipo de Llano (Madrid since 1951, 26 May 1912 - ), married to María de los Angeles Mencos y Armero (Sevilla, 25 September 1920 -), daughter of Alberto Mencos y Sánjuan, 8th Count of el Fresno and of la Fuente (Sevilla, 11 December 1879 - ?) and wife (m. Sevilla, 8 December 1914) María de la Concepción Armero Castrillo of the Marquesses of el Nervión, by whom he had three children:
  • Gonzalo Queipo de Llano y Mencos (b. Sevilla, 14 July 1951), 3rd Marquess now?.
  • Alberto Queipo de Llano y Mencos (b. Sevilla, 27 January 1953)
  • María de los Angeles Queipo de Llano y Mencos (b. Sevilla, 16 January 1954)

• Ernestina Queipo de Llano y Martí (d. Madrid, 1 July 2001), married to Niceto Alcalá-Zamora y Castillo (1906–1985), ironically the son of one of his father's old political adversaries Niceto Alcalá-Zamora y Torres, 122nd Prime Minister of Spain and President of Spain.

References

• Anthony Beevor (2006).The battle for Spain. The spanish civil war 1936-1939. Penguin Books. 2006. ISBN 0-14-303765-X

• Tom Buchanan, (1997). Britain and the Spanish Civil War. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521455693

• Maria Antonia de Isabel Estrada,GEORGE BERNARD SHAW Y JOHN OSBORNE: RECEPCIÓN Y RECREACIÓN DE SU TEATRO EN ESPAÑA DURANTE EL

FRANQUISMO, MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR María Antonia de Isabel Estrada. Bajo la dirección del doctor Gonzalo Santonja Gómez – Agero Madrid, (2001) ISBN 84-669-1914-7 . See:

• http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/tesis/fll/ucm-t28134.pdf

• Ian Gibson (author), Queipo de Llano: Sevilla, verano de 1936 (con las charlas radiofónicas completas), Ed. Grijalbo Barcelona, (1986). 480 pages. ISBN 84-253-1773-8 See biographical sketch by his literary agent:

http;//www.uklitag.com/site/images/author.../gibson_biblio_2010_sp.pdf

• Gabriel Jackson, (1965). The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00757-8. OCLC 185862219, another edition, 1967.

• Carlota O´Neill, UNA MEXICANA EN LA GUERRA DE ESPAÑA, paperback, 1st edition, (1964), Ed. La Prensa, México, 223 pages, Spanish Editions  : UNA MUJER EN LA GUERRA DE ESPAÑA, 202 pages, (1979), Ed, Turner, Madrid, also, UNA MUJER EN LA GUERRA DE ESPAÑA", Prólogo de Rafael Torres, softcover, Ed. Oberon, Madrid, (2003) , 352 pages, , (ISBN 978-84-9605-232-1). Second Spanish Edition: "UNA MUJER EN LA GUERRA DE ESPAÑA, RBA Eds. Barcelona,(2005), (ISBN 849605232X ), (ISBN 978-84-4734-407-9) In English, Canadian Edition, : TRAPPED IN SPAIN . translated by Leandro Garza, (1978), 165 pp, softcover. Editorial: Solidarity Books, Toronto . Spanish and English: UNA MUJER EN LA GUERRA DE ESPAÑA / A WOMAN IN THE SPANISH WAR (Biblioteca 70 Anos/ 70 Years Library) (Spanish Edition), 391 pages. (ISBN 84-9651-122-7)

• Stanley G. Payne (1970). The Spanish Revolution. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0297001248.

• Stanley G. Payne (2004). The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10068-X. OCLC 186010979.

• Stanley G. Payne, (1999). Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0299165647.

• Stanley G. Payne, (2008). Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300122824.

• Paul Preston. The Spanish civil war. Reaction, revolution and revenge. Harper Perennial. London. (2006). ISBN 10: 0393329879 / 0-393-32987-9 ISBN 13: 9780393329872. CBE, born at Liverpool, 1946. Radicated at the London School of Economics

• Paul Preston. El holocausto español. Odio y exterminio en la Guerra Civil y después. Spanish Transl. by Catalina Martínez Muñoz and Eugenia Vázquez Nacarino. Ed. Debate, Paperback (July 2011), ISBN 9788483068526 . 1st Spanish Edition, 768 pages.

• Paul Preston.The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-century Spain. HarperPress. ISBN 978-0002556347

• Paul Preston (2012). The Spanish Holocaust. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. (2012), ISBN 978039306476.

• Hilari Raguer . A Catholic Priest born 1928 resident at the famoous Catalan Monastery of Montserrat since the 1960´s, El general Batet: Franco contra Batet, crónica de una venganza, (1996), Edic. Peninsula, Barcelona, ISBN 84-297-4135-6

• Hugh Thomas. The Spanish civil war. Penguin books. London. 2003,4th edition. (1961, 1987, 2003). London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-101161-0. OCLC 248799351.

• Ronald Radosh; Mary Habeck, Grigory Sevostianov (2001). Spain Betrayed: The Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War with Mary R. Habeck and Grigorii Nikolaevich Sevostianov. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08981-3. OCLC 186413320

• Universidad de Huelva. Departamento de Historia 11 Desde la proclamación de la República al 18 de julio de

1936 : el cambio de rumbo político en la 11 División Orgánica. Memoria para optar al grado de doctor presentada por: Joaquín Gil Honduvilla. Fecha de lectura: 20 de julio de 2009 Bajo la dirección de los doctores: Encarnación Lemus López José María Marín Arce ISBN 978-34-92944-39-7 Depóosito Legal : H 63-2010 Huelva, 2010. See:

• http://www.rabida.uhu.es/dspace/bitstream/handle/10272/2715/b15480495.pdf?sequence=1
• http://malaga1937.es/primera.html
• http://www.wikanda.es/wiki/Gonzalo_Queipo_de_Llano
• http://www.lacolumna.org.uk/article_battles%20of%20the%20SCW.htm . A SIMPLE GUIDE TO (MOST OF) THE BATTLES OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR 1936 - 1938 © Craig Palfrey. Most interesting left-wingers old British people International Brigades familiars fighting in Spain: A Brief History of the British Battalion of the International Brigade, Richard Thorpe . A list of Commanding Officers and Battalion Commissars of the British Battalion, Richard Thorpe. Who served in the British Battalion? - A study of the background of volunteers in the British Battalion, Richard Thorpe, and other writers.
• http://www.civinova.com/2011/05/01/la-participacion-italiana-en-la-toma-de-malaga/
• http://www.sanroque.es/ayuntamiento/multimedia/revista-alameda/noticia.2008-01-25.6551277301/14-15_historia_julio.pdf

• Francisco Espinosa Maestre. LA JUSTICIA DE QUEIPO: VIOLENCIA SELECTIVA Y TERROR FASCISTA EN LA II DIVISION EN 1936, paperback, Ed. Crítica, (2005), ISBN 978-84-8432-691-8, 385 pages
• http://www.secc.es/media/docs/2_2_FSanchez_Montoya.pdf . An article by Francisco Sánchez Montoya, Instituto de Estudios Ceutíes, located at the North African Spanish autonomous city of Ceuta, titled 17 DE JULIO DE 1936. INICIO DE LA GUERRA CIVIL EN EL NORTE DE ÁFRICA with 34 documented references, many of the from War Archives with an extensive, genuine analysis of the first few hours/days in the North African Spanish strongholds of Ceuta, a former Portuguese possession since the 15th-16th century period and Melilla, conquered 1497. Executions of named military officers, including Lieutenant Colonel Juan Caballero López at Sevilla, July 1936, are described very carefully.

• Jorge Fernández-Coppel. QUEIPO de LLANO - MEMORIAS DE LA GUERRA CIVIL , hardback. 400 pages. Ed. La Esfera de los Libros, S.L., 12 September 2008. ISBN 8497347625 ISBN 978-8497347624. In Spanish.

• Juan Ortiz Villalba. DEL GOLPE MILITASR A LAS GUERRA CIVIL. SEVILLA 1936 rd editores. Sevilla (2006). 412 pages. SBN: 9788493474188 . ISBN of the 1997 previous edition: . ISBN 84-88423-05-5

• Pettenghi Lachambre, José Aquiles. DETRÄS DEL SILENCIO. EL TRÁGICO DESTINO DE LOS GOBERNADORES CIVILES DE CÁDIZ. Jerez de la Frontera (Cádiz): ed. Artepick. pp. pp 72–77. (2009), 246 pages, ISBN 978-84-936799-0-3.
• http://top-topics.thefullwiki.org/Academics_of_the_London_School_of_Economics
• http://www.regularescentenario.es/?q=system/files/2%20melilla.pdf
• http://lacomunidad.elpais.com/memoria-historica/2010/7/22/miguel-nunez-prado-y-susbielas
• http://www.sbhac.net/Republica/Personajes/Militar4/Militar4.htm
• http://www.guerracivil1936.com/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=175&Itemid=111
• http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:_G0UmcHMdnkJ:personales.ya.com/pedroms/pdf/3.058.pdf+Luis+Orgaz&hl=es&gl=es&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjZoTgDFiOvPMVJ4noMTCWM3EzOXCYAlgnvmSXBwpjjrKWv2D5lIk4gLD2PsMX3e1A_mgWK35RQ_c0hARt589cUMDldOu8KNi9dIi08Q5hVtAh2rl0_wIckcIN4OAWRTXVi3453&sig=AHIEtbT3Yg8aeBisKcyEqizzs_w9yGUarg
• http://www.flickr.com/photos/etecemedios/123627112/

Notes

Spanish nobility
New creation	Count of Queipo de Llano 1 April 1950 – 9 March 1951	Succeeded by Gonzalo Queipo de Llano y Martí