Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)

See also: Quorum of the Twelve

The First Presidency and the Twelve Apostles in September 1898. (Reed Smoot is missing from this photograph.)

In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (also known as the Quorum of the Twelve, the Council of the Twelve Apostles, or simply the Twelve) is one of the governing bodies in the church hierarchy. Members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles are apostles, with the calling to be prophets, seers, and revelators, evangelical ambassadors, and special witnesses of Jesus Christ.

The quorum was first organized in 1835 and designated as a body of "traveling councilors" with jurisdiction outside areas where the church was formally organized, equal in authority to the First Presidency as well as to the Seventy, the standing Presiding High Council, and the High Councils of the various stakes (Doctrine & Covenants 107:25-27, 36-37). The jurisdiction of the Twelve was originally limited to areas of the world outside of Zion or its stakes. After the Apostles returned from England, Joseph Smith altered the responsibilities of the quorum. They were given charge of the affairs of the church, under direction of the First Presidency.

Role of the quorum in the LDS Church

In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles claims a leadership role second only to that of the First Presidency. After the death of Joseph Smith, Jr., the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was Brigham Young.

Young emphasized what he said was Joseph Smith's authorization that the Quorum of the Twelve should be the church's central governing body of the church after Smith's death. Then in 1847, the Twelve reorganized the First Presidency with Young as President, and the Twelve took on a supporting role within a chain of command under the First Presidency, a role that continues to the present.

The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in the LDS Church has some general similarities to the College of Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church, primarily in its duty to choose a successor upon the death of a church president, However, the whole body of LDS general authorities has also been viewed as instead being closer to those of the cardinals. and each has a "strict verticality of its administration". There are differences, due in part to the President and the Twelve having life tenure, which may lead to an older or infirm President, but also provides considerable training of Apostles to take over the office of the Presidency; meaning "the members of quorum are being groomed for the job during this time."

Church policy decisions are made unanimously, with consultation among the First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, and where appropriate, the Seventy, each of which has its own responsibility. A great deal of effort is made to ensure that the organizations are united in purpose and policy.

Each member of the quorum is accepted by the church as an apostle, as well as a "prophet, seer, and revelator." Thus, each apostle is considered to hold the rights ("keys of the Priesthood") to use all powers granted by God to the church. Individually and collectively, the Twelve Apostles hold the keys and have conferred the authority to exercise all of the keys upon the President of the Church, the one man who is to preside over the church. Thus, as outlined in the Doctrine and Covenants, only the President of the Church is entitled to receive revelation or dictate policy for the entire church.

A major role of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is to appoint a successor when the President of the Church dies. Shortly after this occurs, the apostles meet in a room of the Salt Lake Temple to appoint a successor. Invariably this has been the most senior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, with seniority determined by the longest continuous duration of service. The apostles lay their hands on his head and ordain him and set him apart as President of the Church. The president then chooses two counselors, who are high priests (usually apostles). The second most senior surviving apostle becomes the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. In cases when the President of the Quorum is simultaneously called to be a counselor in the First Presidency, or is unable to serve due to health considerations, an acting president of the quorum is called in his stead to fill the position. This has invariably been the most senior member of the quorum who is not a member of the First Presidency.

As vacancies arise within the quorum, the Twelve and counselors in the First Presidency are invited to meet and counsel together in prayer in order to recommend names to the President of the Church as to whom will be called to fill the vacancy. The final decision rests with the President of the Church, but is sustained by the Twelve and the counselors in the First Presidency. The chosen man is generally ordained an apostle by the President of the Church, a counselor in the First Presidency, or the President of the Twelve. Depending on circumstances, this may occur before or after a sustaining vote is held at a general conference of the church, which is traditionally the occasion for the new apostle to be publicly announced and sustained by church members. Any faithful Melchizedek priesthood holder is eligible to be called as an apostle. Generally, new apostles have considerable experience in church government and have served faithfully in positions as bishops, stake presidents, mission presidents, or seventies.

As a matter of policy, apostles are generally asked to retire from their professional careers and devote themselves to full-time church service. Even members of boards and professional organizations are asked to resign those positions, although some of them receive assignments to become members of boards of church-owned for-profit corporations and trustees of the church's educational institutions. (Some exceptions have been made to this rule, as when quorum member Ezra Taft Benson was permitted to serve as United States Secretary of Agriculture from 1953 to 1961 and when quorum member Reed Smoot was permitted to serve in the United States Senate from 1903 to 1933.) The calling of an apostle is typically a lifetime calling.

Current members

The current members of the quorum are as follows:

	Name: Born: Nationality: Positions:	Boyd K. Packer (1924-09-10) September 10, 1924  American President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, February 3, 2008 (2008-02-03). Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, June 5, 1994 (1994-06-05) – January 27, 2008 (2008-01-27). Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Joseph Fielding Smith, April 6, 1970 (1970-04-06). Apostle, called by Joseph Fielding Smith, April 9, 1970 (1970-04-09). Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by David O. McKay, September 30, 1961 (1961-09-30) – April 6, 1970 (1970-04-06).
	Name: Born: Nationality: Positions:	L. Tom Perry (1922-08-05) August 5, 1922  American Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Spencer W. Kimball, April 6, 1974 (1974-04-06). Apostle, called by Spencer W. Kimball, April 11, 1974 (1974-04-11). Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Harold B. Lee, October 6, 1972 (1972-10-06) – April 6, 1974 (1974-04-06).
	Name: Born: Nationality: Positions:   Notes:	Russell M. Nelson (1924-09-09) September 9, 1924  American Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Spencer W. Kimball, April 7, 1984 (1984-04-07). Apostle, called by Spencer W. Kimball, April 12, 1984 (1984-04-12). Member, Boards of Trustees/Education of the Church Educational System; Chairman, CES Executive Committee of the Board
	Name: Born: Nationality: Positions:   Notes:	Dallin H. Oaks (1932-08-12) August 12, 1932  American Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Spencer W. Kimball, April 7, 1984 (1984-04-07). LDS Church Apostle, called by Spencer W. Kimball, May 3, 1984 (1984-05-03). A former professor of law at the University of Chicago Law School, a former president of Brigham Young University, and a former justice of the Utah Supreme Court. Member, Boards of Trustees/Education of the Church Educational System; Member, CES Executive Committee of the Board.
	Name: Born: Nationality: Positions:       Notes:	M. Russell Ballard (1928-10-08) October 8, 1928  American Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Spencer W. Kimball, October 6, 1985 (1985-10-06). LDS Church Apostle, called by Spencer W. Kimball, October 10, 1985 (1985-10-10). Presidency of the First Quorum of the Seventy, called by Spencer W. Kimball, February 21, 1980 (1980-02-21) – October 6, 1985 (1985-10-06). First Quorum of the Seventy, called by Spencer W. Kimball, April 3, 1976 (1976-04-03) – October 6, 1985 (1985-10-06). Grandson of both Hyrum Mack Smith and Melvin J. Ballard; direct descendent of Joseph F. Smith and Hyrum Smith. Member, Boards of Trustees/Education of the Church Educational System
	Name: Born: Nationality: Positions:	Richard G. Scott (1928-11-07) November 7, 1928  American Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Ezra Taft Benson, October 1, 1988 (1988-10-01). LDS Church Apostle, called by Ezra Taft Benson, October 6, 1988 (1988-10-06). Presidency of the First Quorum of the Seventy, called by Spencer W. Kimball, October 1, 1983 (1983-10-01) – October 1, 1988 (1988-10-01). First Quorum of the Seventy, called by Spencer W. Kimball, April 2, 1977 (1977-04-02) – October 1, 1988 (1988-10-01).
	Name: Born: Nationality: Positions:	Robert D. Hales (1932-08-24) August 24, 1932  American Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Ezra Taft Benson, April 2, 1994 (1994-04-02). LDS Church Apostle, called by Ezra Taft Benson, April 7, 1994 (1994-04-07). Presiding Bishop, called by Spencer W. Kimball, April 6, 1985 (1985-04-06) – April 2, 1994 (1994-04-02). First Quorum of the Seventy, called by Spencer W. Kimball, October 1, 1976 (1976-10-01) – April 6, 1985 (1985-04-06). Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Spencer W. Kimball, April 4, 1975 (1975-04-04) – October 1, 1976 (1976-10-01).
	Name: Born: Nationality: Positions:     Notes:	Jeffrey R. Holland (1940-12-03) December 3, 1940  American Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Howard W. Hunter, June 23, 1994 (1994-06-23). LDS Church Apostle, called by Howard W. Hunter, June 23, 1994 (1994-06-23). First Quorum of the Seventy, called by Ezra Taft Benson, April 1, 1989 (1989-04-01) – June 23, 1994 (1994-06-23). A former president of Brigham Young University.
	Name: Born: Nationality: Positions:	David A. Bednar (1952-06-15) June 15, 1952  American Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Gordon B. Hinckley, October 2, 2004 (2004-10-02). LDS Church Apostle, called by Gordon B. Hinckley, October 7, 2004 (2004-10-07).
	Name: Born: Nationality: Positions:	Quentin L. Cook (1940-09-08) September 8, 1940  American Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Gordon B. Hinckley, October 6, 2007 (2007-10-06). LDS Church Apostle, called by Gordon B. Hinckley, October 11, 2007 (2007-10-11). Presidency of the Seventy, called by Gordon B. Hinckley, August 1, 2007 (2007-08-01) – October 6, 2007 (2007-10-06). First Quorum of the Seventy, called by Gordon B. Hinckley, April 5, 1998 (1998-04-05) – October 6, 2007 (2007-10-06). Second Quorum of the Seventy, called by Gordon B. Hinckley, April 6, 1996 (1996-04-06) – April 5, 1998 (1998-04-05).
	Name: Born: Nationality: Positions:	D. Todd Christofferson (1945-01-24) January 24, 1945  American Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Thomas S. Monson, April 5, 2008 (2008-04-05). LDS Church Apostle, called by Thomas S. Monson, April 10, 2008 (2008-04-10). Presidency of the Seventy, called by Gordon B. Hinckley, August 15, 1998 (1998-08-15) – April 5, 2008 (2008-04-05). First Quorum of the Seventy, called by Ezra Taft Benson, April 1, 1993 (1993-04-01) – April 5, 2008 (2008-04-05).
	Name: Born: Nationality: Positions:	Neil L. Andersen (1951-08-09) August 9, 1951  American Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Thomas S. Monson, April 4, 2009 (2009-04-04). LDS Church Apostle, called by Thomas S. Monson, April 9, 2009 (2009-04-09). Presidency of the Seventy, called by Gordon B. Hinckley, August 15, 2005 (2005-08-15) – April 4, 2009 (2009-04-04). First Quorum of the Seventy, called by Ezra Taft Benson, April 3, 1993 (1993-04-03) – April 4, 2009 (2009-04-04).

See also

• Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
• Chronology of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)
• Council of the Church
• Council on the Disposition of the Tithes
• General authority
• List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
• List of members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)
• Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)
• Regional Representative of the Twelve
• Twelve Apostles

References

• Baugh, Alexander L.; Holzapfel, Richard Neitzel (2010), ""I Roll the Burthen and Responsibility of Leading This Church Off from My Shoulders on to Yours": The 1844/1845 Declaration of the Quorum of the Twelve Regarding Apostolic Succession" (Subscription paywall), BYU Studies 49 (3): 5–19. 
• Bergera, Gary James (2010), "Church Organization and Government", in Reeve, W. Paul; Parshall, Ardis E., Mormonism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, pp. 227–234, ISBN 9781598841084, OCLC 699490059. 
• Bergera, Gary James (Spring 1992), "Seniority in the Twelve: The 1875 Realignment of Orson Pratt", Journal of Mormon History 18 (1): 19–58 .
• Bushman, Richard Lyman (2008), "Chapter 4: Priesthood: How the Mormon priesthood is both hierarchical and democratic", Mormonism: a very short introduction, Oxford University Press, pp. 49–63, ISBN 978-0-19-531030-6, OCLC 179802646. 
• Compton, Todd (Winter 2002), "John Willard Young, Brigham Young, and the Development of Presidential Succession in the LDS Church", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 35 (4): 111–134. 
• Ehat, Andrew F. (1982). Joseph Smith's Introduction of Temple Ordinances and the 1844 Mormon Succession Question (MA thesis). Department of History, Brigham Young University. OCLC 9417550.
• Esplin, Ronald (Summer 1981), "Joseph, Brigham and the Twelve: A Succession of Continuity", BYU Studies 21 (3). 
• Flake, Lawrence R. (2001), "The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles: An Introduction", Prophets and Apostles of the Last Dispensation, Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, ISBN 1573457973, OCLC 46943088. 
• Heath, Steven (Summer 1987), "Notes on Apostolic Succession", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 20 (2): 44–57. 
• Holzapfel, Richard Neitzel (2010), "The Prophet's Final Charge of the Twelve, 1844", in Holzapfel, Richard Neitzel; Jackson, Kent P., Joseph Smith, the Prophet and Seer, Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, ISBN 9780842527538, OCLC 495616860. 
• Mecham, Travis Q. (2009). Changes in Seniority to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (MA thesis). Department of History, Utah State University. OCLC 696332667. http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/376.
• Nelson, William O. (1992), "Quorum of the Twelve Apostles", in Ludlow, Daniel H, Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 1185–1189, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140. 
• Quinn, D. Michael (Winter 1976), "The Mormon Succession Crisis of 1844", BYU Studies 16 (2). 
• Quinn, D. Michael (1994), The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power, Salt Lake City, UT: Signature Books, pp. 143–262, ISBN 1-56085-056-6. 
• Quinn, D. Michael (1997), The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power, Salt Lake City, UT: Signature Books, pp. 21–65, ISBN 1-56085-060-4. 
• Turley, Richard E., Jr. (2005), "The Calling of the Twelve Apostles and the Seventy in 1835", Joseph Smith and the Doctrinal Restoration: the 34th Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium, Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, ISBN 1-59038-489-X, OCLC 60589119. 
• Walker, Ronald W. (2004), "Grant's Watershed: Succession in the Presidency, 1887–1889", BYU Studies 43 (1): 195–229. 

Further reading

• Allen, James B.; Esplin, Ronald K.; Whittaker, David J. (1992), Men with a Mission, 1837–1841: The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in the British Isles, Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book, ISBN 0875795463, OCLC 24375869 
• Ehat, Andy (November 9, 2012), The Date and Meaning of Joseph Smith's 'Last Charge', "FAQ's", josephsmithjr.org (Joseph Smith Jr. and Emma Hale Smith Historical Society (JSEHS)), retrieved 2012-11-12 
• Hinckley, Gordon B. (May 1995), "This Is the Work of the Master", Ensign (LDS Church)  — Hinckley self-describes the process of becoming President of the LDS Church
• McEntee, Peg (October 3, 2004), "A full quorum once again", The Salt Lake Tribune, retrieved 2012-11-09  — article on new apostles being added in 2004
• Moore, Carrie A. (August 1, 2004), "Pres. Hinckley designated to choose apostles", Deseret News, retrieved 2012-11-09  — article on procedures for filling vacancies, 2004
• Taylor, Michael D. (2003), "Lengths of Service for the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve", Religious Educator (Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University) 4 (3): 55–59 
• Top, Brent L.; Flake, Lawrence R. (August 1996), ""The Kingdom of God Will Roll On": Succession in the Presidency", Ensign (LDS Church) 
• "Chapter Twenty-Three: The Twelve to Bear Off the Kingdom" (Student Manual), Church History In The Fulness Of Times: Religion 341-43, Institute of Religion, Church Educational System, LDS Church, 2003, pp. 286–296 
• Twelve Apostles, "Reference: Topics", Joseph Smith Papers Project (Church History Department, LDS Church) 

External links

• Prophets and Apostles Speak Today at LDS.org (Official)
• Official Biographies for leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Newsroom, LDS Church — includes biographical sketches of current members of the Quorum
• Grampa Bill's G.A. Pages: Quorum of the Twelve Apostles — biographical sketches of all past and present members of the Quorum