Rabbula

Rabbula (or Rabbulas) was a bishop of Edessa from 411 to August 435, noteworthy for his opposition to the views of Theodore of Mopsuestia, as well as those of Nestorius. However, his successor Ibas, who was in charge of the school of Edessa, reversed the official stance of that bishopric.

Early life

He was a native of Kenneschrin, a town some few miles south of Aleppo and the seat of a bishopric. His father was a pagan priest, and though his mother was a devoted Christian he remained a pagan until some time after his marriage. During a journey to his country estates he was converted to Christianity partly through coming in contact with a case of miraculous healing and partly through the teaching and influence of Eusebius, bishop of Kenneschrin, and Acacius, bishop of Aleppo.

Christian asceticism

With all the energy of his fiery nature he threw himself into the practice of Christian asceticism, sold all his possessions, and separated from his wife and kinspeople. He resided for some time in a monastery, and then passed to a life of greater hardship as a solitary hermit. On the death of Diogenes, bishop of Edessa, in the year 411-412 Rabbula was chosen his successor, and at once accepted the position offered him, without any of the customary show of reluctance.

As a bishop Rabbula was marked by extraordinary energy, by the continued asceticism of his personal life, by his magnificent provision for all the poor and suffering in his diocese, by his care for discipline among the clergy and monks who were under his authority, and latterly by the fierce determination with which he combated all heresies and especially the growing school of the followers of Nestorius. On one occasion he visited Constantinople and there preached before Theodosius II (who was then favorable to Nestorius) and a great congregation a sermon in denunciation of Nestorian doctrine, of which a portion survives in the Syriac version.

Controversy

It has been argued by scholars that this positive picture of Rabbula is not altogether accurate. Jan Willem Drijvers observes that "It appears…that Rabbula was not the model bishop as presented by the Vita Rabbulae, but a fanatical Christian who persecuted all those who had other ideas, such as diophysites and other heretics, as well as Jews." Indeed, according to the Life of Rabbula, immediately before becoming bishop of Edessa, Rabbula, in consort with another monk, Eusebius, the future bishop of Tella, went to Baalbek (Heliopolis) in Lebanon (Phoenicia Libanensis), one of the last refuges of Paganism in order to seek martyrdom by attacking the Pagan cult images there. Rather than being killed, he was severely beaten. The Life argues that Rabbula was preserved from death on account of his destiny to hold the episcopate. Scholar Michael Geddis notes at this point that this is exactly the sort of suicidal behavior condemned by Augustine. Happily, for the citizens of Baalbek (if not for Rabbula), they were able to retain the customs and traditions of their ancestors well into the sixth century.

Legacy

Rabbula became a friend of Cyril of Alexandria, with whom he corresponded, and whose treatise De recta fide he translated into Syriac. After a twenty-four year career as bishop, he died in August 435, and was succeeded by Ibas.

The literary legacy of Rabbula is small in bulk, and is mostly to be found in Overbeck. Perhaps his primary importance to the historian of Syriac literature lies in the zeal with which he strove to replace the Diatessaron or Gospel Harmony of Tatian with the four canonical Gospels, ordering that a copy of the latter should be placed in every church.

The version survives in a British Museum manuscript. According to his biographer he himself produced a version (or revision) of the New Testament in Syriac, known as the Peshitta. Rabbula's involvement may have been, a first step in the direction of the Philoxenian version. FC Burkitt went further and advanced the hypothesis that Rabbula, at least as regards the Gospels, actively helped in the translation of the current Peshitta text, using the Greek text as read in Antioch about 400. However, since then Arthur Vöörbus has furnished evidence that the Peshitta predated Rabbula.

See also

• Alexius of Rome, lived by begging during the episcopate of Bishop Rabbula

External links

•  "Rabbulas". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. 

Attribution

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

Sources

• Overbeck, "S. Ephraemi Syri, Rabulae Episc. Edesseni, Balæei aliorumque opera selecta" (Oxford, 1865)