Grigori Rasputin

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Grigori Rasputin
G. Rasputin.JPG
Grigori Rasputin
Born (1869-01-21)21 January 1869
Pokrovskoye, Siberia, Russian Empire
Died 30 December 1916 (aged 47)
Saint Petersburg,
Cause of death Homicide
Nationality Russian
Occupation peasant, pilgrim, healer
Religion Russian Orthodox
Spouse(s) Praskovia Fedorovna Dubrovina
Children Dmitri (1895–1937)
Matryona (1898–1977)
Varvara (1900–1925)
Parents Efim Vilkin Rasputin
Anna Parshukova

Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin (Russian: Григорий Ефимович Распутин; IPA: [ɡrʲɪˈɡorʲɪj jɪˈfʲiməvʲɪtɕ rɐˈsputʲɪn]) (21 January [O.S. 9 January] 1869 – 29 or 30 December [O.S. 16 December] 1916) was a Russian mystic and advisor to the Romanovs, the Russian Imperial family. He was never officially connected to the Orthodox Church but considered a "strannik" (or pilgrim) wandering from cloister to cloister. He was even regarded as a starets (ста́рец, "elder", a title usually reserved for monk-confessors) by those believing him to be a psychic and faith healer.[1] He impressed many people with his knowledge and ability to explain the Bible in an uncomplicated way.

In 1907 Rasputin was invited for the first time by Tsar Nicholas II and Alexandra as a healer for their only son, Tsarevich Alexei, who suffered from hemophilia. It is supposed he became an influential figure in the later years of the Tsar's reign, especially after September 1915. It has been argued[2] that Rasputin helped to discredit the tsarist family, leading to the fall of the Romanov dynasty in February 1917. The Tsarina and her family saw Rasputin variously as a saintly mystic, visionary, healer and prophet but his enemies, as a debauched religious charlatan, heavily interested in sexual relations with his followers. There has been much uncertainty over Rasputin's life and influence, as accounts have often been based on dubious memoirs, hearsay and legend.[1] In Russia he is nowadays viewed favorably by many people and clerics, among them Elder Nikolay Guryanov[3]

Contents

Early life

Pokrovskoje in 1912 with the church, destroyed in 1950 and the river Tura.
View on the Verkhoturye monastery (1910).

Rasputin was born a peasant in the small village of Pokrovskoye, along the Tura River in the Tobolsk guberniya (now Tyumen Oblast) in the immense West Siberian Plain.[4] For some time the date of his birth remained in doubt; it was estimated sometime between 1863 and 1873.[5] New documents have surfaced revealing Rasputin was born on 9 January 1869 O.S. (equivalent to 21 January 1869 N.S.),[6][7] and was baptised the following day, 10/22 January, the feast day of Gregory of Nyssa.[8]

The little that is known about his childhood was most likely passed down by his family members. He had two known siblings, a sister called Maria and an older brother named Dmitri. When he was around the age of eighteen, Rasputin spent three months in the famous Verkhoturye monastery, may be as a penance for theft[citation needed]. Not far from the monastery, Rasputin visited a holy man named Makariy, whose hut was situated nearby. Makariy had an enormous influence on Rasputin, and then later modelled himself largely on him. Rasputin gave up drinking alcohol and eating meat. His experience there, combined with a reported vision of the Virgin Mary on his return, turned him towards the life of a religious mystic and wanderer.

There is a rumour that Rasputin joined the Christian sect known as the khlysty (flagellants). Even though he accepted some of their beliefs, for example teetotalism, he also rejected their unorthodox belief on sin. There is no proof that he was a member of that sect.[9] Their impassioned services, ending in physical exhaustion, led to rumors that religious and sexual ecstasy were combined in these rituals. Suspicions that Rasputin was one of the Khlysts tarnished his reputation right until the end of his life.

Rasputin married Praskovia Fyodorovna Dubrovina around 1888 and they had three children: Dmitri, Varvara and Maria. In 1901, he left his home in Pokrovskoye to become a strannik (or pilgrim) and, during the time of his journeying, travelled to Mount Athos. He spent some time in Kiev and Kazan, and attracted attention of the theologians and the upper class.[10] In 1905 Rasputin was introduced to Sergius Stragorodsky, the rector of the Theological Faculty in Saint Petersburg,[11] Theophanes of Poltava, Milica of Montenegro and her sister Anastastia. The latter two were heavily interested in Persian mysticism,[12] spiritism and occultism and introduced Rasputin to tsar Nicolas and his wife Alexandra on 1 November.[13] The tsar was keen on advise. He had to deal with a revolution, a railway strike, and the Russo-Japanese War. He was forced to sign the October Manifesto and give up his autocracy.

Healer to Alexei

Rasputin was wandering as a pilgrim in Siberia[citation needed] when he heard reports of Tsarevich Alexei's illness. It was not publicly known that Alexei had haemophilia, a disease that was widespread among European royalty descended from the British Queen Victoria, who was Alexei's great-grandmother. When doctors could not help Alexei, the desperate Tsarina looked for help; she had lost her brother, a sister and her mother when she was young. She turned to her best friend, Anna Vyrubova, to secure the help of the charismatic peasant healer.[14] Rasputin was said to possess the ability to heal through prayer and was indeed able to give the boy some relief, in spite of the doctors' prediction that he would die.[14] The boy had an injury which caused him internal or external bleeding, and to everyone's surpise the Tsarevich got better the next day.[15][16]

Others have claimed that he did so by hypnosis, which, in one study, actually has proven to relieve symptoms because it lowers stress levels and therefore diminishes the symptomatology of haemophilia.[17] However, during a particularly grave crisis at Spała in Poland in 1912, Rasputin sent a telegram from his home, which is believed to have contained advice to ease the suffering of the young prince. His pragmatic tips included suggestions such as "Don't let the doctors bother him too much; let him rest." This was thought to have helped Alexei to relax and allow the child's own natural healing process some room.[18] Others have made the less likely suggestion that he used leeches to attempt to treat the boy. As leech saliva contains anticoagulants such as hirudin, this treatment would most likely have exacerbated his haemophilia instead of providing relief. Diarmuid Jeffreys has pointed out that Rasputin's healing suggestions included halting the administration of aspirin, a then newly available (since 1899) pain-relieving (analgesic) "wonder drug". Since aspirin is also an anticoagulant, it would have worsened the hemarthrosis causing Alexei's joints' swelling and pain.[19]

The Tsar referred to Rasputin as "our friend" and a "holy man", a sign of the trust that the family had placed in him. Rasputin had a considerable personal and political influence on Alexandra Feodorovna,[20] and the Tsar and Tsarina considered him a man of God and a religious prophet. Alexandra came to believe that God spoke to her through Rasputin. Of course, this relationship can also be viewed in the context of the very strong, traditional, age-old bond between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian state leadership. Another important factor was probably the Tsarina's German-Protestant origin.[citation needed]

Controversy

Rasputin in 1908.

Rasputin soon became a controversial figure, becoming involved in a paradigm of sharp political struggle involving monarchist, anti-monarchist, revolutionary and other political forces and interests. He was accused by many eminent persons of various misdeeds, ranging from an unrestricted sexual life (including raping a nun)[21] to undue political domination over the royal family.[citation needed]

Even before his arrival in St. Petersburg in 1903,[citation needed] the city was wildly fascinated with mysticism and aristocrats were obsessed with anything occult.[22] While fascinated by him, the Saint Petersburg upper class did not widely accept Rasputin. He did not fit in with the royal family, and he and the Russian Orthodox Church had a very strained relationship. The Holy Synod frequently attacked Rasputin, accusing him of a variety of immoral or evil practices. Because Rasputin was a court official, though, he and his apartment were under 24-hour surveillance, and, accordingly, there exists some credible evidence about his lifestyle in the form of the famous "staircase notes"—reports from Ochrana spies, which were not given only to the Tsar but also published in newspapers. In 1913 Alexander Guchkov[citation needed] charged him with being a member of this illegal and orgiastic sect. The Tsar was preoccupied with the very real threat of a scandal, and ordered his own investigations but did not, in the end, remove Rasputin from his position of influence. On the contrary, he fired his minister of the interior for a "lack of control over the press" (censorship being a top priority for Nicholas then). He then pronounced the affair to be a private one closed to debate.[23]

According to Rasputin's daughter, Maria, Rasputin did "look into" the Khlysty sect, but rejected it. One Khlyst practice was known as "rejoicing" (радение), a ritual which sought to overcome human sexual urges by engaging in group sexual activities so that, in consciously sinning together, the sin's power over the human was nullified.[24] Rasputin is said to have been particularly appalled by the belief that grace is found through self-flagellation.

Raspoetin, Hermogenes and Iliodor next to each other

Like many spiritually minded Russians, Rasputin spoke of salvation as depending less on the clergy and the church than on seeking the spirit of God within. He also maintained that sin and repentance were interdependent and necessary to salvation. Thus, he claimed that yielding to temptation (and, for him personally, this meant sex and alcohol), even for the purposes of humiliation (so as to dispel the sin of vanity), was needed to proceed to repentance and salvation. Rasputin was deeply opposed to war, both from a moral point of view and as something which was likely to lead to political catastrophe. During the years of World War I, Rasputin's increasing drunkenness, sexual promiscuity and willingness to accept bribes (in return for helping petitioners who flocked to his apartment), as well as his efforts to have his critics dismissed from their posts, made him appear increasingly cynical. Attaining divine grace through sin seems to have been one of the central secret doctrines which Rasputin preached to (and practiced with) his inner circle of society ladies.

During World War I, Rasputin became the focus of accusations of unpatriotic influence at court. The unpopular Tsarina, meanwhile, who was of German descent, was accused of acting as a spy in German employ.

When Rasputin expressed an interest in going to the front to bless the troops early in the war, the Commander-in-Chief, Grand Duke Nicholas, promised to hang him if he dared to show up there. Rasputin then claimed that he had a revelation that the Russian armies would not be successful until the Tsar personally took command. With this, the ill-prepared Tsar Nicholas proceeded to take personal command of the Russian army, with dire consequences for himself as well as for Russia.

While Tsar Nicholas II was away at war, the Duma feared in September 1915 Rasputin's influence over Tsarina Alexandra would increase.[25] He soon became her confidant and personal adviser, and also convinced her to fill some governmental offices with his own handpicked candidates. To further advance his power in the highest circles of Russian society, Rasputin cohabited with upper-class women in exchange for granting political favours. Because of World War I and the ossifying effects of feudalism and a meddling government bureaucracy, Russia's economy was declining at a very rapid rate. Many at the time laid the blame with Alexandra and with Rasputin, because of his influence over her. Here is an example:

Rasputin among admirers, and his father (the 4th from the right) in early 1914.

Vladimir Purishkevich was an outspoken member of the Duma. On November 19, 1916, Purishkevich made a rousing speech in the Duma, in which he stated, "The tsar's ministers who have been turned into marionettes, marionettes whose threads have been taken firmly in hand by Rasputin and the Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna—the evil genius of Russia and the Tsarina ... who has remained a German on the Russian throne and alien to the country and its people." Felix Yusupov attended the speech and afterwards contacted Purishkevich, who quickly agreed to participate in the murder of Rasputin.[26]

Rasputin's influence over the royal family was used against him and the Romanovs by politicians and journalists who wanted to weaken the integrity of the dynasty, force the Tsar to give up his absolute political power and separate the Russian Orthodox Church from the state. Rasputin unintentionally contributed to their propaganda by having public disputes with clergy members, bragging about his ability to influence both the Tsar and Tsarina, and also by his dissolute and very public lifestyle. Nobles in influential positions around the Tsar, as well as some parties of the Duma, clamored for Rasputin's removal from the court. Perhaps inadvertently, Rasputin had added to the Tsar's subjects' diminishing respect for him.

Recently found documents suggest that accusations about Rasputin's sexual dissoluteness were false[27] (500-page document archive provided by Mstislav Rostropovich and investigated by Edvard Radzinsky).[28]

Murder

Rasputin's apartment in de Gorochovaia 64.

Assassination attempt

 This article may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. (November 2009)

Though it is a prevailing view that Rasputin was assassinated for political reasons, the details are not clear.[29] A previous attempt on Rasputin's life had failed: Rasputin was visiting his wife and children in Pokrovskoye, his hometown in Western Siberia. On the morning June 29, 1914, he was suddenly attacked by Khionia Guseva. She had become a disciple of the monk Iliodor who organized the attack.[30] Iliodor, who once was a friend of Rasputin's, but had grown disgusted with his behaviour and disrespectful talk about the royal family, had appealed to women who had been harmed by Rasputin to form a mutual support group. Guseva, begging for money, thrust a knife into Rasputin's abdomen, and his entrails hung out of what seemed like a mortal wound. Convinced of her success, Guseva supposedly screamed, "I have killed the antichrist!"

After ten weeks in the hospital of Tyumen and intensive surgery Rasputin recovered. His daughter, Maria, observed that he was never the same man after that: he seemed to tire more easily and frequently took opium for pain relief.[citation needed]

Assassination

The Moika Palace, along the Moika River, where Rasputin was supposedly lured and murdered.

The murder of Rasputin has become something of a legend, some of it perhaps invented, embellished or simply misremembered by the very men who killed him, which is why it has become so difficult to discern the actual course of events. The date of Rasputin's death is variously recorded as being either the 17th of December, 1916 or the 29th of December, 1916. This discrepancy arises due to the fact that the Gregorian calendar (New Style) was not introduced into Soviet Russia until 1918.[31] Using the Gregorian calendar the initial attempts to kill Rasputin probably began after midnight and he died in the early hours of December 30, 1916.[32][33] What is known is that having decided that Rasputin's influence over the Tsarina had made him a threat to the empire, a group of nobles led by Prince Felix Yusupov, the Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich, and the right-wing politician Vladimir Purishkevich apparently lured Rasputin to the Yusupovs' Moika Palace[34] by intimating that Yusupov's wife, Princess Irina, would be present and receiving friends (in point of fact, she was away in the Crimea).[35] The group led him down to the cellar, where they served him cakes and red wine laced with a large amount of cyanide. According to legend, Rasputin was unaffected, although Vasily Maklakov had supplied enough poison to kill five men. Conversely, Maria's account asserts that, if her father did eat or drink poison, it was not in the cakes or wine because, after the attack by Guseva, he suffered from hyperacidity and avoided anything with sugar. In fact, she expresses doubt that he was poisoned at all. It has been suggested, on the other hand, that Rasputin had developed an immunity to poison due to mithridatism.[36]

Determined to finish the job, Prince Yusupov became anxious about the possibility that Rasputin might live until the morning, leaving the conspirators no time to conceal his body. Yusupov ran upstairs to consult the others and then came back down to shoot Rasputin through the back with a revolver. Rasputin fell, and the company left the palace for a while. Yusupov, who had left without a coat, decided to return to get one, and while at the palace, he went to check on the body. Suddenly, Rasputin opened his eyes and lunged at Yusupov. He grabbed Yusupov and attempted to strangle him. At that moment, however, the other conspirators arrived and fired at Rasputin. After being hit, he fell once more. As they neared his body, the party found that, remarkably, he was still alive, struggling to get up. They clubbed him into submission. Some accounts say that his killers also severed his penis (subsequently resulting in urban legends and claims that certain third parties were in possession of the organ).[37][38][39] After binding his body and wrapping him in a carpet, they threw him into the icy Neva River.

Bridge to Krestovsky island, where his corpse was thrown into the water

Two days later, Rasputin's body, poisoned, shot four times, badly beaten, and drowned, was recovered from the river. An autopsy established that the cause of death was drowning.[citation needed] It was found that he had indeed been poisoned,[citation needed] and that the poison alone should have been enough to kill him. There is a report that after his body was recovered, water was found in the lungs,[citation needed] supporting the idea that he was still alive before submersion into the partially frozen river.[40]

Subsequently, the Tsarina Alexandra buried Rasputin's body in the grounds of Tsarskoye Selo, but after the February Revolution, a group of workers from Saint Petersburg uncovered the remains, carried them into the nearby woods, and burned them. As the body was being burned, Rasputin appeared to sit up in the fire. His apparent attempts to move and get up thoroughly horrified bystanders. The effect can probably be attributed to improper cremation; since the body was in inexperienced hands, the tendons were probably not cut before burning. Consequently, when the body was heated, the tendons shrank, forcing the legs to bend and the body to bend at the waist, resulting in its appearing to sit up.[41] This final happenstance only further fueled the legends and mysteries surrounding Rasputin, which continue to live on long after his death. The official report of his autopsy disappeared during the Joseph Stalin era, as did several research assistants who had seen it.[42]

Recent evidence

Post-mortem photograph of Rasputin showing the bullet wound in his forehead.

The details of the killing given by Felix Yusupov have never stood up to scrutiny. He changed his account several times; the statement given to the St. Petersburg police, the accounts given whilst in exile in the Crimea in 1917, his 1927 book, and finally the accounts given under oath to libel juries in 1934 and 1965 all differ to some extent, and until recently no other credible, evidence-based theories have been available.

According to the unpublished 1916 autopsy report by Professor Kossorotov, as well as subsequent reviews by Dr. Vladimir Zharov in 1993 and Professor Derrick Pounder in 2004/05, no active poison was found in Rasputin's stomach.

It could not be determined with certainty that he drowned, as the water found in his lungs is a common non-specific autopsy finding. All three sources agree that Rasputin had been systematically beaten and attacked with a bladed weapon; but, most importantly, there were discrepancies regarding the number and caliber of handguns used.

This discovery may significantly change the whole premise and account of Rasputin's death. British intelligence reports, sent between London and Saint Petersburg in 1916, indicate that the British were not only extremely concerned about Rasputin's displacement of pro-British ministers in the Russian government but, even more importantly, his apparent insistence on withdrawing Russian troops from World War I. This withdrawal would have allowed the Germans to transfer their Eastern Front troops to the Western Front, leading to a massive outnumbering of the Allies, and threatening their defeat. Whether this was actually Rasputin's intent or whether he was simply concerned about the huge number of casualties (as the Tsarina's letters indicate) is in dispute, but it is clear that the British perceived him as a real threat to the war effort.[43][unreliable source?]

Professor Pounder states that, of the four shots fired into Rasputin's body, the third (which entered his forehead) was instantly fatal. This third shot also provides some intriguing evidence. In Pounder's view, with which the Firearms Department of London's Imperial War Museum agrees, the third shot was fired from a different gun from those responsible for the other three wounds. The "size and prominence of the abraded margin" suggested a large lead non-jacketed bullet. At the time, the majority of weapons used hard metal-jacketed bullets, with Britain virtually alone in using lead unjacketed bullets in their officers' Webley revolvers.[44][unreliable source?] Pounder came to the conclusion that the bullet which caused the fatal shot was a Webley .455 inch unjacketed round, the best fit with the available forensic evidence.[45]

There were two officers of the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) in St. Petersburg at the time. Witnesses stated that at the scene of the murder, the only man present with a Webley revolver was Lieutenant Oswald Rayner, a British officer attached to the SIS station in St. Petersburg. This account is further supported by an audience between the British Ambassador, Sir George Buchanan, and Tsar Nicholas, when Nicholas stated that he suspected a young Englishman who had been an old school friend of Yusupov (Rayner certainly had known Yusupov at the University of Oxford). The second SIS officer in St. Petersburg at the time was Captain Stephen Alley, born in the Yusupov Palace in 1876. Both families had very strong ties, so it is difficult to come to any conclusion about whom to hold responsible.

Confirmation that Rayner met with Yusupov (along with another officer, Captain John Scale) in the weeks leading up to the killing can be found in the diary of their chauffeur, William Compton, who recorded all visits. The last entry was made on the night after the murder. Compton said that "it is a little-known fact that Rasputin was shot not by a Russian but by an Englishman" and indicated that the culprit was a lawyer from the same part of the country as Compton himself. There is little doubt that Rayner was born some ten miles from Compton's hometown and, throughout his life, described himself as a barrister-at-law, despite never having practised in that profession.[citation needed]

Evidence that the attempt had not gone quite according to plan is hinted at in a letter which Alley wrote to Scale eight days after the murder: "Although matters here have not proceeded entirely to plan, our objective has clearly been achieved. ... a few awkward questions have already been asked about wider involvement. Rayner is attending to loose ends and will no doubt brief you."[46]

On his return to England, Oswald Rayner not only confided to his cousin, Rose Jones, that he had been present at Rasputin's murder but also showed family members a bullet which he claimed to have acquired at the murder scene.[citation needed] Conclusive evidence is unattainable, however, as Rayner burned all his papers before he died in 1961 and his only son also died four years later.

Newspaper reporter Michael Smith wrote in his book that British Secret Intelligence Bureau head Mansfield Cumming ordered three of his agents in Russia to eliminate Rasputin in December 1916.[47]

Daughter

Rasputin with his wife and only surviving daughter in 1914.

Rasputin's daughter, Maria Rasputin (Matryona Rasputina) (1898–1977), emigrated to France after the October Revolution, and then to the U.S. There she worked as a dancer and then a tiger-trainer in a circus. She left memoirs[48] about her father, wherein she painted an almost saintly picture of him, insisting that most of the negative stories were based on slander and the misinterpretations of facts by his enemies.

In popular culture

Main article: Grigori Rasputin in popular culture

Numerous film and stage productions have been based on the life of Rasputin, and he has appeared as a fictionalized version of himself in numerous other media, as well as having several beverages named after him.

The 1978 disco single "Rasputin" by the Germany-based pop and disco group Boney M references Grigori Rasputin's alleged healing of hemophiliac Tsarevich Alexei of Russia, and how this endeared him to the boy's mother, the Tsarina Alexandra Fyodorovna (former Princess Alix of Hesse).

Rasputin was included in the comic book series Hellboy as a fictional supervillain. The character was created by Mike Mignola and John Byrne.

Rasputin is now the focus of a major new musical theatre work by Peter Karrie.[49]

Rasputin was the subject of Episode 5, Series 29 of the BBC Radio 4 Series: "Great Lives", first aired on 1 January 2013.[50]

In 2011, Josée Dayan directed a French-Russian produced film for television on Rasputin called Raspoutine that starred Gérard Depardieu in the role of Rasputin.

Notes and citations

  1. ^ a b Rasputin: The Mad Monk [DVD]. USA: A&E Home Video. 2005.
  2. ^ C. L. Sulzberger, The Fall of Eagles, pp. 263–278, Crown Publishers, New York, 1977
  3. ^ Elder Nikolay Guryanov's tastement for Russia (in Russian)
  4. ^ Colin Wilson, Rasputin and the Fall of the Romanovs, Arthur Baker Limited, 1964, p. 23–26.
  5. ^ Heinz Liepman, Rasputin and the Fall of Imperial Russia, p. 21.
  6. ^ Joseph T Fuhrmann, Rasputin: The Untold Story, p. 7; Retrieved 26 May 2013
  7. ^ [1]
  8. ^ Edvard Radzinsky & Judson Rosengrant (ed.), The Rasputin File, Nan A. Talese, 2000, p. 25.
  9. ^ Fuhrmann, p.20
  10. ^ Amalrik, A. (1988) Biografie van de Russische monnik 1863-1916, p. 45.
  11. ^ "The Life And Death Of Rasputin". Orthodoxchristianbooks.com. Retrieved 2013-04-28. 
  12. ^ E. Radzinsky, p. 57.
  13. ^ "Nicolas' diary 1905 (in Russian)". Rus-sky.com. Retrieved 2013-04-28. 
  14. ^ a b Massie, p. 185.
  15. ^ Meiden, G.W. (1991) Raspoetin en de val van het Tsarenrijk, p. 16.
  16. ^ "Memories of the Russian Court - an online book on Romanov Russia - Chapter VI". Alexanderpalace.org. Retrieved 2013-04-28. 
  17. ^ "Science Watch; Hypnosis for Hemophiliacs". The New York Times. 1986-05-06. Retrieved 2010-04-02. 
  18. ^ Massie, p. 187.
  19. ^ Diarmuid Jeffreys (2004). Aspirin: The Remarkable Story of a Wonder Drug. Bloomsbury Publishing. 
  20. ^ George King, The Last Empress: The Life and Times of Alexandra Feodorovna, Tsarina of Russia. Replica Books, 2001. ISBN 978-0-7351-0104-3
  21. ^ Thomas Szasz, A Lexicon of Lunacy: Metaphoric Malady, Moral Responsibility, and Psychiatry. Transaction Publisher, 2003. ISBN 978-0-7658-0506-5.
  22. ^ "Grigory Rasputin – Russiapedia History and mythology Prominent Russians". Russiapedia.rt.com. Retrieved 2012-09-02. 
  23. ^ P.N., no. 5644, September 6, 1936.
  24. ^ Radzinsky, p. 40.
  25. ^ Figes, O. (1996) A Peoples Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924, p. 270.
  26. ^ Radzinsky, p. 434.
  27. ^ Rasputin: a false myth about the Russian sexual giant from New Petersburg newspaper (Russian)
  28. ^ 'Rasputin' book at Edvard Radzinsky' home page[dead link] (in Russian)
  29. ^ Spies and Revolutionaries, Graeme Hunt's book
  30. ^ E. Radzinsky, p. 257-258.
  31. ^ "Gregorian calendar - Encyclopedia Britannica". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2013-04-28. 
  32. ^ "Grigory Yefimovich Rasputin (Russian mystic) - Encyclopedia Britannica". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2013-04-28. 
  33. ^ "Gregory Rasputin : Biography". Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-04-28. 
  34. ^ Farquhar, Michael (2001). A Treasure of Royal Scandals, p. 197. Penguin Books, New York. ISBN 0-7394-2025-9.
  35. ^ Sulzberger, pp. 271–273
  36. ^ J.S. Segen (1992). The Dictionary of Modern Medicine. Parthenon Publishing Group. p. 454. ISBN 978-1-85070-321-1. 
  37. ^ Maria Rasputina and Patte Barham (1977). Rasputin: The Man behind the Myth, a Personal Memoir. Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-753129-X. "With the skill of a surgeon, these elegant young members of the nobility castrated Grigori Rasputin, flinging the severed penis across the room." 
  38. ^ "Another America article on Rasputin". Anotheramerica.org. Retrieved 2012-09-02. 
  39. ^ "Rasputin's Penis: Hoax or not?". Museum of Hoaxes article. 23 June 2004. Retrieved 2012-09-02. 
  40. ^ Joseph L. Gardner (ed.), "The Unholy Monk", Reader's Digest Great Mysteries of the Past, 1991, p. 161.
  41. ^ A Miscellany of Murder: From History and Literature to True Crime and Television By The Monday Murder Club page 154
  42. ^ Radzinsky and Rosengrant (2000). The Rasputin File. Nan Talese. p. 13. ISBN 0-385-48909-9. 
  43. ^ "Rasputin, a revolver and Oswald Rayner". Groups.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2012-09-02. 
  44. ^ "Richard Cullen on Rasputin's murder". Forum.alexanderpalace.org. Retrieved 2012-09-02. 
  45. ^ Uncovering the truth of the death of Rasputin at University of Dundee site
  46. ^ Education. "British spy 'fired the shot that finished off Rasputin'". Telegraph. Retrieved 2013-04-28. 
  47. ^ How Britain's first spy chief ordered Rasputin's murder (in a way that would make every man wince), by Annabel Venning, Daily Mail, July 22, 2010
  48. ^ Matrena Rasputina, Memoirs of The Daughter, Moscow 2001. ISBN 5-8159-0180-6 (Russian)
  49. ^ "Rasputin, RIPPLES TO REVOLUTION - Home". Rasputinthemusical.weebly.com. Retrieved 2013-04-28. 
  50. ^ "BBC Radio 4 - Great Lives, Series 29, Grigori Rasputin". Bbc.co.uk. 2013-01-04. Retrieved 2013-04-28. 

References

Further reading

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