Ratha

Krishna, Arjuna at Kurukshetra, 18-19 th century painting.

Ratha ( Sanskrit rátha, Avestan raθa) is the Indo-Iranian term for the spoked-wheel chariot of Antiquity.

It derives from a collective *ret-h- to a Proto-Indo-European word *rot-o- for "wheel" that also resulted in Latin rota and is also known from Germanic, Celtic and Baltic. The Sanskrit terms for the wagon pole, harness, yoke and wheel have cognates in other branches of Indo-European.^{[citation needed]}

Textual evidence

Chariots are also an important part of Hindu, with most of the gods in their pantheon portrayed as riding them.

Chariots figure prominently in the Rigveda, evidencing their presence in India in the 2nd millennium BC. Among Rigvedic deities, notably Ushas (the dawn) rides in a chariot, as well as Agni in his function as a messenger between gods and men.

The Rigvedic chariots are described as made of Salmali (RV 10.85.20), Khadira and Simsapa (RV 3.53.19).

In RV 6.61.13, the Sarasvati river is described as being big like a chariotof the Rigvedic chariot . Measurements for the chariot are found in the Shulba Sutras. The number of wheels varies. A similar term in the Rigveda is Anas (often translated as "cart").

History

Proto-Indo-Iranians

The area of the spoke-wheeled chariot finds within the Sintashta-Petrovka culture is indicated in purple.

Development of the spoke-wheeled chariot is associated with the Proto-Indo-Iranians. The earliest fully developed war chariots known are from the chariot burials of the Andronovo (Timber-Grave) sites of the Sintashta-Petrovka culture in modern Russia and Kazakhstan dating from around 2000 BCE. This culture is at least partially derived from the earlier Yamna culture. The Andronovo Culture built heavily fortified industrial settlements where they engaged in bronze metallurgy on a scale hitherto unprecedented. They practiced complex burial rituals reminiscent of Aryan rituals known from the Rigveda . The Sintashta-Petrovka chariot burials yield spoke-wheeled chariots. The Andronovo culture over the next few centuries spreads across the steppes from the Urals to the Tien Shan, likely corresponding to early Indo-Iranian cultures which eventually spread to Iran and India in the course of the 2nd millennium BCE.

The chariot must not necessarily be regarded as a marker for Indo-European or Indo-Iranian presence. According to Raulwing, it is an undeniable fact that only comparative Indo-European linguistics is able to furnish the methodological basics of the hypothesis of a "PIE chariot", in other words: "Ausserhalb der Sprachwissenschaft winkt keine Rettung!"

The earliest evidence for chariots in southern Central Asia (on the Oxus) dates to the Achaemenid period (apart from chariots harnessed by oxen, as seen on petroglyphs). No Andronovian chariot burial has been found south of the Oxus.

Remains

Horse-drawn chariot carved onto the mandapam of Airavateswarar temple, Darasuram (left), c.a. 12th century AD. The chariot and its wheel (right)are so finely sculpted that they include even the faintest details

The Rath Jatra in the Grand Avenue at the Jagannath Temple, Puri, 2007

There are a few depictions of chariots among the petroglyphs in the sandstone of the Vindhya range. Two depictions of chariots are found in Morhana Pahar, Mirzapur district. One shows a team of two horses, with the head of a single driver visible. The other one is drawn by four horses, has six-spoked wheels, and shows a driver standing up in a large chariot-box. This chariot is being attacked, with a figure wielding a shield and a mace standing at its path, and another figure armed with bow and arrow threatening its right flank. It has been suggested (Sparreboom 1985:87) that the drawings record a story, most probably dating to the early centuries BC, from some center in the area of the Ganges–Yamuna plain into the territory of still neolithic hunting tribes. The drawings would then be a representation of foreign technology, comparable to the Arnhem Land Aboriginal rock paintings depicting Westerners. The very realistic chariots carved into the Sanchi stupas are dated to roughly the 1st century.

The earliest chariot remains that have been found in India (at Atranjikhera) has been dated to between 350 and 50 BCE. It is also highly unlikely that a perishable item like the chariot could have been preserved in the Indian climate since Harappan times. There is evidence of wheeled vehicles (especially miniature models) in the Indus Valley Civilization, but not of chariots.

Indus valley sites have offered several instances of evidence of spoked wheels. Prof. B.B.Lal has irrevocably proved with convincing specimens the existence and use of spoked wheel chariots in Harappan Civilization. Bhirrana excavations 2005-06. Bhagwan Singh had made a similar assertion and S.R.Rao had had presented evidence of chariots in bronze models from Daimabad (Late Harappan). This aspect appears to have been overlooked.

In Hindu temple festivals

Main article: Temple car

Ratha or Rath means a chariot or car made from wood with wheels. The Ratha may be driven manually by rope, pulled by horses or elephants. Rathas are used mostly by the Hindu temples of South India for Rathoutsava (Car festival). During the festival, the temple deities are driven through the streets, accompanied by the chanting of mantra, hymns, shloka or bhajan.

Ratha Yatra is a huge Hindu festival associated with Lord Jagannath held at Puri in the state of Orissa, India during the months of June or July.

Gallery

• Ratha or chariots
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  Airavatesvara Temple sanctum in the form of a chariot, Darasuram, Tamil Nadu

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  'Five Rathas' at Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu.

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  The Towering Rajagopuram with one of the Temple Rathas

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  Konark Sun Temple Ratha wheel

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  The Great Thear (ஆழித் தேர்) of Sri Thyagarajaswami, Tiruvarur

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  The Rath Yatra in Puri in modern times showing the three chariots of the deities with the Temple in the background

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  Picture of Tirunelveli Nellaiappar Temple Golden Ratha

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  ISKCON Rath Jatra at Thiruvananthapuram, India.

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  Tiruvarur The largest Temple Ratha car in Tamil Nadu

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  Srivilliputtur Andal Ther - 2nd largest Temple Rath in TamilNadu

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  Tirunelveli Nellaiappar Temple Car - 3rd largest Temple Ratha in TamilNadu ~ Picture taken on July 5,2009 on 505th Car festival of Tirunelveli

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  Temple Ratha in Colombo, Sri Lanka

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  Temple Ratha in Chennai, India

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  Rath Jatra festival in New York City organized by ISKCON

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  Construction of ratha

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  Banashankari Amma Temple's wooden Ratha

See also

• Ashva
• History of the horse in South Asia
• Temple car
• Vimana

References

• Bryant, Edwin (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513777-9.
• Fussman, G.; Kellens, J.; Francfort, H.-P.; Tremblay, X. (2005). Aryas, Aryens et Iraniens en Asie Centrale. Institut Civilisation Indienne ISBN 2-86803-072-6
• Kazanas, Nicholas (2001). The AIT and Scholarship. Athens.
• Peter Raulwing (2000). Horses, Chariots and Indo-Europeans, Foundations and Methods of Chariotry Research from the Viewpoint of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics. Archaeolingua, Series Minor 13, Budapest.