Redirection (computing)

The standard streams for input, output, and error

In computing, redirection is a function common to most command-line interpreters, including the various Unix shells that can redirect standard streams to user-specified locations.

In unix-like operating systems programs do redirection with the dup2(2) system call, or its less-flexible but higher-level stdio analogues, freopen(3) and popen(3).

Redirecting standard input and standard output

Redirection is usually implemented by placing certain characters between commands. Typically, the syntax of these characters is as follows:

command1 > file1

executes command1, placing the output in file1. This will clobber any existing data in file1.

To append output to the end of the file, use the >> operator:

command1 >> file1

Using

command1 < file1

executes command1, with file1 as the source of input (as opposed to the keyboard).

command1 < infile > outfile

combines the two capabilities: command1 reads from infile and writes to outfile

Piping

Programs can be run together such that one program reads the output from another with no need for an explicit intermediate file:

A pipeline of three programs run on a text terminal

command1 | command2

executes command1, using its output as the input for command2 (commonly called piping, with the "|" character being known as "pipe").

The two programs performing the commands may run in parallel with the only storage space being working buffers (Linux allows up to 64K buffering) plus whatever work space each command's processing requires. For example, a "sort" command is unable to produce any output until all input records have been read, as the very last record received just might turn out to be first in sorted order. Dr. Alexia Massalin's experimental operating system would adjust the priority of each task as they ran according to the fullness of their input and output buffers.

This produces the same end result as using two redirects and a temporary file, as in:

command1 > tempfile
command2 < tempfile
rm tempfile

But here, command2 does not start executing until command1 has finished, and a sufficiently large scratch file is required to hold the intermediate results as well as whatever work space each task required. As an example, although DOS allows the "pipe" syntax, it employs this second approach.

A good example for command piping is combining echo with another command to achieve something interactive in a non-interactive shell, e.g.

echo -e "user\npass" | ftp localhost

This runs the ftp client with input user, press return, then pass.

Redirecting to and from the standard file handles

In Unix shells derived from the original Bourne shell, the first two actions can be further modified by placing a number (the file descriptor) immediately before the character; this will affect which stream is used for the redirection. The Unix standard I/O streams are:

Handle	Name	Description
0	stdin	Standard input
1	stdout	Standard output
2	stderr	Standard error

For example:

command1 2> file1

executes command1, directing the standard error stream to file1.

In shells derived from csh (the C shell), the syntax instead appends the & (ampersand) character to the redirect characters, thus achieving a similar result. The reason for this is to distinguish between a file named '1' and stdout, i.e. 'cat file 2>1' vs 'cat file 2>&1'. In the first case, stderr is redirected to a file named '1' and in the second, stderr is redirected to stdout.

Another useful capability is to redirect one standard file handle to another. The most popular variation is to merge standard error into standard output so error messages can be processed together with (or alternately to) the usual output. Example:

find / -name .profile > results 2>&1

will try to find all files named .profile. Executed without redirection, it will output hits to stdout and errors (e.g. for lack of privilege to traverse protected directories) to stderr. If standard output is directed to file results, error messages appear on the console. To see both hits and error messages in file results, merge stderr (handle 2) into stdout (handle 1) using 2>&1 .

If the merged output is to be piped into another program, the file merge sequence 2>&1 must precede the pipe symbol, thus:

find / -name .profile 2>&1 | less

A simplified but non-POSIX conforming form of the command:

command > file 2>&1

is (not available in Bourne Shell prior to version 4, final release, or in the standard shell Debian_Almquist_shell used in Debian/Ubuntu):

command &>file

or:

command >&file

NOTE: It is possible use 2>&1 before ">" but the result is commonly misunderstood. The rule is that any redirection sets the handle to the output stream independently. So "2>&1" sets handle 2 to whatever handle 1 points to, which at that point usually is stdout. Then ">" redirects handle 1 to something else, e.g. a file, but it does not change handle 2., still pointing to stdout. In the following example. standard output is written to file, but errors are redirected from stderr to stdout, i.e. sent to the screen.

command 2>&1 > file

Chained pipelines

The redirection and piping tokens can be chained together to create complex commands. For example:

ls | grep '\.sh' | sort > shlist

lists the contents of the current directory, where this output is filtered to only contain lines which contain .sh, sort this resultant output lexicographically, and place the final output in shlist. This type of construction is used very commonly in shell scripts and batch files.

Redirect to multiple outputs

The standard command tee can redirect output from a command to several destinations.

ls -lrt | tee xyz

This directs the file list output to both standard output and the file xyz.

See also

• Here-document, a way of specifying text for input in command line shells
• Shell shoveling

External links

• dup: duplicate an open file descriptor – System Interfaces Reference, The Single UNIX® Specification, Issue 7 from The Open Group
• Redirection Definition by The Linux Information Project (LINFO)
• I/O Redirection in The Linux Documentation Project
• Redirection in Windows
• Creating a Child Process with Redirected Input and Output in Windows