Reductive stress
Reductive stress is the counterpart to oxidative stress, where electron acceptors are expected to be mostly reduced. It can be caused by excess amounts of glutathione, and can contribute to cytotoxicity.[1][2] Although different organelles may each have a different redox status, through probing for factors such as glutathione and H2O2, it was determined that reductive stress is present in the endoplasmic reticulum of senescent cells. Reductive stress is significant in the aging process of a cell and when ER oxidation status is elevated, cellular aging is slowed.[3] In particular, when reductive stress is increased, it may result in many downstream effects such as increased apoptosis, decreased cell survival, and mitochondrial dysfunction—all of which need to be properly regulated to ensure that the needs of the cell are met.[4] Reductive stress is present in many diseases with abnormalities such as the increase of reducing equivalents, resulting in issues such as hypoxia-induced oxidative stress.[5]
See also
References
- ^ Zhang, H; Limphong, P; Pieper, J; Liu, Q; Rodesch, CK; Christians, E; Benjamin, IJ (2012). "Glutathione-dependent reductive stress triggers mitochondrial oxidation and cytotoxicity". FASEB J. 26 (4): 1442–51. doi:10.1096/fj.11-199869. PMC 3316899. PMID 22202674.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Korge, Paavo; Calmettes, Guillaume; Weiss, James N. (2015). "Increased reactive oxygen species production during reductive stress: The roles of mitochondrial glutathione and thioredoxin reductases". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 1847 (6–7): 514–525. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.02.012. PMC 4426053. PMID 25701705.
- ^ Qiao, Xinhua; Zhang, Yingmin; Ye, Aojun; Zhang, Yini; Xie, Ting; Lv, Zhenyu; Wu, Xun; Zhang, Weiqi; Wang, Ping; Liu, Guang-Hui; Wang, Chih-chen (2021). "Reductive Stress in the Endoplasmic Reticulum Caused by Ero1α S-Nitrosation Accelerates Senescence". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3869890. ISSN 1556-5068.
- ^ Handy, Diane E.; Loscalzo, Joseph (2017). "Responses to reductive stress in the cardiovascular system". Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 109: 114–124. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.006 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- ^ Qiao, Xinhua; Zhang, Yingmin; Ye, Aojun; Zhang, Yini; Xie, Ting; Lv, Zhenyu; Shi, Chang; Wu, Dongli; Chu, Boyu; Wu, Xun; Zhang, Weiqi (2022). "ER reductive stress caused by Ero1α S-nitrosation accelerates senescence". Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 180: 165–178. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.01.006.
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