Reference ranges for blood tests

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A reference range is a set of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results. The range is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within, or two standard deviations from the mean, although the definition may differ (see Definition of reference range). It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests.

All values (except the exceptions below) denote blood plasma concentration, which is approximately 60-100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside red blood cells (RBCs) is negligible. The precise factor depends on hematocrit as well as amount inside RBCs. Exceptions (that is, values denoting total blood concentration) are:

  • All values in Hematology - red blood cells (except hemoglobin in plasma)
  • All values in Hematology - white blood cells
  • Platelet count (Plt)
  • Vitamin B9 (Folic acid/Folate) in red blood cells

Mass concentration (g/dL or g/L) is the most common measurement unit in the United States, while molar concentration (mol/L) is used in most of the rest of the world, including the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe and Australia and New Zealand.[1] International units (IU) are based on measured biological activity or effect, or for some substances, a specified equivalent mass.

Contents

[edit] Inaccuracy

Main article: Reference range#Inaccuracy

References range will vary with age, sex, race, diet, use of prescribed or herbal drugs, stress and even the instruments used. The samples may deviate from normal distribution. Furthermore, reference ranges only denote what are usual values in the population, and do not directly correlate with the ranges for optimal health. In case of substantial difference, there may additionally be an optimal range specified for the substance. Finally, the test procedure itself may be erroneous or inaccurate.

[edit] Sorted by concentration

A separate printable combined image is available for mass and molarity

Smaller, narrower boxes indicate a more tight homeostatic regulation when measured as standard "usual" reference range.

Substances with a molar mass around 1000g/mol (e.g. thyroxine) would be almost vertically aligned in the mass and molar images if they usually were measured in both units, while substances with higher molar mass (e.g. most proteins, like adrenocorticotropic hormone) would have masses deviating rightwards compared with molarity, and substances with molar mass below 1000g/mol (e.g. electrolytes and metabolites) would have masses deviating to the left.

[edit] By mass

Reference ranges for some blood tests, sorted by mass concentration.

[edit] By molarity

Reference ranges for some blood tests, sorted by molarity.

[edit] By units

Units don't necessarily tell anything about molarity or mass.

[edit] White blood cells

[edit] Clinical biochemistry

Clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry") is the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids.

  • Items marked with a ** are part of "CHEM-7"[2] and CHEM-20
  • Items marked with a * are part of "CHEM-20"[3], but not CHEM-7

[edit] Electrolytes and Metabolites

Electrolytes and Metabolites: For iron and copper, some related proteins are also included.

Test [4] Patient type Lower limit [4] Upper limit[4] Unit Comments
** Sodium (Na) 135[5]-137[6] 145[6]-147[5] mmol/L or mEq/L[5]
31[7] - 32[7] 33[7] - 34[7] mg/dl
** Potassium (K) 3.5[5]-3.6[6] 5.0[5][6]-5.1 mmol/L or mEq/L[5] See hypokalemia or hyperkalemia
14[8] 20[8] mg/dl
Chloride (Cl) 95[5]-98 105[5]-107 mmol/L or mEq/L[5]
340[9] 370[9] mg/dl
Osmolality 275[5]-280[10] 295[5]-296[10] mOsm/kg Plasma weight excludes solutes
Osmolarity Slightly less than osmolality mOsm/l Plasma volume includes solutes
Urea 1.2[5]-3.0[11] 3.0[5]-7.0[11] mmol/L ** BUN - blood urea nitrogen
7[5] 18[5]-21[6] mg/dL
* Uric acid[6] 0.18[5] 0.48[5] mmol/L
Female 2.0[10] 7.0[10] mg/dL
Male 2.1 [10] 8.5[10] mg/dL
** Creatinine male 68[12] 118[12] μmol/L May be complemented with creatinine clearance
0.8[13] 1.3[13] mg/dL
female 68[12] 98[12] μmol/L
0.8[13] 1.1[13] mg/dL
BUN/Creatinine Ratio 5[10] 35[10] -
** Glucose (fasting) 3.8[5]-3.9 6.1[14] mmol/L See also glycosylated hemoglobin (in hematology)
65[6]-70[5] 100[14]-110[10] mg/dL
Total serum iron (TSI) male 65[15]-76[6] 176[15]-198[6] µg/dL
11.6[16][17] - 13.6[17] 30[16], 32[17], 35[17] μmol/L
female 26[6]-50[15] 170[6][15] µg/dL
4.6[17] - 8.9[16] 30.4[16] μmol/L
newborns 100[15] 250[15] µg/dL
18[17] 45[17] µmol/L
children 50[15] 120[15] µg/dL
9[17] 21[17] µmol/L
Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) 240[15]-262[6] 450[15]-474[6] μg/dL
43[17] - 47[17] 81[17] - 85[17] µmol/L
Transferrin 204[6] 360[6] mg/dL
25[18] 45[18] μmol/L
Transferrin saturation[15] 20 50  %
Ferritin Male 12[19] 300[19] ng/mL
27 [20] 670[20] pmol/L
Female 12[19] 150[19] ng/mL
27 [20] 330[20] pmol/L
Ammonia 10[21]-20[22] 35[21]-65[22] μmol/L
17[23] - 34[23] 60[23] - 110[23] μg/dL
Copper 70[10] 150[10] µg/dL
11 [24] 24[24] μmol/L
Ceruloplasmin 15[10] 60[10] mg/dL
1 [25] 4[25] μmol/L
Lactate (Venous) 4.5[10] 19.8[10] mg/dL
0.5[26] 2.2[26] mmol/L
Lactate (Arterial) 4.5[10] 14.4[10] mg/dL
0.5[26] 1.6[26] mmol/L
Pyruvate 300[10] 900[10] μg/dL
34 [27] 102[27] μmol/L

[edit] Acid and base

Further information: Acid base physiology
Further information: Arterial blood gas
Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
pH 7.34[6]-7.35[5] 7.44[6]-7.45[5]
[H+] 36[5] 44[5] nmol/L
3.6 [28] 4.4[28] ng/dL
base excess -3 +3
PO2 10[5] 13-14[5] kPa
75[5][6]-83[10] 100[6]-105[5] mmHg
Oxygen saturation 96[10] 100[10]  %
** PCO2 4.4[5]-4.8 5.8-5.9[5] kPa
33[5]-35[6] 44[5]-45[6] mmHg
Bicarbonate (HCO3-) 18[10] 23[10] mmol/L
110[29] 140[29] mg/dL
Standard bicarbonate (SBCe) 21-22[5] 27-28[5] mmol/L or mEq/L[5]
134[29] 170[29] mg/dL

[edit] Liver function

Further information: Liver function tests
Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
* Total Protein 60[5]-63[6] 78[5], 82[6], 84[10] g/L see hypoproteinemia
* Albumin 35[5][30] 48[6]-55[5] g/L see hypoalbuminemia
3.5[6] 4.8[6]-5.5[5] U/L
540[31] 740[31] μmol/L
Globulins 23[5] 35[5] g/L
* Total Bilirubin 1.7[32], 2[5], 3.4[32] 17[5][32] - 22[32] μmol/L
0.1[5]-0.2[6] 1.0[5][10]-1.3[6] mg/dL
* Direct Bilirubin 0.0[5] 5[5] - 7[32] μmol/L
0[5][6] 0.3[5][6]-0.4[10] mg/dL
* Alanine transaminase (ALT) 7[6]-8 [5] 20[5], 56[6] U/L Also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
* Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 20[5],38[6], 50[10] 70[5], 126[6], 160[10] U/L p-NPP at 30 degrees C[5]
Higher in children and pregnant women.
* Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) 8[6] 50-78[6] U/L

[edit] Cardiac tests

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Creatine kinase (CK) - male 24[33]-38[6] 174[10] U/L
or ng/mL
Creatine kinase (CK) - female 24[33], 38[6], 96[10] 140[10] U/L
CK-MB[6] 0 3 ng/mL or μg/L
Troponin[6] 0 0.4 ng/mL or μg/L

[edit] Other enzymes and proteins

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
* Aspartate transaminase (AST) 5[6]-8[5] 20[5]-35[6] U/L Also called serum glutamic oxatoacetic transaminase (SGOT)
* Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 50[10] 150[10] U/L
Amylase 25[5], 30[6], 53[10] 110[6], 120[34], 123[10], 125[5] U/L
C-reactive protein (CRP) n/a 5[35]-6[36] mg/L
200[37] - 240[37] nmol/L
D-dimer n/a 500[38] ng/mL Higher in pregnant women[39]
Lipase 7[6]-10[10] 60[6]-150[10] U/L

[edit] Other ions and trace metals

Further information: Trace metals
Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Ionised calcium (Ca) 1.03[40] 1.23[40] mmol/L Some calcium is bound to albumin, thus not measured by certain techniques.
* Total calcium (Ca) 2.1[5] 2.8[5] mmol/L
8.4[5]-8.5[10] 10.2[5]-10.5[10] mg/dL
Phosphate (HPO42−) 0.8 1.5 [41] mM
Inorganic phosphorus (serum) 1.0[5] 1.5[5] mmol/L
3.0[5] 4.5[5] mg/dL
Copper (Cu) 11[42] 24 μmol/L
Zinc (Zn) 70[10] 102[10] μmol/L
Magnesium 1.5[10] 2.0[10] mEq/L
Selenium (optimal range) 120[43] μg/L

[edit] Lipids

Further information: Blood lipids
Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Therapeutic target Unit
Triglycerides 10 - 39 years 54[10] 110[10] < 100 [43] mg/dL
40 - 59 years 70[10] 150[10]
> 60 years 80[10] 150[10]
< 1.1[43] mmol/L
* Total cholesterol 3.6[5] 5.0[44]-6.5[5] < 3.9 [43] mmol/L
120[6]-140[5] 200[6]-250[5] < 150 [43] mg/dL
HDL cholesterol female 1.0[45] 2.2[45] > 1.0 mmol/L [45]
> 40 mg/dL		 mmol/L
50[46] 110 mg/dL
HDL cholesterol male 0.9[45] 2.0[45] mmol/L
45 100 mg/dL
LDL cholesterol
(Not valid when
triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L)		 2.0[45]-2.4[44] 3.0[44]-3.4[45] < 2.5 mmol/L[45] mmol/L

[edit] Tumour markers

Further information: Tumour markers
Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) 0 44[6] ng/mL
Beta Human chorionic gonadotrophin (bHCG) n/a 5[6] IU/l or mU/ml in male and non-pregnant female
CA19.9 n/a 40[6] U/ml
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
non-smokers at 50 years		 n/a 3.6 [47] μg/l
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
non-smokers at 70 years		 n/a 4.1[47] μg/l
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) - smokers n/a 5[48] μg/l
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) n/a 4[6] μg/L[6] or ng/mL[10] below age 45 <2,5 μg/L
PAP 0 3[10] units/dL (Bodansky units)

[edit] Hormones

Further information: Hormones
Category Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit
Thyroid hormones Thyroid stimulating hormone
(TSH or thyrotropin) - standard reference range		 Adults 0.4[6], 0.5[10], 0.6[49] 4.5[6]-6.0[10] mIU/L or μIU/mL
TSH or thyrotropin - therapeutic target range 0.3[50] - 0.5[51] 2.0[51] - 3.0[50] mIU/L or μIU/mL
TSH or thyrotropin Infants 1.3[52] 19[52] mIU/L or μIU/mL
Free thyroxine (FT4) Normal adult 10[53]-12 [54] 23[54] pmol/L
0.7[55] -0.8[6] 1.4[55]-1.5[6] ng/dL
Infant 0-3 d 2.0[55] 5.0[55] ng/dL
Infant 3-30 d 0.9[55] 2.2[55] ng/dL
Child/Adolescent
31 d - 18 y		 0.8[55] 2.0[55] ng/dL
Pregnant 0.5[55] 1.0[55] ng/dL
Total thyroxine 60[53][54] 140[53]-160[54] nmol/L
4[53]-5.5[6] 11[53]-12.3[6] μg/dL
Free triiodothyronine (FT3) Normal adult 0.2[53] 0.5[53] ng/dL
Children 2-16 y 0.1[56] 0.6[56] ng/dL
Total triiodothyronine 1.1[53] 2.7[53] nmol/L
60[6]-75[53] 175[53]-181[6] ng/dL
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) 12[6] 30[6] mg/L
Thyroglobulin (Tg) 1.5[53] 30[53] pmol/L
1[53] 20 [53] μg/L
Other Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 1.3 18[57] pmol/L
20[6] 100[6] pg/mL
Growth hormone (fasting) 0 5[5] ng/mL
Growth hormone (arginine stimulation) 7[5] n/a ng/mL
Prolactin n/a 14[6] ng/mL
Testosterone male 8 [58] 27 [58] nmol/L
17 Hydroxyprogesterone male 0.06[10] 3.0[10] mg/L
Female (Follicular phase) 0.2[10] 1.0[10] mg/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D)
-Standard reference range		 8[10] 80[10] ng/mL
20[59] - 23[60] 95[60] - 150[59] nmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol
-Therapeutic target range		 30[61] - 40[62] 65[62] - 100[61] ng/mL
85[43] - 100[62] - 120[43] - 160[62] nmol/L

[edit] Amino acids

Test Sex Age Lower limit Upper limit Unit Elevated Therapeutic target
Homocysteine Female 12-19 years 3.3 [63] 7.2[63] μmol/L > 10.4 < 6.3 [43]
(0.85 mg/L)[43]
>60 years 4.9 [63] 11.6 [63] μmol/L
Male 12-19 years 4.3 [63] 9.9 [63] μmol/L > 11.4
>60 years 5.9 [63] 15.3 [63] μmol/L

[edit] Vitamins

Test Patient type Standard range Unit Optimal range
Lower limit Upper limit Lower limit Upper limit
Vitamin A 30[10] 65[10] µg/dL
Vitamin B9
(Folic acid/Folate) - Serum		 Age > 1year 3.0[64] 16[64] ng/mL or μg/L 5 [65]
nmol/l 11[18]
Vitamin B9
(Folic acid/Folate) - Red blood cells		 200[64] 600[64] ng/mL or μg/L
Pregnant 400[64]
nmol/L 900[64]
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) 130 [66] 700[66] ng/L
100[18] 500[18] pmol/L
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) 0.4[10] 1.5[10] mg/dL 0.9[43]
μmol/L 50[43]
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D) 8[10] 80[10] ng/mL 30[61] - 40[62] 65[62] - 100[61]
20[59] - 23[60] 95[60] - 150[59] nmol/L 85[43] - 100[62] 120[43] - 160[62]
Vitamin E μmol/L 28[43]
mg/dL 1.2[43]

[edit] Toxins

Test Optimal health range Unit
Lead < 40[10] µg/dL

[edit] Hematology

Hematology is the branch of biology (physiology), pathology, clinical laboratory, internal medicine, and pediatrics that is concerned with the study of blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases.

[edit] Red blood cells

These values (except Hemoglobin in plasma) are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

Test Patient Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Haemoglobin (Hb) male 2.1[5] 2.7[5] mmol/L Higher in neonates, lower in children.
132[6]-135[5] 162[6]-175[5] g/L
female 1.9[5] 2.5[5] mmol/L Sex difference negligible until adulthood.
115-120[5][6] 152[6]-160[5][10] g/L
Hemoglobin in plasma 0.16[5] 0.62[5] μmol/L Normally diminutive compared with inside red blood cells
1 4 mg/dL
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 4[67] 5.9[67]  % of Hb
Haematocrit (Hct) male 0.4[6], 0.41[5], 0.45[10] 0.52[6],0.53[5] , 0.62[10]
female 0.36[5]-0.37[6][10] 0.46[5][6]-0.48[10]
Child 0.31[6] 0.43[6]
Mean cell volume (MCV) Male 76[10]-82[6] 100[10]-102[6] fL Cells are larger in neonates, though smaller in other children.
Female 78[6] 101[6] fL
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) 11.5[6] 14.5[6]  %
Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) 0.39[5] 0.54[5] fmol/cell
25[5]-27[10] 32[10]-35[5] pg/cell
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 31[6]-32[10] 35[6]-36[10] g/dL
19 [68]- 20[68] 22[68] mmol/L
Red blood cells (RBC) male 4.2[10]-4.3[5][6] 5.9[5], 6.2[6], 6.9[10] x1012/L
Female 3.5[5]-3.8[6] 5.5[5][6]-5.8 x1012/L
Infant/Child 3.8[6] 5.5[6] x1012/L
Reticulocytes 10 100 x109/L
Adult 0.5[5][6] 1.5[5][6]  % of RBC
Newborn 1.1[6] 4.5[6]  % of RBC
Infant 0.5[6] 3.1[6]  % of RBC

[edit] White blood cells

These values are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit
White Blood Cell Count (WBC.) Adult 3.9[69], 4.1[6], 4.5[5] 10.0[69], 10.9[6], 11[5]
  • x109/L
  • x103/mm3 or
  • x103/μL
Newborn 9[70] 30[70]
1 year old 6[70] 18[70]
Neutrophil granulocytes
(A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs)		 Adult 1.8[69]-2[70] 7[69]-8[70] x109/L
45-54[5] 62[5]-74  % of WBC
Newborn 6[70] 26[70] x109/L
Neutrophilic band forms Adult 0.7[70] x109/L
3[5] 5[5]  % of WBC
Lymphocytes Adult 1.0[69][70] 3.5[69]-4.8[70] x109/L
16-25[5] 33[5]-45  % of WBC
Newborn 2[70] 11[70] x109/L
Monocytes Adult 0.2[71][66] 0.8[66][70] x109/L
3[5]-4.0 7[5]-10  % of WBC
Newborn 0.4[70] 3.1[70] x109/L
Mononuclear leukocytes
(Lymphocytes + monocytes)		 Adult 1.5 5 x109/L
20 35  % of WBC
CD4+ cells Adult 0.4 [6] 1.8[6] x109/L
Eosinophil granulocytes Adult 0.04[66] 0.44[66]-0.45[70] x109/L
1[5] 3[5]-7  % of WBC
Newborn 0.02[70] 0.85[70] x109/L
Basophil granulocytes Adult 40[69] 100[66], 200[70], 900[69] x106/L
0.0 0.75[5]-2  % of WBC
Newborn 0.64 [70] x109/L

[edit] Coagulation

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Platelet count (Plt) 140[6]-150[5] 350[10], 400[5], 450[6] x109/L
Prothrombin time (PT) 11[5][72]-12[6] 13.5[72], 14[6], 15[5] s PT reference varies between laboratory kits - INR is standardised
INR 0.9 1.2 The INR is a corrected ratio of a patients PT to normal
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) 18[6]-29 28[6]-41 s
Thrombin clotting time (TCT) 11 18 s
Fibrinogen 1.7[6]-1.8 4.2[6] g/L
Bleeding time 2 9 minutes

[edit] Immunology

Category Test Patient Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Acute phase protein
markers of Inflammation		 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
(ESR)		 Male 0 Age÷2[73] mm/hr ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females.[74]
Female (Age+10)÷2 [73]
C-reactive protein (CRP) 0 5[35]-6[36] mg/L
Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) 20[75] 53[75] μmol/L
150 350 mg/dL
Autoantibodies Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
Extractable nuclear antigen (ENA)
Rheumatoid factor (RF) 0 20-30[6] IU/mL High levels not specific for Rheumatoid Arthritis alone.
Serology Antistreptolysin O titre
(ASOT)		 Preschoolers n/a 100 units/mL
School age 250[6]
Adult 125[6]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Page 34: Units of measurement in Medical toxicology By Richard C. Dart Edition: 3, illustrated Published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004 ISBN 0781728452, 9780781728454 1914 pages
  2. ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003462
  3. ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003468
  4. ^ a b c Unless else specified in boxes, then ref is: Ashwood, Edward R.; Tietz, Norbert W.; Burtis, Carl A. (1994). Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-4472-4. 
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di Last page of Deepak A. Rao; Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas (2007). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1). McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 0-07-149868-0. 
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg Normal Reference Range Table from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease.
  7. ^ a b c d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 22.99 g·mol−1
  8. ^ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 39.10 g·mol−1
  9. ^ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 35.45 g·mol−1
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc Blood Test Results - Normal Ranges Bloodbook.Com
  11. ^ a b Gardner MD, Scott R (April 1980). "Age- and sex-related reference ranges for eight plasma constituents derived from randomly selected adults in a Scottish new town". J. Clin. Pathol. 33 (4): 380–5. doi:10.1136/jcp.33.4.380. PMID 7400337. PMC: 1146084. http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7400337. 
  12. ^ a b c d Finney H, Newman DJ, Price CP (January 2000). "Adult reference ranges for serum cystatin C, creatinine and predicted creatinine clearance". Ann. Clin. Biochem. 37 ( Pt 1): 49–59. doi:10.1258/0004563001901524. PMID 10672373. http://acb.rsmjournals.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10672373. 
  13. ^ a b c d molar value multiplied by the molar mass of 113.118 g/mol, and divided by 10.000 to adapt from μ_/L to m_/dL
  14. ^ a b MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Glucose tolerance test
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Slon S (2006-09-22). "Serum Iron". University of Illinois Medical Center. http://uimc.discoveryhospital.com/main.php?t=enc&id=1456. Retrieved on 2006-07-06. 
  16. ^ a b c d Diagnostic Chemicals Limited > Serum Iron-SL Assay July 15, 2005
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Derived from mass values using molar mass of 55.85 g·mol−1
  18. ^ a b c d e Derived by dividing or multiplying with molar mass
  19. ^ a b c d Ferritin by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network
  20. ^ a b c d Derived from mass values using molar mass of 450,000 g·mol−1
  21. ^ a b Mitchell ML, Filippone MD, Wozniak TF (August 2001). "Metastatic carcinomatous cirrhosis and hepatic hemosiderosis in a patient heterozygous for the H63D genotype". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 125 (8): 1084–7. PMID 11473464. http://journals.allenpress.com/jrnlserv/?request=get-abstract&issn=0003-9985&volume=125&page=1084. 
  22. ^ a b Diaz J, Tornel PL, Martinez P (July 1995). "Reference intervals for blood ammonia in healthy subjects, determined by microdiffusion". Clin. Chem. 41 (7): 1048. PMID 7600690. 
  23. ^ a b c d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 17.03 g/mol
  24. ^ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 63.55 g·mol−1
  25. ^ a b Derived from mass using molar mass of 151kDa
  26. ^ a b c d Derived from mass values using molar mass of 90.08 g/mol
  27. ^ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 88.06 g/mol
  28. ^ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 1.01 g·mol−1
  29. ^ a b c d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 61 g/mol
  30. ^ Reference range (albumin) at GPnotebook
  31. ^ a b Derived from mass using molecular weight of 65kD
  32. ^ a b c d e Derived from mass values using molar mass of 585g/mol
  33. ^ a b Creatine kinase at GPnotebook
  34. ^ Reference range (amylase) at GPnotebook
  35. ^ a b C-reactive protein at GPnotebook
  36. ^ a b 2730 Serum C-Reactive Protein values in Diabetics with Periodontal Disease A.R. Choudhury, and S. Rahman, Birdem, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (the diabetics were not used to determine the reference ranges)
  37. ^ a b Derived from mass using molar mass of 25,106 g/mol
  38. ^ Plasma Measurement of D-Dimer Levels for the Early Diagnosis of Ischemic Stroke Subtypes Walter Ageno, MD; Sergio Finazzi, MD; Luigi Steidl, MD; Maria Grazia Biotti, MD; Valentina Mera, MD; GianVico Melzi d'Eril, MD; Achille Venco, MD. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:2589-2593.
  39. ^ Kline JA, Williams GW, Hernandez-Nino J (May 2005). "D-dimer concentrations in normal pregnancy: new diagnostic thresholds are needed". Clinical chemistry 51 (5): 825–9. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2004.044883. PMID 15764641. http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/51/5/825. 
  40. ^ a b Larsson L, Ohman S (November 1978). "Serum ionized calcium and corrected total calcium in borderline hyperparathyroidism". Clin. Chem. 24 (11): 1962–5. PMID 709830. http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=709830. 
  41. ^ Walter F., PhD. Boron (2005). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.  Page 849
  42. ^ Reference range for copper at GPnotebook
  43. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Adëeva Nutritionals Canada > Optimal blood test values Retrieved on July 9, 2009
  44. ^ a b c Reference range (cholesterol) at GPnotebook
  45. ^ a b c d e f g h Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia; Cholesterol (HDL and LDL) - plasma or serum Last Updated: Monday, 6 August 2007
  46. ^ American Association for Clinical Chemistry; HDL Cholesterol
  47. ^ a b Bjerner J, Høgetveit A, Wold Akselberg K, et al. (June 2008). "Reference intervals for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA125, MUC1, Alfa-foeto-protein (AFP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and CA19.9 from the NORIP study". Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation 68: 1–12. doi:10.1080/00365510802126836. PMID 18609108. 
  48. ^ Carcinoembryonic Antigen(CEA) at MedicineNet
  49. ^ The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006. About.com Health's Disease and Condition
  50. ^ a b 2006 Press releases: Thyroid Imbalance? Target Your Numbers Contacts: Bryan Campbell American] Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
  51. ^ a b The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006
  52. ^ a b Demers, Laurence M.; Carole A. Spencer (2002). "LMPG: Laboratory Support for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Thyroid Disease". National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (USA). http://www.nacb.org/lmpg/thyroid_LMPG_PDF.stm. Retrieved on 2007-04-13.  - see Section 2. Pre-analytic factors
  53. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Table 4: Typical reference ranges for serum assays - Thyroid Disease Manager
  54. ^ a b c d Euthyroid Patient with Elevated Serum Free Thyroxine George van der Watt1,a, David Haarburger1 and Peter Berman
  55. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Free T4; Thyroxine, Free; T4, Free UNC Health Care System
  56. ^ a b Serum concentration of free T3, free T4 and TSH in healthy children Cioffi Michele; Gazzerro Patrizia; Vietri Maria Teresa; Magnetta Rosa; Durante Adriana; D'Auria Annamaria; Puca Giovanni Alfredo; Molinari Anna Maria ;
  57. ^ "Adrenocorticotropic Hormone:Normal". WebMD. 09-03-2006. http://children.webmd.com/adrenocorticotropic-hormone?page=2. Retrieved on 2008-11-09. 
  58. ^ a b Andrology Australia: Your Health > Low Testosterone > Diagnosis
  59. ^ a b c d Bender, David A. (2003). "Vitamin D". Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80388-8. http://books.google.com.br/books?id=pxEJNs0IUo4C.  Retrieved December 10, 2008 through Google Book Search.
  60. ^ a b c d Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A., Dietrich, T., Orav, J.E., Hu, F.B., Zhang, Y., Karlson, E., Dawson-Hughes, B. 2004. Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with better lower extremity function in both active and inactive adults 60+ years of age. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80:752-758.
  61. ^ a b c d Reusch J, Ackermann H, Badenhoop K (May 2009). "Cyclic changes of vitamin D and PTH are primarily regulated by solar radiation: 5-year analysis of a German (50 degrees N) population". Horm. Metab. Res. 41 (5): 402–7. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1128131. PMID 19241329. 
  62. ^ a b c d e f g h Letter: Calcium and vitamin D in preventing fractures. Data are not sufficient to show inefficacy Alex Vasquez, researcher. BMJ 2005;331:108-109 (9 July), doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7508.108-b.
  63. ^ a b c d e f g h The Doctor's Doctor: Homocysteine
  64. ^ a b c d e f Central Manchester University Hospitals --> Reference ranges Retrieved on July 9, 2009
  65. ^ University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center > Clinical Lab Reference Range Guide Retrieved on April 28, 2009
  66. ^ a b c d e f g GPnotebook > B12 Retrieved on April 28, 2009
  67. ^ a b "Hemoglobin A1c Test". MedicineNet.com. http://www.medicinenet.com/hemoglobin_a1c_test/article.htm. Retrieved on 2007-12-26. 
  68. ^ a b c Derived from mass concentration, using molar mass of 64,458 g/mol (Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG (2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle". J Appl Physiol 90 (2): 511–519. PMID 11160049. ). 1 g/dL = 0.6206 mmol/L
  69. ^ a b c d e f g h lymphomation.org > Tests & Imaging > Labs > Complete Blood Count Retrieved on May 14, 2009
  70. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Clinical Laboratory Medicine. By Kenneth D. McClatchey. Page 807.
  71. ^ Determination of monocyte count by hematological analyzers, manual method and flow cytometry in polish population Central European Journal of Immunology 1-2/2006. (Centr Eur J Immunol 2006; 31 (1-2): 1-5) authors: Elżbieta Górska, Urszula Demkow, Roman Pińkowski, Barbara Jakubczak, Dorota Matuszewicz, Jolanta Gawęda, Wioletta Rzeszotarska, Maria Wąsik,
  72. ^ a b MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003652
  73. ^ a b Miller A, Green M, Robinson D (1983). "Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 286 (6361): 266. doi:10.1136/bmj.286.6361.266. PMID 6402065. 
  74. ^ Böttiger LE, Svedberg CA (1967). "Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age". Br Med J 2 (5544): 85–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5544.85. PMID 6020854. 
  75. ^ a b Sipahi T, Kara C, Tavil B, Inci A, Oksal A (March 2003). "Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: an overlooked cause of late hemorrhagic disease of the newborn". J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 25 (3): 274–5. doi:10.1097/00043426-200303000-00019. PMID 12621252. http://www.jpho-online.com/pt/re/jpho/fulltext.00043426-200303000-00019.htm. 

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