List of religions and spiritual traditions

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Religion is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that establishes symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes, to moral values.[1] Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature.

The word religion is sometimes used interchangeably with faith or belief system, but religion differs from private belief in that it has a public aspect. Most religions have organized behaviors, including clerical hierarchies, a definition of what constitutes adherence or membership, congregations of laity, regular meetings or services for the purposes of veneration of a deity or for prayer, holy places (either natural or architectural), and/or scriptures. The practice of a religion may also include sermons, commemoration of the activities of a god or gods, sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance, initiations, funerary services, matrimonial services, meditation, music, art, dance, public service, or other aspects of human culture.

Some academics studying the subject have divided religions into three broad categories: world religions, a term which refers to transcultural, international faiths; indigenous religions, which refers to smaller, culture-specific or nation-specific religious groups; and new religious movements, which refers to recently developed faiths.[2] One modern academic theory of religion, social constructionism, says that religion is a modern concept that suggests all spiritual practice and worship follows a model similar to the Abrahamic religions as an orientation system that helps to interpret reality and define human beings,[3] and thus religion, as a concept, has been applied inappropriately to non-Western cultures that are not based upon such systems, or in which these systems are a substantially simpler construct.

Contents

[edit] Abrahamic religions

Main article: Abrahamic religions

A group of monotheistic traditions sometimes grouped with one another for comparative purposes, because all refer to a patriarch named Abraham.

[edit] Bábism

Main article: Bábism

[edit] Bahá'í Faith

Main article: Bahá'í Faith
See also: Bahá'í divisions

[edit] Christianity

Main article: Christianity
See also: List of Christian denominations
Catholicism
Main article: Catholicism
Protestantism
Main article: Protestantism

[edit] Other groups

[edit] Gnosticism

Main article: Gnosticism
See also: List of Gnostic sects
Christian Gnosticism
Early Gnosticism
Medieval Gnosticism
Persian Gnosticism
Syrian-Egyptic Gnosticism
Main article: Syrian-Egyptic Gnosticism

[edit] Islam

Main article: Islam
See also: Islamic schools and branches
Kalam Schools
Main article: Kalam
Kharijite
Main article: Kharijite
Shia Islam
Main article: Shia Islam
Sufism
Main article: Sufism
Sunni Islam
Main article: Sunni Islam
Other Islamic Groups

[edit] Judaism

Main article: Judaism
See also: Jewish Denominations
Rabbinic Judaism
Main article: Rabbinic Judaism
Karaite Judaism
Main article: Karaite Judaism
Modern Non-Rabbinic Judaism
Historical groups
Sects that believed Jesus was a prophet
Black Hebrew Israelites
Main article: Black Hebrew Israelites

[edit] Rastafari movement

Main article: Rastafari movement

[edit] Mandaeans and Sabians

Main articles: Mandaeism and Sabians

[edit] Samaritanism

Main article: Samaritanism

[edit] Unitarian Universalism

Main article: Unitarian Universalism

[edit] Indian religions

Main article: Indian religions

Religions that originated in India and religions and traditions related to, and descended from, them.

[edit] Ayyavazhi

Main article: Ayyavazhi

[edit] Bhakti Movement

Main article: Bhakti Movement

[edit] Buddhism

Main article: Schools of Buddhism

[edit] Din-i-Ilahi

[edit] Hinduism

See also: Hindu denominations
Major schools and movements of Hindu philosophy
Main article: Hindu philosophy

[edit] Jainism

Main article: Jainism

[edit] Sikhism

Main article: Sikhism

[edit] Iranian religions

Main article: Iranian religions

[edit] Manichaeism

[edit] Mazdakism

[edit] Mithraism

[edit] Yazdânism

Main article: Yazdânism

[edit] Zoroastrianism

Main article: Zoroastrianism

[edit] East Asian religions

Main article: East Asian religions

[edit] Confucianism

Main article: Confucianism

[edit] Shinto

Main articles: Shinto and Shinto sects and schools

[edit] Taoism

Main article: Taoism

[edit] Other

[edit] African diasporic religions

See also: African diasporic religions

African diasporic religions are a number of related religions that developed in the Americas among African slaves and their descendants in various countries of the Caribbean Islands and Latin America, as well as parts of the southern United States. They derive from African traditional religions, especially of West and Central Africa, showing similarities to the Yoruba religion in particular.

[edit] Indigenous traditional religions

See also: Paganism and Folk religion

Traditionally, these faiths have all been classified "Pagan", but scholars prefer the terms "indigenous/primal/folk/ethnic religions".

[edit] African

Main article: African traditional religions
West Africa
Central Africa
East Africa
Southern Africa

[edit] American

Main article: Native American mythology

[edit] Eurasian

Main article: Eurasian Indigenous Religions
Asian
European

[edit] Oceania/Pacific

[edit] Cargo cults

Main article: Cargo cults

[edit] Historical polytheism

Further information: Prehistoric religion and History of religion

[edit] Ancient Near Eastern

Main article: Ancient Near Eastern religions

[edit] Indo-European

Main article: Proto-Indo-European religion

[edit] Hellenistic

Main article: Hellenistic religion

[edit] Mysticism and Occult

[edit] Esotericism and mysticism

Main articles: Esotericism and Mysticism

[edit] Occult and magic

Main articles: Occultism, Magic (paranormal), and Magick

[edit] Neopaganism

Main article: List of Neopagan movements
Main article: Paganism (contemporary)

[edit] Syncretic

[edit] Ethnic

[edit] New religious movements

Main article: List of new religious movements

[edit] Creativity

[edit] New Thought

Main article: New Thought

[edit] Shinshukyo

Main article: Shinshūkyō

[edit] Left-hand path religions

Main article: Left-Hand Path and Right-Hand Path

[edit] Fictional religions

Main article: List of fictional religions

[edit] Parody or mock religions

[edit] Others

[edit] Other categorisations

[edit] By demographics

Main article: Religious demographics

[edit] By area

Further information: Religion geography

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ While religion is difficult to define, one standard model of religion, used in religious studies courses, was proposed by Clifford Geertz, who simply called it a "cultural system" (Clifford Geertz, Religion as a Cultural System, 1973). A critique of Geertz's model by Talal Asad categorized religion as "an anthropological category." (Talal Asad, The Construction of Religion as an Anthropological Category, 1982.)
  2. ^ Harvey, Graham (2000). Indigenous Religions: A Companion. (Ed: Graham Harvey). London and New York: Cassell. Page 06.
  3. ^ Vergote, Antoine, Religion, belief and unbelief: a psychological study, Leuven University Press, 1997, p. 89
  4. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1073. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
  5. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1112. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
  6. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1001. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
  7. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 997. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
  8. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1004. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
  9. ^ a b c d http://www.jainworld.com/societies/jainsects.asp
  10. ^ Smith, Christian; Joshua Prokopy (1999). Latin American Religion in Motion. New York, New York: Routledge, pp. 279–280. ISBN 978-0-4159-2106-0
  11. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 991. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
  12. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 841. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
  13. ^ Church of Jediism

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